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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Organic Manures and Biofertilizer on Vegetative and Floral Attributes of China aster (Callistephus chinensis (L.) Ness.) cv. Kamini(College of Horticulture, Bharsar Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2014-08) Khanna, P. Rajesh; Nautiyal, B.P. (Dr.); Bohra, Mamta (Dr.) (Co-advisor)ThesisItem Open Access Studies on morphological characterization, seed quality parameters and genetic divergence in finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) germplasm(College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus , V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2015-06) Negi, Shivangi; Bhatt, Dr. ArunThe present investigation was conducted during Kharif, 2014 at Research Block, Department of Crop Improvement and Seed Testing at Department of Seed Science and Technology, V. C. S. G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus with 35 diverse genotypes of finger millet including three checks viz., PRM-1, PRM-2 and VL-149. Observations were recorded for field parameters, diseases incidence and seed quality parameters. The characters studied field parameters were days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, plant height, flag leaf area, peduncle length, number of leaves on main culm, number of productive tillers per plant, number of fingers per ear, finger length, ear length, biological yield per plant, harvest index, 1000 seed weight, grain yield per plant. The incidence of diseases for neck blast, finger blast and severity of cercospora leaf spot were recorded. The seed quality parameters were recorded for first count, standard germination, root length, shoot length , seedling length, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, relative growth index, vigour index-I, vigour index-II and mean daily germination. The data was utilized for estimation of mean, range, coefficients of variation, heritability and genetic advance, correlation coefficients, path coefficient and genetic divergence. The genotype exhibiting high mean performance for grain yield along with high performance for some other yield components were IC-308878, IC-257855, IC-308916, IC-308905 and VL-149. The genotypes IC-3522490, IC-3543177, EC-522489, IC-308771, IC-354384, EC-522482, IC-308853, IC-354381, IC-354410, IC-308928 and PRM-1 were free from incidence of neck blast and incidence of finger blast. IC-308853, IC-354381, IC-308771 and VL-149 showed lowest value for severity of cercospora leaf spot. The genotype IC-308884 was highest for seedling length, vigour index-I and vigour index-II. Genotype IC-354383 was observed maximum germination percentage, relative growth index and mean daily germination. High magnitude of phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were noticed for biological yield per plant, finger length, productive tillers per plant, grain yield per plant, peduncle length and harvest index. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for biological yield per plant, plant height and days to 50 per cent flowering. Grain yield per plant exhibited very strong positive association with biological yield per plant, harvest index, number of productive tillers per plant, 1000 seed weight and peduncle length at phenotypic and genotypic level. Path-coefficient analysis indentified biological yield per plant and harvest index as major direct contributors towards grain yield per plant at genotypic and phenotypic level. The 35 genotypes of finger millet were grouped into 6 clusters irrespective of geographical diversity, indicating no parallelism between geographic and genetic diversity. The cluster pairs exhibiting very high inter-cluster distances were cluster IV and V, cluster IV and VI, cluster II and IV, cluster I and IV, cluster III and V and cluster III and IV. Considering cluster mean and genetic distance the crossing of entry of clusters IV with entries of cluster V and those genotypes of cluster VI would be fruitful for obtaining transgressive segregants for developing high yielding and better quality finger millet varieties.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Genetic Variability, Character Associations and Genetic Divergence in Rice bean [Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi and Ohashi] Germplasm(College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2015-06) Singh, Meghana; Bhatt, Dr. ArunThe present investigation was conducted during Kharif, 2014 at Research Block, Department of Crop Improvement, V. C. S. G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand. The 28 diverse genotypes of rice bean including three checks viz., PRR-1, PRR-2 and BRS-1 were evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The characters studied were days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), stem thickness (mm), pod length (cm), number of pods per plant, leaflet size (cm), number of primary branches, number of seeds per pod,100 seed weight (g) and seed yield per plant (g). The data was analyzed for estimation of mean, range, coefficients of variation, heritability and genetic advance, correlation coefficients, path coefficients and genetic divergence. The genotype exhibiting high mean performance for seed yield along with high performance for some other yield components were PRR-2, PRR-1, LRB 471, LRB 456, LRB 458 and LRB 472. High magnitudes of phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were noticed for stem thickness and number of pods per plant. High estimates of heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean were observed for stem thickness, pod length, 100 seed weight and seed yield per plant. Seed yield per plant exhibited very strong positive association with number of pods per plant, pod length, leaflet size, number of seeds per pod and number of primary branches at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Path-coefficient analysis identified number of pods per plant and leaflet size as major direct contributors towards seed yield per plant at genotypic and phenotypic levels. The twenty eight genotypes of rice bean were grouped into six clusters irrespective of geographical diversity, indicating no parallelism between geographic and genetic diversity. The cluster pairs exhibiting very high inter-cluster distances were cluster IV and V, cluster II and IV, cluster I and cluster IV and cluster III and IV. Considering cluster mean and genetic distance the crossing of entry of clusters IV with entries of cluster V and those of cluster II, I and III with the entries of cluster IV would be fruitful for obtaining transgressive segregants for developing high yielding and better quality rice bean varieties.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic and Seed Quality Evaluation of Barnyard Millet (Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link) Germplasm(College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2015-07) Arya, Rinkey; Bhatt, Dr. ArunThe present investigation was conducted during Kharif, 2014 at Research Block, Department of Crop Improvement and Seed Testing at Department of Seed Science and Technology, V. C. S. G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus with 35 diverse genotypes of barnyard millet including three checks viz., VL-172, VL-207 and PRJ-1. Observations recorded for field parameters were days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, number of leaves on main tiller, flag leaf area, peduncle length, ear length, finger length, number of fingers per ear, biological yield per plant, harvest index, 1000 seed weight and grain yield per plant while seed quality parameters were recorded for standard germination, root length, shoot length , seedling length, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, relative growth index, vigour index-I, vigour index-II, relative growth index and rate of germination. The data was utilized for estimation of mean, range, coefficients of variation, heritability and genetic advance, correlation coefficients, path coefficient and genetic divergence. The genotype exhibiting high mean performance for grain yield along with high performance for some other yield components were PRJ-1, RAU-11, VL-239, EC-134192 and VL-230. The genotypes PRJ-1 was highest for standard germination per centage, root length, shoot length, seedling length, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, vigour index-I and vigour index-II while the genotype IEC-546 was found highest for rate of germination. Phenotypic and genotypic variances were highest for plant height. Moderate values of phenotypic coefficients of variation were noticed for flag leaf area, number of fingers per ear, 1000 seed weight, biological yield per plant and peduncle length while low values of genotypic coefficients of variation for all the traits was observed. High heritability along with high genetic advance in per cent of mean was observed only for finger length while moderate estimates of heritability coupled with high genetic advance in per cent of mean were recorded for flag leaf area and biological yield per plant. Biological yield per plant, number of fingers per ear, number of leaves on main tiller and 1000 seed weight exerted a very strong positive association towards grain yield per plant at phenotypic and genotypic level. Maximum positive direct effect on grain yield per plant was imposed by biological yield per plant and harvest index at genotypic and phenotypic level. However, high negative direct effect at genotypic level was noted for flag leaf area and number of fingers per ear. In genetic divergence, all thirty-five genotypes by using Mahalanobis D² stastistic was grouped into 6 clusters irrespective of geographical diversity, indicating no parallelism between geographic and genetic diversity. The cluster pairs exhibiting very high inter-cluster distances were cluster IV and VI, cluster IV and V, cluster II and IV, cluster III and VI, cluster I and IV and cluster III and IV. Considering cluster mean and genetic distance the crossing between genotypes of clusters IV with genotypes of cluster VI and those genotypes of cluster V would be fruitful for obtaining transgrassive segregants for developing high yielding and better quality barnyard millet varieties.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR CPPU SPRAY ON THE GROWTH AND FRUITQUALITY OF APPLE (Malus X domestica Borkh) QUALITY OF APPLE (Malus X domestica Borkh)(College of Horticulture, Bharsar Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2015-07) Pant, Rajani; Nautiyal, Dr. B.P.A synthetic cytokinin, Sitofex (CPPU) was applied for growth and quality of apple in different doses (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 ppm) and timing (full bloom and pea stage) at temperate conditions of Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Bharsar above 1900 meter mean sea level. The effect was observed for yield, fruit weight, dimensions and chemical fruit quality of Red Delicious apple. Two ideal spray of 10 ppm sitofex after full bloom and pea stage had marked effect on fruit setting, yield, fruit weight and dimensions, as well as chemical fruit quality. These doses were responsible for reducing physiological weight loss and acidity in the fruit. These effects either in increase or decrease was associated with increasing sitofex concentrations. The maximum fruit per branch increased 2 fold, fruit diameter 1.33 to 1.47 times, fruit weight 75%, fruit volume 79%, total sugar 14.2%, with 10 ppm sitofex application as compared to control. Maximum yield 37.26 kg tree-1 with 10 ppm sitofex was superior to 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 ppm sitofex application. The yield was minimum in control, 28.09 kg tree-1. The maximum fruit yield increased 32.65% with sitofex application as compared to control. These findings demonstrate the positive effects, no negative effects and most promising commercial applications of sitofex in apple.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Correlation and Genetic Diversity in Faba bean (Vicia faba L. ) Genotypes(College of Forestry, Ranichauri, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2015-07) Chamoli, Vinay; Bhatt, Dr. ArunThe present investigation was conducted during Rabi, 2013 at Crop Improvement Research Block of VCSG Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Ranichauri Campus with 73 diverse genotypes of faba bean. The 73 genotypes including three checks viz., Vikrant, PRT-7 and PRT-12 were planted in an augmented design during. Variability, correlation, path analysis and genetic divergence was studied for characters viz. field emergence, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of pods per plant, pod length (cm), number of seeds per pod, 100- seed weight (g) and seed yield per plant (g). Data were analysed statistically for variability, correlation, path coefficient analysis and divergence. Analysis of variance revealed among the checks were significant for six characters viz., significant for days to maturity, field emergence, plant height (cm), number of pods per plant, pod length (cm) and seed yield per plant (g). The correlation revealed that Seed yield per plant showed positive correlation with pod length, while days to maturity exhibited highly significant and positive correlation with days to 50% flowering, number of pods per plant showed significant positive correlation with field emergence and highly significant and positive correlation with plant height, number of seeds per pod showed significant and positive correlation with plant height and 100- seed weight also showed highly significant and positive correlation with number of pods per plant . The results of path coefficient analysis using simple correlation coefficient showed that highest positive direct contribution towards seed yield per plant was exhibited by pod length followed by number of pods per plant and days to maturity. In genetic divergence, all seventy-three genotypes were grouped into 6 clusters irrespective of geographical and genetic diversity. The highest inter cluster distance was observed between cluster II and cluster VIII followed by cluster IV and cluster VIII, cluster I and cluster VIII suggesting wide diversity among these groups. Considering cluster mean and genetic distance the crossing between HB-69, EC- 331564, HB-76, HB- 87 and HB-10, HB-16, HB-18 genotypes suggested to recombine the gene for high seed yield for temperate conditions like mid hills of Uttarakhand.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Genetic Divergence in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)(College of Horticulture, Bharsar Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2015-07) Badhani, Harish Chandra; Nautiyal, Dr. B.P.ThesisItem Open Access ABOVE GROUND VOLUME AND CARBON STOCK IN DIFFERENT AGE GROUP PLANTATIONS OF TEAK (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) IN BHABAR AND SHIVALIK REGIONS OF UTTARAKHAND(College of Forestry, Ranichauri, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2015-07) Nirala, Deepshikha; Khanduri, Dr. V.P.Above ground volume and carbon stock assessment in 27 different age group of teak plantations comprising five compartments, viz., Paniyali, Lalpani, Sigaddi, Sukhro and Saneh of Kotdwara and Kothari range, Kotdwara Forest Division, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand was carried out with three sample plots of 0.1 hectare which were laid out arbitrarily on each age group of plantations of teak. Observations on growth parameters like total tree height, dbh and number of trees were recorded and average data per hectare was calculated for basal area, above ground volume and growing stock, biomass and carbon sink etc. Assessment of stand density and population structure under different diameter classes was influenced by different sites and age groups of teak plantations. Among five various compartments, in lower diameter class (10-20 cm) and middle diameter classes i.e., 20-30 cm and 30-40 cm the stand density and population structure was dominated in younger and middle aged plantation sites viz., S2 (Saneh-15B-29 years old), S4 Sukhro-2-31 years old), S6 (Sukhro-1 -32 years old), S8 (Saneh-12B), S7 (Paniyali 2A) and S7 (Paniyali 2A) at the age of 33 years old. Further in higher diameter classes (50-60 cm and 60-70 cm), stand density and population structure was very less or absent in all the plantation sites. While, the average above ground volume was ranged between 0.31 m3/tree to1.32 m3/tree was observed in Sigaddi-18 (S8) at the age of 33 and Saneh-15 (S27) at the age of 48 years, respectively. Similarly, the maximum and minimum values of growing stock under all the diameter classes were 817.94 m3/ha at in Sigaddi-18A (S26) at the age of 48 and 244.52 m3/ha in Sigaddi-18 (S8) at the age of 33 years. Above ground biomass (AGB), below ground biomass (BGB) and total biomass (TB) also significantly influenced by different sites and age group of teak plantations. The extent of increase in AGB (687.07 t/ha), BGB (171.77 t/ha) and TB (858.84 t/ha) in S26 (Sigaddi-18A) plantation site at the age of 48 was 70.10 % over S8 (Sigaddi-18B) in AGB (205.40 t/ha), BGB (51.35 t/ha) and TB (256.75 t/ha) at the age of 33 years. Further, the total carbon (TC) (429.42 t/ha) and CO2 (1575.97 t/ha) in was highest Sigaddi-18A (S26) plantation site at the age of 48 years. Whereas, the lowest TC (128.37 t/ha) and CO2 (471.13 t/ha) at the age of 33 years was observed in S8 (Sigaddi-18). The tree diameter (cm) showed highly significant positive correlation with volume (R2=0.903), total biomass with total carbon (R2=0.859). The variation in diameter could explain nearly 90.3 % of the variation in volume, 85.9 % variation in total biomass and total carbon. Therefore, the diameter can be a good predictor of volume, biomass and carbon sequestration in teak plantations. Among different age group and plantation sites of teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) in Bhabar and Shival regionsS(Sigaddiof-18A)Uttarakhand”plantationsiteattheageof 48 showed stand density 26 (743 N/ha), better total tree height (17.81 m), dbh (37.67 cm), basal area (44.77 m2/ha), above ground volume (1.10 m3/tree) and growing stock (817.94 m2/ha), biomass (858.84 t/ha), carbon sink (42942 t/ha) and CO2 (1575.97 t/ha) compared to other age group plantations of teak and sites.ThesisItem Open Access Community composition, Regeneration status and Utilization pattern of Woody species in Dandachali forest of Tehri Forest Division, North-West Himalaya(College of Forestry, Ranichauri, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2015-07) Lal, Pankaj; Khanduri, Dr. V.P.Studies on forest vegetation pertaining to diversity, composition, structural pattern, natural regeneration status and economic importance of plant communities are prerequisite in view of conservation and sustainable utilization of bio-resources. The present investigation was conducted in Dandachali forest of Tehri Forest Division, North-Western part of Himalaya. Surveys and sampling of the vegetation were done using standard ecological assessment methods with an aim to study plant species composition and natural regeneration status at community level. Besides, utilization pattern of the species was assessed through interviews and interactions with local people of nearby villages. Forty seven woody species (26 trees; 21 shrubs) belonging to 25 families and 33 genera, and 6 forest communities viz., Pinus roxburghii- Quercus leucotrichophora mixed, Pinus roxburghii, Pinus roxburghii- Rhododendron arboreum mixed, Cedrus deodara- Pinus wallichiana mixed, Cedrus deodara- Rhododendron arboreum mixed and Rhododendron arboreum- Quercus leucotrichophora mixed, have been recorded in 16 sites between 1482- 2200 m asl. Among the communities, total tree density ranged from 263.34-1493.33 Ind ha-1, TBA 260.2- 310.7 m2 ha-1 and total shrub density 488.3- 4250 Ind ha-1. All the communities showed optimum regeneration of dominant species. Total seedlings density ranged from 280-2470.0 Ind ha-1 and saplings density 140-446.7 Ind ha-1. R. arboreum – C. deodara showed maximum regeneration in terms of higher seedling and sapling density in this community. Species diversity (H’) for trees ranged from 0.58-1.89, saplings 0.65-2.10, seedlings 0.15-2.24 and shrubs 1.09-2.10. Concentration of dominance (cd) of trees ranged from 0.20-0.76, saplings 0.14-0.54, seedlings 0.13-0.93 and shrubs 0.15-0.43. Soil moisture per cent ranged from 15.14-27.44%, pH 6.3- 6.6, organic carbon from 1.09- 1.39%, nitrogen from 937.43 -1202.49 kg/ha, phosphorus from 16.43- 31.36 kg/ha and potassium from 238.5- 351.00 kg/ha. Utilization pattern showed that all the recorded species have high economic importance for the local inhabitants. 23 species were used commonly for medicine, 22 as wild edible, 17 for fuel, 23 for fodder etc. Among all the species, leaves (33 spp.) were most usable parts of the species. Maximum medicinal plant and fodder species were found in C. deodara- Rhododendron arboreum mixed and edible species in Pinus roxburghii community. Considerable number (32 species) of Himalayan native and endemic (endemic: 01 & near endemic: 09) species were recorded from the area showing its conservation value. Maximum native (n=23) and near endemic species (n=7) were found in C. deodara- R. arboreum mixed community. In a nutshell, the study provides information on floristic inventory, compositional and structural diversity at community level, regeneration status, indigenous uses and diversity of native and endemic species for the very first time in the selected area. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the area has high potential in terms of high number of native, endemic and economically important species. Results of the present study can be used for development of conservation management and micro planning of this areas and thus, socio-economic development of the inhabitants in particular and biodiversity of the Himalaya, in general.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of Economic Yield in Digitalis purpurea L. Under Different Levels of Farm Yard Manure (FYM)(College of Horticulture, Bharsar Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2015-07) Rana, Sonali; Nautiyal, Dr. B.P.; Chauhan, R.S.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Combining Ability and Heterosis in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)(College of Horticulture, Bharsar Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2015-07) Sharma, Tinku Kumar; Nautiyal, Dr. B.P.; Pant, S.C.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic Evaluation of Capsicum (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum Sendt.) Genetic Evaluation of Capsicum (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum Sendt.)(College of Horticulture, Bharsar Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2015-07) Dabral, Manish; Nautiyal, Dr. B.P.ThesisItem Open Access Plant diversity and production potential of different traditional agro-forestry systems in a part of Garhwal Himalaya(College of Forestry, Ranichauri, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2015-07) Ram, Gopal; Khanduri, Dr. V.P.The present investigation conducted in 10 villages of Tehri Garhwal District lies between 1400 to 2000m altitudes. Agrobiodiversity was studied by socio-economic survey, which was done with the help of a common questionnaire, semi structured inter-views with head or the old person of the family and field observations. In order to ensure the correct answers to the questionnaire, 25 households visited in each village. The productivity of tree in agrisilviculture model was estimated by measuring the height and girth of all individual trees and the crop productivity includes grain productivity, straw productivity, and biological yield. The recorded data was analyzed statistically to find out significance of the parameters. The Volume of trees in this system ranged from 3.02 in V3 village (Saunkoti) to 7.03 m3/ha V6 village (Khatiyar). In all the documented species, maximum volume was recorded (10.43 m3/ha) in Celtis australis and minimum was recorded (1.00 m3/ha) in Juglans regia. Above ground biomass of trees in this system varies from 2.15 to 4.06 t/ha in V3 (Saunkoti) and V6 village (Khatiyar), respectively. In all the recorded species, maximum above ground biomass was recorded (4.64 t/ha) in Celtis australis and minimum was recorded (0.49 t/ha) in Juglans regia. Mean productivity of cereals within the villages varies from 775.20 to 1129.0 kg/ha in V6 and V1 village respectively. The mean crop residue within the villages varies from 2792.40 to 4395.40 kg/ha in V4 (Dargi) and V7 (Khatiyar) village respectively. Mean biological yield within the villages vary from 3884.40 kg/ha to 5443.40 kg/ha in V4 village (Dargi) and V7 village (Sabli talla) respectively. Mean harvest index within the villages varies from 20.84 V7 village (Sabli talla) to 29.52 V4 village (Dargi). The green fodder consumption in rainy season vary from 610.24 kg/day/village to 3463.49 kg/day/village in V9 (Hadum talla) and V3 (Saunkoti) villages, respectively. Per village green fodder consumption in winter season varied from 341.95 kg/day/village to 1947.87 kg/day/village in V9 (Hadum talla) and V3 (Saunkoti) villages respectively. Per village dry fodder consumption in winter season vary from 121.78 kg/day/village to 1535.94 kg/day/village in V9 (Hadum talla) and V2 (Dharsal) village. Per village green fodder consumption in summer season varied from 296.03 kg/day/village to 1761.25 kg/day/village at V9 (Hadum talla) and V3 (Saunkoti) villages respectively. Per village dry fodder consumption was varied from 152.39 kg/day/village V9 (Hadum talla) to 1523.33 kg/day/village V2 (Dharsal village). From farmers point of view the current study suggested that density of Multipurpose tree species are low in villages so, quality base MPT,s should be planted under afforestation programmes on village wasteland and agricultural land. It is inversely proportional to fodder scarcity in lean period then fodder scarcity will be decrease and farmers can be also initiated integrated agroforestry model i.e. agricultural crops +MPT,s + Medicinal plants/Ornamental plants + dairy farming/goat farming. So employment opportunity will be increased in rural areas. Financial support from different funding agencies should be provide to farmers for developing of integrated agroforestry models.ThesisItem Open Access Variation in volume, biomass and carbon stocks in different deodar forests of Garhwal Himalaya(College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2015-07) Rathod, Digvijaysinh .U.; Khanduri, Dr.V.P.Deodar is typically gregarious and is usually found in pure stands. It is one of the most important and valuable timbers of northern India. It occurs throughout the western Himalayas from Afghanistan to Garhwal up to the valley of the Dhauli below the Nitipass at an elevation ranging from 1200 to 3500 m, being most common from 1800 to 2600 m. Total area under Deodar forest in India is estimated to be about 203263 ha. The present study was undertaken in ten different forests sites, assessed by laying out three 0.1 ha sample plots randomly on each location. Enumeration of trees for volume, biomass and carbon sequestration was done by measuring girth and height individually for all the tress. Further, data collected from stand were computed for dbh, basal area, volume, stand density and canopy cover. The AGBD, BGBD, TBD, TCD were examine for variation of biomass and carbon stock study and percentage relative density was use for the analysis of population structure. The soil samples were collected from each sample plot at three different soil depths. The standard method was use to analyze the soil sample. To study the Physico-chemical properties of soil various parameter viz. Soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, pH and EC analyzed. The outcome of the study revealed that the values of dbh, basal area, height, volume, stand density and canopy cover ranged from 42.10 to 57.07 cm, 1.37 to 2.84 m2 trees-1 , 19.68 to 37.64 m, 1.44 m3 tree-1 to 4.27 m3 tree-1, 227 to 407 ind. ha-1 and 57.91 % to 80.60 % respectively. The value of AGBD (428.57 to 1279.51 Mg ha-1), BGBD (97.41 to 256.14 Mg ha-1), TBD (525.98 to 1535.65 Mg ha-1), and TCD (767.83 to 262.99 Mg ha-1) was recorded in different study sites and higher end values was observed in Kanasae-I site. The population structure study observed in Deodar forest from younger to mature or old growth trees in natural forests. The maximum (45%) population was observed in Thangdhar site (50-60 cm), compared to all sites. Values of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, pH and EC ranged between 1.34 and 1.61 %, 0.40 and 0.49 %, 5.22 and 7.22 kg acre-1, 84.56 and 243.44 kg acre-1, 6.28 and 7, 0.07 and 0.17 dS m-1 respectively. On the basis of above results it is concluded that the healthy stand growth is indicated by stand structure. Population percent was higher in middle diameter class revealed that forests were younger. The Kanasar-I has more prominent capacity to storage biomass and carbon stock. Soils were well enriched by nutrient. Soil nutrient were found decreases with increasing soil depth. pH was acidic to alkaline in all sites. Deodara being a slow growing conifer will provide a long term and high carbon storage than broadleaf species forest. Therefore, protecting deodar forest would have the largest impact, per unit area, on reducing carbon emission from deforestration.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Organic Manures on Growth Performance of Hedychium spicatum Smith(College of Horticulture, Bharsar Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2015-07) Sati, Megha; Nautiyal, Dr. B.P.; Bisht, A.S.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Genetic Divergence in Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.)(College of Horticulture, Bharsar Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2015-07) Chhetri, Ashok; Nautiyal, Dr. B.P.ThesisItem Open Access Biometrical Analysis in Vegetable Pea (Pisum sativum L.)(College of Horticulture, Bharsar Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2015-07) Singh, Amit Kumar; Nautiyal, Dr. B.P.Pea (Pisum sativumL.) genotypes were evaluated to study variability, correlation, path analysis and genetic divergence. The experiment was laid out in a RBD with three replications. Thirty two genotypes including two check cultivars were evaluated for different horticultural traits. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences among all the characters under study. Fifteen genotypes viz Palam Triloki, Arka Karthika. Pant Pea-96, Kashi Udai, DPP-3, Pant Pca-86, Kashi Shakti, Pant Pea-74, Palam Priya,PSM- 5, Arka Ajii, Pant Pea-14, VL-12 and Arkcl were superior over other entries and over standard checks for yield, quality and other important horticultural traits. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean were observed for number of rode per plant, plant height, pod yield per plant and pod yield per plot indicating presence of additive gene effects suggesting more scope of selection for these traits. The phenotypic and genoiypic correlation coefficients among different characters showed that yield has positive association with number of branch per plant, number of pod per plant, number of cluster per plant. The path coefficient analysis revealed that, number of pods per plant followed by number of seeds per pod, number of branch per plant, internode length and dry matter content have maximum positive direct effect on pod yield per plant. While, number of cluster per plant, harvest index, shelling percentage, plant height, pod length, days to 50 % germination, number of node per plant and days to 50 % flowering were observed to have negative direct effect on pod yield per plant. These findings indicate that selection may be made on the basis of above mentioned characters for improving yielding ability in the pea. These findings showed that selection should be made on the basis of above mentioned characters for improved yield in pea. Studies on 32 genotypes of pea were grouped into five clusters and maximum number of genotypes was arranged in cluster IV which contained 10 genotypes. All the five clusters showed genetic diversity and the genetic diversity was independent of geographic diversity. Maximum average intracluster distance was found in V and minimum in III. Highest inter cluster distance was recorded between cluster V and II and lowest was observed between cluster IV and III. Indicating that hybridization between genotypes from cluster V and III can be utilized for getting the superior recombinants / transgressive segregants in segregating generations in pea.ThesisItem Open Access Fodder quality assessment and morphological variation of Grewia optiva Drumm. ex. Burr. at three different altitudes in a part of Garhwal Himalaya(College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus , V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2015-07) Dhavalkumar Rajeshbhai, Prajapati; Khanduri, Dr. V.P.Grewia optiva Drumm. commonly known as Bhimal or Biul is an important fodder tree of the Garhwal Himalaya, belonging to the family Tiliaceae. It is a most popular tree among the farmers of Garhwal Himalaya. Inspite of having high nutritive value, the information regarding the effect of change in altitude on the nutritive value is sparse. Thus, the present study was conducted during November, 2014 at three different altitudes (A), each having three sites (S) and in each site, three diameter classes (D) (10-20, 20-30 and 30-40) and in each diameter class, three trees were selected with an aim to evaluate the variation in morphological characters and fodder quality of trees from different sites. The density of individuals of G. optiva was determined by laying out 20 quadrats at each site and numbers of individuals were enumerated. The traditional uses were gathered by interviewing 10 informants in each site. The morphometric characters i.e. height of tree, diameter at breast height, number of main branches, volume of tree etc. and leaf morphometric traits i.e. leaf area, petiole length, leaf length, leaf width were measured to evaluate variation in morphology along altitudinal gradient. The dried powder of the leaf samples collected was analyzed for proximate principles to determine extent of change in fodder quality. The outcome of the study revealed that the density, trees per hectare, frequency and abundance varied from 0.65 to 1.75 trees/100 m2, 65 to 175 trees/hectare, 50 to 80% and 1.25 to 2.5, among altitudes respectively. Traditional uses of G. optiva were almost similar in all altitudes but among all sites, farmers of S3 site of mid altitude give more preference to G. optiva as fodder, fuel and timber as compared to other species. The morphological variation showed that the height of tree was ranged from 4.17 m to 10 m, diameter at breast height from 12.86 cm to 36.94 cm, number of branches from 5 to 13.67, leaf area from 44.07 cm2 to 86.86 cm2, petiole length from 0.73 cm to 1.23 cm, leaf length from 10.74 cm to 14.87 cm, leaf width from 6.30 cm to 8.96 cm and volume of tree from 0.05 m3 to 0.81 m3. While in proximate principles, dry matter (%) (42.79 % to 59.57 %), ether extract (%) (1.62 % to 5.31 %), crude fibre (%) (14.05 % to 20.94 %), crude protein (%) (11.52 % to 17.35 %), total ash (%) (8.27 % to 11.48 %) and nitrogen free extract (%) (52.99 % to 59.60 %) were recorded in different trees at different sites. Overall, the population from mid altitude showed best results in morphological characters, fodder quality parameters, highest density, frequency and abundance for G. optiva, while among three diameter classes, the lower (10-20 cm) diameter class showed excellence. From the study, it can be concluded that the population of G. optiva from the altitude range of 1300 m to 1600 m above msl is best suited for its optimum growth and have higher nutritional potential. Hence, it can be used for the further multiplication, research and development work.