Thesis

Browse

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 9 of 14

Open Access
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDIES ON UNPROCESSED AND PROCESSED PONGAMIA PINNATA SEED CAKE IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-02) SIRISHA, K; KALA KUMAR, B.D.P(MAJOR); GOPALA REDDY, A; MADHAVA RAO, T; ANJANEYULU, Y
ABSTRACT : The present study was aimed to evaluate the toxic and protective effects of unprocessed and processed Pongamia pinnata seed cake in rats, which were divided into 3 groups as follows: Group 1: sham control, group 2: unprocessed Pongamia pinnata seed cake included at the level of 9% in the feed (toxic control) and group 3: processed (solvent extracted-isopropyl alcohol) Pongamia pinnata seed cake (detoxified cake) included at the level of 9% in the feed. Average body weights were recorded at weekly intervals and on 28th day, organs were collected for estimation of TBARS, protein carbonyls and GSH in kidney, liver and testes homogenates and estimation of epididymal sperm count from testes collected. Sero-biochemical parameters like ALT, total proteins & globulins, total cholesterol, HDL & LDL cholesterol, creatinine and LDH were estimated at fortnight intervals. Haemotological parameters (RBC, WBC, Hb and PCV) were also estimated at fortnight intervals. Serum troponins, PHA assay and testicular LDH were estimated at the end of the experiment. Histopathology of heart, liver, kidney, spleen and testis was also studied at the end. Mean body weight gain, GSH, total proteins and globulins, PHA assay and sperm count were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in toxic control group (group 2), while TBARS, protein carbonyls, serum LDH, intra-testicular LDH, serum ALT, creatinine, total cholesterol and serum troponins were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in group 2. There was no significant difference in TEC, TLC, Hb, PCV, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, mean body weight gain (in the 1st week) in group 2. Group 1 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology. Group 2 showed interfibrillar haemorrhages, congestion and edema with disruption of cardiac myofibres in heart, marked degenerative changes in tubular epithelial cells and marked dilatation of tubules in kidney, marked central vein congestion and marked bile duct hyperplasia in liver, congestion and thickening of trabecular arteries in spleen and finally marked congestion and edema with disrupted cell wall in seminiferous tubules of testes. Group 3 showed mild lesions in heart, kidney, liver, spleen and testis. From this study, it is concluded that unprocessed Pongamia pinnata seed cake induces toxicity to heart, kidney, liver, spleen and testes, and group 3 showed restoration in all the parameters studied, suggesting reduced toxic potential of processed seed cake.
Open Access
ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING ACTIONS OF CADMIUM AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF PROTECTION BY GREEN TEA EXTRACT
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2014-05) SHIVAKUMAR, PABBATHI; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, G; ANJANEYULU, Y; RAMANA REDDY, Y; UDAYA KUMAR, M
ABSTRACT : An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the neuro-endocrine disrupting actions of cadmium and the effect of cadmium on the progeny that were born to cadmium exposed rats and to evaluate the protective role of green tea on neuro-endocrine disrupting actions of cadmium in Sprague dawley rats. Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 30 rats in each (male rats =12, female rats=18).Group 1 served as Sham control Group 2 treated with CdCl2, Group 3 treated with Green tea extract treatment and Group 4 Cd + green tea extract treatment. Blood was collected from all the groups at monthly intervals for analyzing sero-biochemistry (blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein and albumin, biomarkers of cardiovascular, hepatic and renal pathology, and hormonal profile (thyroid profile, sex hormones). The key enzymes concerned with metabolism were assayed. Immune status was studied at the end of 3rd month by phytohaemagglutinin assay. Rats were subjected to neuro-behavioural studies at the end (Elevated plus maze and Morris water maze). Epididymal sperm count in males and estrous cycle pattern in females were studied. At the end of 3 months, 12 rats (6 males and 6 females) from each group were sacrificed to collect various organs and endocrine glands and subjected them to biochemical, histological and electron microscopic studies. Cadmium concentration was estimated in all the treated groups in kidney, testes, liver and brain at the end of 3 months. In all the groups, twelve (12) females were mated at the end of three months with male rats belonging to respective groups/treatments and the treatment was continued till 17th day of gestation. 50% of the pregnant rats in the respective groups were sacrificed on day 19 to study skeletal and soft tissue developmental anomalies and the rest were allowed to normal delivery. The pups of F1 generation from all the groups were kept till weaning (post-natal day 21) and were subjected to sero biochemical, neurobehavioural studies andthyroid hormone profile were estimated. There were significant alterations in sero-biochemistry biomarkers of cardiovascular, hepatic and renal pathology and hormonal profile thyroid profile, group 2 as compared to group 1.Treatment group revealed significant improvement in all the parameters as compared to group 2, while the combination treatment group 4 was found better The histological studies in group 2 revealed marked changes in all the organs studied, while groups 4 revealed moderate changes and groups 1 and 3 revealed no pathologically significant changes. The electron microscopy of kidney, testis and thyroid revealed marked alterations in architecture in group 2, while groups 4 revealed better architecture. There were no significant alteration in the TEM samples of the offspring and there were no skeletal abnormalities in the offspring as evidenced by skeletal staining. The results of the study revealed neuro-endocrine disrupting actions of cadmium and protctive role of green tea in cadmium toxicity. Further studies are warranted to know in detail on the endocrine disrupting actions of cadmium and protective role of green tea at various concentrations.
Open Access
INTERACTION STUDIES ON GYMNEMA SYLVESTRE WITH GLIMEPIRIDE AND INSULIN IN EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES MELLITUS IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-12) Srikanth, M.K; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); BHARAVI, K; MADHAVA RAO, T; KONDAL REDDY, K; ANAND KUMAR, A
ABSTRACT: An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the interaction of Gymnema sylvestre extract with insulin and glimepiride in diabetic Sprague dawley rats. Rats were randomly divided into 7 groups of 6 rats in each and blood glucose was estimated to ascertain group differences, if any. Group 1 was kept as normal control. Remaining 6 groups were induced diabetes by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin @ 40 mg/kg body weight. After 72 h, rats with blood glucose value of >200 mg/dl were included in the study (n=6). Treatment protocols were initiated 48 hrs post-confirmation of diabetes and continued for 2 months. Group 1: non-diabetic control, group 2: streptozotocin (40 mg/Kg i/p single dose)-induced diabetic (DM) control, group 3: Insulin treatment (4 U/kg b. wt. subcutaneously once daily), group 4: glimepiride treatment (4 mg/kg b. wt. orally once daily), group 5: Gymnema sylvestre methanolic leaf extract treatment ( 400 mg/kg b.wt. orally once daily), group 6: Insulin + Gymnema sylvestre methanolic leaf extract treatment (once daily) and group 7: glimepiride + Gymnema sylvestre methanolic leaf extract treatment (once daily). Blood glucose, body weights, sero-biochemical parameters, antioxidant profile in liver, kidney, brain and testis, ATPases, glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), cytochrome P450 (CYP450) activity and glycogen in liver, electron microscopy and histopathology of various tissues were studied at different time intervals. Also, pharmacokinetic interaction of glimepiride with Gymnema sylvestre extract was assessed. There were significant alterations in blood glucose, body weights and other biochemical parameters in diabetic control group 2 as compared to group 1. All the treated groups revealed significant improvement in all the parameters as compared to group 2, while the combination treatment in groups 6 and 7 was found better as compared to single agent-treated groups 3, 4 and 5. The histological studies revealed marked changes in group 2 in all the organs studied, while groups 3 to 5 revealed moderate changes and groups 6 and 7 revealed either minor changes or no pathologically significant changes. Group 1 was devoid of any histological alterations. The electron microscopy of kidney, pancreas and aorta revealed marked alterations in group 2, while groups 6 and 7 revealed better architecture. The pharmacokinetic study revealed the values of T1/2 (h), Ka (h-1), Ke (h-1) and Tmax (h) of glimepiride were siginificantly varied in Gymnema sylevestre pre-treated rats compared to normal rats administered with glimperide In conclusion, the study revealed that addition of Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract to insulin and glimepiride had positive pharmacodynamic interaction in improving the patho-biochemical alterations due to streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats, which was evident from greater improvement in sero-biochemical and organ parameters in the groups that were treated using a combination of Gymnema sylvestre with either insulin or glimepiride as compared to individual agent-treated groups. Important pharmacokinetic parameters did not vary significantly when glimepiride was used in combination with Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract.
Open Access
A STUDY ON THE TERATOGENIC EFFECTS AND ORGAN TOXICITY OF NIMESULIDE AT DIFFERENT DOSE LEVELS IN PREGNANT AND PROGENY RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-10) SWAPNIL VIJAYKUMAR JINTPURE; USHA RANI, M(MAJOR); GOPALA REDDY, A; ANJANEYULU, Y
ABSTRACT: The present study was aimed to evaluate the teratogenic effects and organ toxicity in the dams and their progeny treated with nimesulide in gestation period at different dose levels. Seventy two female albino rats of Sprague dawley strain were divided into 3 groups and treated as follows. Group 1 served as control, group 2 received nimesulide @ 20 mg/kg body weight and group 3 received nimesulide @ 60 mg/kg body weight via intramuscular route from day 7th to 17th day of gestation. In each group, half of the pregnant rats were subjected to caessarian section on 19th day of gestation (caessarian group namely “A”) and the remaining half of the pregnant rats were allowed for normal parturition (normal parturition group namely “B”). Average body weights were recorded at weekly intervals in dams of caessarian, normal parturition group and in progeny of normal parturition group up to weaning day. On 19th day, half of pregnant dams in each groups were subjected to caessarian for uterine weights with progeny, resorption sites, inborn progeny body weight, litter size, live and dead numbers, male: female progeny numbers, skeletal staining of progeny with Alizarin-Red S, Alcian blue-Alizarin Red S stains and soft tissue developmental anomalies. The remaining half, allowed for normal parturition and recorded inborn progeny body weights, litter size, live-dead numbers, male: female progeny numbers and other abnormalities, if any. Serum biochemical profiles (Albumin, ALP, ALT, AST, BUN, creatinine, GGT and total protein) were recorded on 19th day of gestation in dams of caessarian group and the same serum biochemical profiles and haematology (RBC, WBC and haemoglobin) was recorded on post natal day 21 in progeny of normal parturition group. TBARS and GSH were estimated on 19th day in liver and kidney homogenates. Histopathology of kidney, liver, stomach and ovary were studied in dams of caessarian group on 19th day and liver, kidney and heart in progeny of normal parturition group on weaning day. The study showed no evidence of teratogenicity by skeletal staining, uterine weights with progeny, resorption sites, litter size, inborn progeny body weights, male: female progeny numbers, live and dead numbers, and weekly body weights in progeny upto weaning. There was a significant difference in serum biochemical profiles of dams and was more evident in nimesulide treated at 60 mg/kg body weight. Further, there was no significant difference in the haematological parameters and serum biochemical profiles of progeny except an increase in BUN and creatinine, which was more evident in group 3 as compared to groups 2 and 1. Treatment with nimesulide at higher dose induced oxidative stress and tissue damage of liver and kidney as evident from increased levels of MDA and decreased levels of GSH, histopathology of liver, kidney and stomach of dams and kidney of progeny of normal parturition group. It is concluded that nimesulide at 60 mg/kg body weight in pregnant dams showed more significant damage to liver and kidney as from light microscopic findings of liver, kidney, stomach and ovary as compared to the dose of 20 mg/kg body weight and control.
Open Access
TOXICODYNAMIC INTERACTION OF LEAD WITH CADMIUM AND THERAPEUTIC EVALUATION OF N-ACETYL L-CYSTEINE IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-07) ANlL KUMAR, B; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); RAVl KUMAR, P; MADHAVA RAO, T; ANAND KUMAR, A
ABSTRACT: An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the molecular mechanisms of lead and cadmium toxicity and their toxicodynamic interaction, and to evaluate therapeutic potential of N-Acetyl L-cysteine (NAC) against the toxicity in Wstar rats. After an acclimatization period of 2 weeks, rats were randomly divided into 8 groups comprising of 6 rats in each. Group 1 was kept as normal control throughout the experimental period, 2 was given NAC @ 300 mg per kg body weight administered by oral gavage, 3 was given lead (lead acetate @ I000 ppm in feed), 4 was given cadmium (cadmium chloride @ 300 ppm in feed), 5 was given lead + cadmium as per above doses in feed, 6 was given lead + NAC as per above schedule, 7 was given cadmium + NAC as per above schedule, and group 8 was given lead + cadmium + NAC as per above schedule for 3 months. Body weights, haematology (TEC, TLC, Hb, PCV, MCH and MCHC), activity of 6-ALAD and erythrocytic SOD, sero-biochemical parameters (ALT, CPK, troponins, plasma TBARS and serum creatinine), antioxidant profile (GSH, GST, TBARS and protein carbonyls) in liver, kidney, heart, testis and brain, ATPases and tissue lipids in liver and brain, neurotransmitters (Ach and glutamate) in brain, CYP450, glycogen and G6PD in liver, weight of testes, testicular LDH and sperm count, electron microscopy of kidney in cadmium exposed groups and histopathology of liver, kidney, testis and heart were studied. Also, interaction of lead and cadmium with zinc and copper in liver, kidney, heart, testis and brain was assessed. The present study revealed significant alterations in body weights, haematology, sero-biochemical parameters, antioxidant profile, ATPases, tissue lipid profile, neurotransmitter, CYPd50, glycogen, GGPD, weights of testes, testicular LDH, sperm count, and concentration of zinc and copper in toxic control groups 3, 4 and 5 as compared to control and NAC-treated groups. The toxic combination (Pb + Cd) group 5 showed significant alterations in most of the parameters studied as compared to Pb alone and Cd alone administered groups. All the NAC-treated groups revealed significant improvement in all the parameters. The histological studies of liver, kidney, testis and brain revealed marked changes in toxic control groups, while therapeutic groups revealed mild changes or no pathologically significant changes. Groups 1 and 2 were devoid of any alterations. The electron microscopy of kidney revealed marked alterations in kidney architecture in groups 4 and 5, while groups 7 and 8 revealed better architecture. The results of the investigation revealed that lead, cadmium' and their combination induced toxicity to the biological system due to the excess generation of free radicals and impairment of antioxidant defenses. Toxic effects were more pronounced in the group that received a combination of lead and cadmium suggesting positive toxicodynamic interaction. Use of NAC countered the adverse effects of lead and cadmium induced toxicity to a major extent suggesting its antioxidant potential owing to replenishment of tissue pool of GSH. Further, NAC administration reduced the extent of accumulation of lead and cadmium in various tissues.
Open Access
INTERACTION OF TRIGONELLA FOENUM GRAECUM WITH INSULIN AND GLIMEPIRIDE IN EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES MELLITUS IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-01) HARITHA, C; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, G; ANJANEYULU, Y; MADHAVA RAO, T; RAMANA REDDY, Y
ABSTRACT: An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the interaction of fenugreek seed powder with insulin and glimepiride in diabetic Sprague dawley rats. Rats were randomly divided into 7 groups of 8 rats in each and blood glucose was estimated to ascertain group differences, if any. Group 1 was kept as normal control. Remaining 6 groups were induced diabetes by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin @ 40 mg/kg body weight. After 72 h, rats with blood glucose value of >250 mg/dl were included in the study (n=8). Treatment protocols were initiated from day 2 post-confirmation of diabetes and continued for 8 wks. Group 1: non-diabetic control, group 2: streptozotocin (40 mg/Kg i/p single dose)-induced diabetic (DM) control, group 3: Insulin treatment (4 U/kg once daily), group 4: glimepiride treatment (4 mg/kg orally once daily), group 5: fenugreek seed powder treatment (1 g/kg orally once daily), group 6: Insulin + fenugreek seed powder treatment (once daily) and group 7: glimepiride + fenugreek seed powder treatment (once daily). Blood glucose, body weights, sero-biochemical parameters, antioxidant profile in liver, kidney, brain and testis, ATPases in liver and brain, relative weights of kidney and testes, electron microscopy of kidney and histopathology of various tissues were studied at different time intervals. Also, pharmacokinetic interaction of glimepiride with fenugreek seed powder was assessed. There were significant alterations in blood glucose, body weights and other biochemical parameters in diabetic control group 2 as compared to group 1. All the treated groups revealed significant improvement in all the parameters as compared to group 2, while the combination treatment groups 6 and 7 were found better as compared to single agent-treated groups 3 through 5. The histological studies revealed marked changes in all the organs studied, while groups 3 to 5 revealed moderate changes and groups 6 and 7 revealed either minor changes or no pathologically significant changes. Group 1 was devoid of any alterations. The electron microscopy of kidney revealed marked alterations in kidney architecture in group 2, while groups 6 and 7 revealed better architecture. Fenugreek seed powder treatment increased AUC and elimination half life of glimepiride in combination as compared to glimepiride-alone treated group, while the Cmax and tmax did not vary between groups 4 and 7. The results of the study revealed positive pharmacodynamic interaction between fenugreek and either insulin or glimepiride in improving the patho-biochemical alterations in diabetic rats. Further, there was a favourable pharmacokinetic interaction. Further studies are warranted to estimate P-gp and OATP activities along with CYP2C9 estimation for better understanding of pharmacokinetic interactions of fenugreek and glimepiride in diabetes mellitus.
Open Access
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF VITAMIN E IN DOXORUBICIN-INDUCED TOXICITY IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-08) SHIVAKUMAR, P; USHA RANI, M(MAJOR); GOPALA REDDY, A; ANJANEYULU, Y
ABSTRACT: The present study was aimed to evaluate the protective effect of vitamin E in doxorubicin-induced toxicity in rats, which were divided into 4 groups and treated as follows: Group 1: sham control, 2: doxorubicin control, 3: doxorubicin + vit-E @150 mg/kg b. wt and 4: doxorubicin + vit-E @ 500 mg/kg b. wt Average body weights were recorded at weekly intervals and organ weights were recorded at the time of sacrifice. On 28th day, organs were collected for estimation of TBARS, protein carbonyls and GSH in tissue homogenates. Activity of Na+-K+ ATPase , Mg2+ATPase and CYP450 of liver, intra-testicular LDH, serum troponins, creatinine, LDH and AST were also estimated, besides haematology at the end of experiment on 28th day. Histopathology of heart, liver, kidney and testes was also studied at the end. Body weight gain, relative organ weight, RBC, WBC, Hb, PCV, GSH, CYP450, Na+/K+ ATPase and Mg2+ATPase were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in doxorubicin group, while TBARS, protein carbonyls, serum LDH, intra-testicular LDH, serum AST, creatinine and serum troponins were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in group 2. Group 1 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology. Group 2 (doxorubicin) showed marked congestion and degenerative changes in heart, kidney, liver and testis. Vitamin E-treated groups (3 and 4) showed improvement in all the parameters studied, though it was marked with vitamin E @ 500 mg/Kg. From this study, it is concluded that doxorubicin induces toxicity to heart, kidney, liver and testes, and these effects can be reverted by vitamin –E administration in a dose-dependent manner.
Open Access
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF N-ACETYL CYSTEINE AGAINST ARSENIC-INDUCED TOXICITY IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-06) HEMALATHA, P; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); USHA RANI, M; ANAND KUMAR, A; RAMANA REDDY, Y
ABSTRACT: N-acetyl cysteine was evaluated against arsenic-induced toxicity in rats. The Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups and treated as follows: Group 1: sham control, 2: arsenic control, 3: N-Acetyl cysteine (NAC) pre-treatment for two weeks followed by arsenic + NAC and 4: arsenic + NAC. Average body weights were recorded at weekly intervals and testes weights were recorded at the time of sacrifice. On 29th day, organs were collected for estimation of TBARS, protein carbonyls and GSH in tissue homogenates. Activity of Na+-K+ ATPase , Mg2+ATPase and CYP450 of liver, intra-testicular LDH, serum creatinine, and serum LDH were also estimated. Histopathology of heart, liver, kidney, testis, lung, intestine and stomach was also studied at the end. Body weight gain, relative testis weight, GSH, CYP450, Na+/K+ ATPase and Mg2+ATPase were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased, while TBARS, protein carbonyls, serum LDH, intra-testicular LDH and serum creatinine were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in group 2 as compared to other groups. Group 1 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology. Group 2 (arsenic control) showed marked degenerative changes in heart, kidney, liver, testis, lung, intestine and stomach. NAC-treated groups (3 and 4) showed improvement in all the parameters studied, though it was marked with NAC pre-treatment. From this study, it is concluded that arsenic induces toxicity to heart, kidney, liver, testis, lung, intestine and stomach, and these effects can be reverted by NAC administration.
Open Access
IN VITRO STUDIES ON MODULATION OF CONTRACTILE AND RELAXANT RESPONSES OF SHEEP TRACHEAL SMOOTH MUSCLE BY MORIN
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-07) MURALI KRISHNA, M; BHARAVI, K(MAJOR); Ravi Kumar, P; Satheesh, K
ABSTRACT: Morin (3,5,7,2,4 - pentahydroxyflavone), belongs to the flavonoid group of polyphenolic compounds found in wood of old fustic, in osage orange, white mulberry, fig, almond and sweet chestnut, and many other herbs and fruits used as herbal medicines. Morin has been the subject of a number of experimental studies dealing with its pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant properties, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, anti cancer activity, anti-inflammatory activity, cardiovascular protection and also a prooxidant action. Despite the enormous interest in flavonoids as potential therapeutic agents, their biological activity mechanisms are poorly understood and largely unknown, but different types of possible biochemical events are involved. In view of this, the present study is designed to know the modulatory effect of morin hydrate on contractile and relaxant responses of various pharmacological agents like acetylcholine and atropine, histamine and cetirizine, KCl and nifedipine in sheep tracheal smooth muscle in vitro. Mean EC50 values for contractile response of acetylcholine obtained in the absence of morin hydrate were 3.38×10-7M (5×10-9M to 15×10-6M) and in presence of morin hydrate it was increased to 6.02×10-7M (5×10-9M to 15×10-5M) with a significant right shift. Mean EC50 values for contractile response of histamine obtained in the absence of morin hydrate were 1.12×10-6M (5×10-9M to 30×10-5M) and in presence of morin hydrate it was increased to 2.63×10-6M (5×10-9M to 30×10-5M) with a significant right shift. Mean IC50 values for relaxant response of atropine, cetirizine and nifedipine in comparison with morin hydrate in sheep tracheal smooth muscle were 2.23×10-8M (5×10- 9M to 5×10-6M), 3.46×10-8M (5×10-9M to 15×10-6M), 6.30×10-6M (5×10-9M to 30×10- 5M) and 6.30×10-7M (5×10-9M to 15×10-6M), 1.58×10-6M (5×10-9M to 5×10-5M), 2.04×10-5M (5×10-9M to 15×10-4M) respectively. The study revealed that morin hydrate has relaxant effect on the sheep trachealis smooth muscle in vitro.

Thesis

Browse

Thesis Type

Type

Author

Date

Subject

Search Results