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Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Bharsar
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ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of different lots of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) genotypes to assess the seed quality and it’s enhancement(2023) Kumar, Ashok; Paliwal, Arunima(Dr.); Kumar, Ajay(Dr.) (Member); Kumar, Pankaj(Dr.) (Member); Chaudhary, Sumit(Dr.) (Member)Title: “Evaluation of different lots of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) genotypes to assess the seed quality and it’s enhancement” Seed vigour is one of the important attribute of seed quality but the use of seed quality testing is limited as no vigour test is likely to perform best to all crops. The present investigation was conducted in Seed Science Laboratory of College of Forestry, Ranichauri, Tehri Garhwal of VCSG Uttarakhand University of Horticulture & Forestry, Bharsar, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand. The experiments were conducted in completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications in laboratory to assess the seed quality of chia genotypes, to evaluate the efficacy of various seed vigour tests and to assess the chemical priming to enhance the seed quality of chia genotypes and factorial randomized block design with three replications in field to evaluate the effect of chemical priming on seed quality enhancement regarding field emergence of chia genotypes. The laboratory experiment comprised of two factors viz., five genotypes (NEER, MCS-4, GKVK CHIA-1, MCS-14 and MCS- 19) and two seed lots (2019 and 2020). The field trial comprised of three factors viz., five genotypes, two seed lots and two set of chemical priming (Control and KNO3 @ 0.5% for 12 hours). All vigour test experiments procedure, field emergence, seedling establishment and field emergence index were followed as per standard guidelines. The data were analyzed statistically to find out the result of the study in laboratory and field conditions. The seed quality attributes like moisture content, test weight, seed density, first count, germination per cent, seedling shoot length, seedling root length, total seedling length, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, seedling vigour index I and II under standard, stress and seed quality enhancement conditions were recorded significantly higher in seed lot of 2020 chia genotypes. Whereas, electrical conductivity was found significantly higher in 2019 seed lot than 2020 seed lot. Among the genotypes, GKVK CHIA-1 was observed to be superior for all parameter under standard, stress and seed quality enhancement conditions except moisture content, test weight and electrical conductivity. The genotype NEER of 2019 seed lot was found non-viable. Similarly, in field condition, the study showed that seed lot of 2020 and genotype GKVK CHIA-1 recorded significantly higher field emergence, seedling establishment and field emergence index. Significantly positive correlation was found for many parameters of different vigour tests under standard, stress and seed quality enhancement conditions. The present study concluded that the freshly harvested seeds should be preferred to grow the chia crop over two or more years old seeds. On the basis of seed quality parameters, the genotype GKVK CHIA-1 of chia was found to be more vigourous genotype. The chemical priming through KNO3 @ 0.5% for 12 hours was recommended to improve germination and vigour of old chia seeds. The test weight, seed density, radicle emergence, mean daily germination, relative growth index, cold test vigour I, cold test vigour II, cool test vigour I, cool test vigour II and hot water vigour I could be considered as suitable vigour tests for chia.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of different lots of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) genotypes to assess the seed quality and it’s enhancement(College of Forestry, Ranichauri, 2023) Kumar, Ashok; Paliwal, Arunima(Dr.); Kumar, Ajay(Dr.) (Member); Kumar, Pankaj(Dr.) (Member); Chaudhary, Sumit (Dr.) MemberTitle: “Evaluation of different lots of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) genotypes to assess the seed quality and it’s enhancement” Seed vigour is one of the important attribute of seed quality but the use of seed quality testing is limited as no vigour test is likely to perform best to all crops. The present investigation was conducted in Seed Science Laboratory of College of Forestry, Ranichauri, Tehri Garhwal of VCSG Uttarakhand University of Horticulture & Forestry, Bharsar, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand. The experiments were conducted in completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications in laboratory to assess the seed quality of chia genotypes, to evaluate the efficacy of various seed vigour tests and to assess the chemical priming to enhance the seed quality of chia genotypes and factorial randomized block design with three replications in field to evaluate the effect of chemical priming on seed quality enhancement regarding field emergence of chia genotypes. The laboratory experiment comprised of two factors viz., five genotypes (NEER, MCS-4, GKVK CHIA-1, MCS-14 and MCS- 19) and two seed lots (2019 and 2020). The field trial comprised of three factors viz., five genotypes, two seed lots and two set of chemical priming (Control and KNO3 @ 0.5% for 12 hours). All vigour test experiments procedure, field emergence, seedling establishment and field emergence index were followed as per standard guidelines. The data were analyzed statistically to find out the result of the study in laboratory and field conditions. The seed quality attributes like moisture content, test weight, seed density, first count, germination per cent, seedling shoot length, seedling root length, total seedling length, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, seedling vigour index I and II under standard, stress and seed quality enhancement conditions were recorded significantly higher in seed lot of 2020 chia genotypes. Whereas, electrical conductivity was found significantly higher in 2019 seed lot than 2020 seed lot. Among the genotypes, GKVK CHIA-1 was observed to be superior for all parameter under standard, stress and seed quality enhancement conditions except moisture content, test weight and electrical conductivity. The genotype NEER of 2019 seed lot was found non-viable. Similarly, in field condition, the study showed that seed lot of 2020 and genotype GKVK CHIA-1 recorded significantly higher field emergence, seedling establishment and field emergence index. Significantly positive correlation was found for many parameters of different vigour tests under standard, stress and seed quality enhancement conditions. The present study concluded that the freshly harvested seeds should be preferred to grow the chia crop over two or more years old seeds. On the basis of seed quality parameters, the genotype GKVK CHIA-1 of chia was found to be more vigourous genotype. The chemical priming through KNO3 @ 0.5% for 12 hours was recommended to improve germination and vigour of old chia seeds. The test weight, seed density, radicle emergence, mean daily germination, relative growth index, cold test vigour I, cold test vigour II, cool test vigour I, cool test vigour II and hot water vigour I could be considered as suitable vigour tests for chia.ThesisItem Open Access Estimation of biomass, carbon stock and soil properties of different forest types in Uttarkashi district, Garhwal Himalaya(College of Forestry, Ranichauri, 2023) Rai, Sakshi; Dhanai, C.S.(Dr.); Butola, B.S.(Dr.) Member; Ahmed, Taufiq(Dr.) Member; Rawat, Deepa(Dr.) MemberTitle: “Estimation of biomass, carbon stock and soil properties of different forest types in Uttarkashi district, Garhwal Himalaya”. The investigation entitled “Estimation of biomass, carbon stock and soil properties of different forest types in Uttarkashi district, Garhwal Himalaya” was carried out during the year 2021-22 to know the status of Phytosociology, Biomass, Carbon stock and Soil properties in selected study area. The study was carried out in four study sites viz; Matli, Dindsari, Fold and Chaurangi Khal forests in Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand, India at various altitudinal ranges viz. 1000-1200 m asl, 1400-1600 m asl, 1800-2000 m asl, 2200-2400 m asl. Under this study, 40 quadrats (with 10 replications in each site) of size 10×10 m for trees were laid out randomly in which 5m × 5 m for shrubs were laid out. Estimation of variation in biomass and carbon density of different sites was done by using volume equation of different species. Soil samples were randomly taken from the entire 40 quadrats from three different depth 0-10 cm,10-20cm and 20-30 cm to estimate the variation in soil properties of different forests types. Among all the locations, total 45 tree species were observed which included 26 tree species from 7 families and 19 shrub species from16 families. The tree density (trees/ha) was found maximum atChaurangi Khal site (860) and minimum in Matli site (620) and the total density ranged from 620-860. For shrubs, the density (shrub/ha) varied between 410-520.The values of Shannon-wiener ( ) diversity index of studied sites ranged from 0.60-2.07 for trees and 1.50-2.33 for shrubs, Margalef's index of species richness ranged from 1.57-2.42 for trees and 2.07-2.56 for shrubs. The above ground biomass density (AGBD) ranged from 266.32 Mg/ ha in Fold to 326.48 Mg/ ha in Chaurangi Khal and below ground biomass density (BGBD) from 80.07 Mg/ ha in Fold to 94.48 Mg/ha in Matli. The lowest value for total biomass density (TBD) of 355.09 Mg ha was observed at Fold and the highest 416.57 Mg /ha at Chaurangi Khal. The total carbon density (TCD) ranged from 177.54 Mg/ha to 208.29 Mg/ha.Among all the three depth the bulk density for 0-10 cm ranged from 1.154 g/cc to 1.328 g/cc and 1.048 g/cc to 1.216 g/cc for the 10-20 cm depth while for 20-30 cm it ranged from 1.027 g/cc to 1.163 g/cc for all the sites. Among all the sites the value of organic carbon for the upper depth (0-10cm) ranged from 3.43% to 5.58% and for the middle depth (10-20 cm) it ranged from 2.57%to 55.15% whereas for the lower layer (20-30 cm) it ranged from 2.15% to 5.06%. For all the sites the value of pH for the upper depth (0-10 cm) ranged from 5.06 to 7.03. However, the range for the middle depth (10–20 cm) was 4.82 to 7.1 while the range for the lower depth (20–30 cm) was 5.25 to 7.25 to 5.06%. The nitrogen concentration varied among three distinct depths for all the sites, ranging from 476 kg/ha to 627.2 kg/ha for the upper depth while 478 kg/ha to 537.83 kg/ha for middle depth (10-20 cm) whereas for lower depth (20 to 30 cm) nitrogen concentration ranged from 366.91 kg/h to 493.92 kg/h. Among all sites for three distinct depths , the potassium concentration ranged from 240 kg/h to 271.5 kg/ha for 0–10 cm depth, from 228.8 kg/h to 252 kg/h for 10–20 cm depth, and from 206.4 kg/h to 248 kg/h for 20–30 cm depth. Among all three different depth the phosphorous estimation for 0-10 cm depth ranged from 45.28 kg/h to55.20 kg/ha.,29.89 kg/ha to 41.39 kg ha for the 10-20cm depth while for 20-30cm it ranged from 20.43 kg/ha to 35.98 kg/ha for all the sites. Among all the sites the value of Sulphur for the upper depth (0-10cm) ranged from 32.29 mg/kg to 39.55mg/kg whereas for middle depth (10-20cm) it varied from to 25.4 mg/ha to 35.02 mg/ha and for the lower depth (20-30cm) it ranged from to 20.82 mg/ha to 29.60 mg/ha.The sulphur was found significant with both altitude and depth but the interaction between the altitude and depth was insignificant.The dehydrogenase enzyme activity ranged from 4.33-16.01 µg/g/h at 0-10cm depth whereas for 10-20 cm depth it ranged from 3.73-10.40 µg/g/h and for 20-30 cm depth it ranged from 3.54-8.48 µg/g/h under different altitudinal ranges of studied area of Uttarkashi district.The interaction of elevation and soil depth was found to be significant.All the collected research data from the studied forest ranges of Uttarkashi district reveals rich biodiversity of the site but at present the biodiversity of these forest are under threat due to anthropogenic causes and climate change. It should be conserved by implementing proper conservation and management practice.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of establishment method and nano nitrogen on seed yield and quality of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.)(College of Forestry, Ranichauri, 2023) Sharma, Sushant; Kumar, Ajay(Dr.); Paliwal, Arunima(Dr.) Member; Kumar, Pankaj(Dr.) (Member); Chaudhary, Sumit(Dr.) (Member)Title: “Evaluation of establishment method and nano nitrogen on seed yield and quality of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.)” The present investigation was conducted during kharif season of 2021 at Research and Extension Centre, Gaja, Collage of Forestry, Ranichauri, Tehri Garhwal of VCSG Uttarakhand University of Horticulture & Forestry, Bharsar, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, at 30̊ 16’17” N latitude and 78̊ 25’21” E longitudes to investigate the establishment method and nano nitrogen on seed yield and quality of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications under field conditions. The treatments comprises fourteen treatments viz., T1- TP + RDF, T2- DS + RDF, T3- TP + PK, T4- DS + PK, T5- TP+ 50%N+ ST, T6 - TP+ 50%N+ RD, T7 - TP+ 50%N+ FS, T8 - TP+ 75%N+ ST, T9 - TP+ 75%N+ RD, T10- TP+ 75%N+ FS, T11 - DS+ 50%N+ ST, T12 - DS+ 50%N+ FS, T13 - DS+ 75%N+ ST and T14 - DS+ 75%N+ FS. The recommended dose of fertilizer was used NPK 40:20:20 kg/ha. In treatment T3 and T4, no nitrogen was applied and NPK was applied at the rate of 0:20:20 kg/ka. While laboratory experiments were conducted in completely randomized design (CRD) with four replication to assess the seed quality of the harvested seeds. The establishment method and nano nitrogen had significantly influenced the growth parameters, yield attributes parameters, yield and economics of finger millet. The significantly higher growth parameters and seed yield were recorded in DS + RDF followed by TP+ 50% N+ ST, TP+75 %N+FS and DS+50%N+FS. The economics of finger millet was significantly higher in DS + RDF. The higher B:C ratio was recorded in DS + RDF followed by DS+50% N+ ST and DS+50%N+FS. The seed quality attributes, under standard germination test viz., germination parentage, seedling total length, seedling fresh and dry weight, seedling vigour indices, radicle emergence and speed of germination were recorded higher in DS+RDF followed by DS+50%N+FS and TP+75 %N+FS. Under stress tests viz., accelerated aging, cold test and water sensitivity test, the significantly higher value of seed quality parameters were recorded in DS+RDF and DS+50%N+FS. On the basis of investigation, it could be concluded that drill sowing of finger millet with recommended dose of fertilizer (NPK 40:20:20 kg/ha) was useful to get higher return from the finger millet crop. To reduce the use of chemical fertilizer without compromising seed yield and seed quality of finger millet significantly, DS+ 50%N+FS and TP +75%N+FS can be used.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF ASPECT AND ALTITUDE ON THE BIOMASS AND CARBON STOCK OF CHIR PINE (PINUS ROXBURGHII) FORESTS IN WESTERN HIMALAYAS(College of Forestry, Ranichauri, 2023) Binjola, Reetika; Dobhal, Sneha(Dr.); Vasishth, Amol(Dr.) (Member); Bali, R.S(Dr.) (Member); Shikha, M.S.(Dr.) (Member)The present study entitled "Effect of altitude and aspect on the biomass and carbon stock of Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii) in the Western Himalayas," was carried out in the Department of Silviculture, Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Uttarakhand University of Horticulture & Forestry, Bharsar, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand during 2021-2022. The study was conducted to assess the variability in tree growth, biomass production, carbon stock, Phyto-sociological attributes, and soil physio-chemical parameters on four aspects, viz., East, West, North and South, and at two altitudes (1600-1800m and 1900-2200m) of Chir Pinedominatedforests in the Garhwal Himalaya. Results showed that the maximum height (16.6m), diameter (0.52m), and volume (491 m3/ha) of Chir pine was observed on Northern aspect, while their minimum value of 9.22m, 0.24m, and 215.29 m3/ha, respectively, was recorded on the Southern aspect. The maximum values of above-ground biomass, below ground biomass, total biomass, carbon stock,and CO2 sequestrationof Chir Pine were observed on the Northern aspect and their minimum value was recorded on the Southern aspect. Results explained that as the altitude increased, the stem height, diameter, volume, biomass, carbon stock and CO2 sequestration of Chir Pine showed declining trends. The phytosociological study showed the dominance of Chir Pine in these forests with 100% frequency in all four aspects and at two altitudinal ranges. The higher density of Pine trees indicates a faster rate of organic matter decomposition, which enhances below-ground inputs or indirectly facilitates surface soil mixing by soil organisms.The upper layer of the forests was more acidic in nature in all aspects and altitudes in the study area. The soil moisture content was found higher in the lower soil layer which increasedwith an increase in the soil depth. Overall results indicated that the Northern aspect is a major carbon stock reservoir of Chir Pine, compared to other aspects because of its favorable climatic conditions.According to the findings, it is important to recognize the significance of the valuable Himalayan area for its capacity to store carbon.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of seed lots of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) genotypes and chemical priming for seed quality enhancement(College of Forestry, Ranichauri, 2023) Panwar, Antriksha; Kumar, Ajay(Dr.); Paliwal, Arunima(Dr.) Member; Kumar,Pankaj(Dr.) (Member); Chaudhary, Sumit(Dr.) (Member)Title: “Evaluation of seed lots of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) genotypes and chemical priming for seed quality enhancement” The experiment comprised of two factorviz. three seed lots (2019, 2020, and 2021) and ten quinoa genotypes (IC363733, EC507738, EC507739, EC507740, EC507741, EC507742, EC507743, EC507744, EC507746, and EC507747). The anothertrial was conducted in factorial randomized block design with four replication to assess the chemical priming to enhance the seed quality of quinoa genotypes. The seed quality enhancement experiment was comprised of three factors viz.three seed lots (2019, 2020, and 2021), ten quinoa genotypes (IC363733, EC507738, EC507739, EC507740, EC507741, EC507742, EC507743, EC507744, EC507746, EC507747) and three chemical priming(CaCl2 @ 2% for 24 hour, KNO3 @ 2% for 24 hour and salicylic acid @ 0.5mM for 24 hour). The seed quality attributes like germination percentage, speed of germination seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, vigour index I and II, in standard germination test, accelerated ageing test, cold test and water sensitivity testwere recorded significantly higher in seed lot of 2021 quinoa genotypes. Whereas electrical conductivity, moisture content and test weight were recorded significantly higher in 2019 seed lot than 2021 seed lot. Among the genotypes EC507738 were observed to be superior for all parameter except seedling dry weight. The genotypes IC363733 and EC507741 of both 2019 and 2020 seed lot and EC507745 of 2020 seed lot were found non-viable. The Chemical priming of CaCl2at 2% for 24 hour and Salicylic acid at 0.5mM were found effective in improving seed quality of EC507738, EC507739, EC507740, EC507742, EC507743, EC507744 and EC507747 of 2019 seed lot. While KNO3 at 2% for 24 hour improved seed quality of EC507738, EC507742, EC507743, EC507746 and EC507747 and salicylic acid at 0.5mM was found effective to improve seed quality of EC507743, EC507744, and EC507746 genotype of seed lot of 2020 Based on the present investigation, the freshly harvested seeds should be preferred to grow the quinoa crop over two or more years old seeds. On the basis of seed quality parameters, EC507738, EC507742 and EC507743 were found most suitable genotypes of quinoa to take a good crop. If farmer have older seeds, the priming of salicylic acid at 0.5mM for 24 hours was recommended to improve germination and vigour of the quinoa seeds.ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF SOWING WINDOWS ON PERFORMANCE OF FINGER MILLET (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) VARIETIES(College of Forestry, Ranichauri, 2023) Thapa, Shubham; Chaudhary, Sumit(Dr.); Kumar, Ajay(Dr.) (Member); Prasad, Rajesh K.(Dr.) (Member); Kumar, Pankaj(Dr.) (Member)Title: “Influence of sowing windows on performance of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) varieties” The current study was conducted during the Kharif season of 2022-23 at B-Block, College of Forestry, Ranichauri, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand. To study the influence of sowing windows on the performance of finger millet under field conditions with three sowing dates viz. D1 (01.06.2022), D2 (10.06.2022) and D3 (21.06.2022) and three varieties of finger millet viz. V1 (VLM 324), V2 (PRM 2) and V3 (VLM 347). The field experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design and the laboratory experiment was performed under completely randomized block design at the Laboratory of Seed Science & Technology, Department of Seed Science & Technology. Three replications were taken in both field and lab experiments. Observations were recorded for growth, yield and seed quality parameters. The results revealed that the characters viz. plant height (cm), root length (cm), number of leaves, dry matter accumulation (g) (root, stem, leaves and earhead), root shoot ratio, number of fingers/plant, number of tillers/plant, finger length (cm), earhead length (cm), grain yield (kg/ha), yield per plant (g), 1000 seed weight (g), straw yield (kg/ha) and biological yield (kg/ha) were significantly influenced by various treatments. Among the three sowing dates, D3 (21.06.2022) performed superior while among varieties V2 (PRM 2) performed excellent in growth, yield attributes and grain yield. Seed quality parameters viz. seed colour, seed diameter (mm), tetrazolium chloride test (viability), seed electrical conductivity (EC), standard germination test, cold test and accelerated ageing test reported superior results under variety V1 (VLM 324) at D3 (21.06.2022). In terms of estimation of crude protein (%), nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in the seeds, the variety V2 (PRM 2) excelled at D3 (21.06.2022). From the study, it could be concluded that the third sowing date (21.06.2022) in combination with PRM 2 variety is suitable for hilly regions of the Garhwal Himalayas.ThesisItem Open Access “Socio-Economic Status and Production Potential of Tea-Based Agroforestry System in Champawat and Harinagri Tea Gardens of Kumaon Himalayas”(College of Forestry, Ranichauri, 2023) Bhatt, Garima; Dhanai, C.S.(Dr.); Vasishth, Amol(Dr.) (Member); Bali, R.S.(Dr.) (Member); Joshi, Reena(Dr.) (Member)The cultivation of tea depends greatly on the presence of shade trees. The shade trees are crucial for controlling the environment of the tea ecosystem because they improve soil fertility, lower temperature, lower evaporative capacity, and save soil moisture. Additionally shade has a variety of other advantageous benefits on physiological processes like photosynthesis, tea growth, and yield. The shade trees give the tea plants some partial shade, which is crucial for raising the standard of the tea leaf. Growing excellent tea crops requires the right kind of shade trees and their adequate maintenance.The current study was carried out in two Kumaon Himalayan tea gardens of Uttarakhandviz. Harinagri tea garden and Champawat tea garden, present at an elevations of 1346m and 1622m asl respectively. Both tea gardens were divided into four main plots for the study of the effects of various shade trees on tea growth. In the present study total of 9 shade trees were documented from both the studied tea garden and their effect on growth of tea was studied individually.Various tree parameters viz. height, diameter and crown spread were studied for the shade trees present in association with the tea crop. Inorder to study the effect of different shade trees on the tea crop, primary shoot height and bush surface area was studied for the tea crop. The production potential of both tea gardens was examined by gathering secondary data from Uttarakhand Tea Development Board, Champawat and Kausani offices. Primary data collected for the tea gardens revel that the Organic tea garden i.e. the Champawat tea garden had more plantations under it and hence more production of tea leaves and tea as compared to the Inorganic tea garden of Harinagri which was planted by the Kausani tea development board. Chlorophyll A, Chlorophyll B and total Chlorophyll of the tea leaves in the understory of associated trees were also studied for both the study site. Chlorophyll estimation revealed that Phyllanthus emblica is the most preferred shade tree for the Champawat tea garden and Grewia Optiva for Harinagri tea garden as the chlorophyll content of tea leaves in the understory is preferable over other shade trees. A comprehensive survey was conducted to examine the socioeconomic conditions of tea plantation workers with a particular focus on the female workforce. For socioeconomic study 50 women respondents were chosen from each tea garden the socioeconomic situation of tea workers and those who depend on them is neither very excellent nor very bad. Although the women workers in the tea gardens are permanent employees, they are paid on a daily basis, so they only receive compensation for the hours they really put in. The condition of women tea workers is more fragile if the tea garden is locked out or the job is temporarily interrupted, but it has been operating throughout the entire covid period, which has encouraged the locals to migrate less. In fact, reverse migration has been prominent in the past year.In light of all theoutcomes, the present study analyses the significance of shade trees in an agroforestry system in the studied tea plantations and gives an idea about the preferable and unsuitable shade tree species for the tea plantation.ThesisItem Open Access “Seed quality of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) influenced by the geometry and fertility levels”(College of Forestry, Ranichauri, 2023) Raj, Pratiksha; Paliwal, Arunima(Dr.); Kumar, Ajay (Dr.) (Member); Kumar, Pankaj (Dr.) (Member); Rawat, Deepa(Dr.) (Co-opted Member)Title: “Seed quality of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) influenced by geometry and fertility levels” Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a native of the Andes that has sparked a worldwide interest due to its unique nutritional value.It is characterised as pseudo-cereals crops, with broad leaf plant and starchy dicotyledonous seed and consequently not a cereal. It can be used as a substitute for dairy proteins. Quinoa seed have an orthodox magnificent nutritional food quality and were also called “the mother grain”. Furthermore, the quinoa plant is cold, salt and drought resistant, which is why it is known as the "golden grain”. The current investigationwas conducted in kharif2022, withgenotype “EC507742” at Research and Extension Centre, Gaja, College of Forestry, Ranichauri (Tehri Garhwal). The experiment comprised of two factorsviz., geometry (S): S1-20 x10 cm, S2-30 x 10 cm and S3-40 x 10 cm in main plot and fertility levels (F): F1- Control, F2- 75% NPKS, F3- 100% NPKS and F4- 125% NPKS in sub plot with total of 12 treatment combinations that were evaluated in split plot design with three replications.The seed obtained after harvest were analysed for seed quality parameters in 2 factors complete randomized design with three replicates at Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Forestry, Ranichauri.The data was analysed using OPSTAT with figures from SAS (procglm). Among the geometry, S2 (30 x 10 cm) performed well in field conditions compared to others. Among various fertility levels, F3 (100% NPKS) showed maximum growth, yield attributes, yield and higher returnof quinoa as compared to other fertility levels. On the basis of laboratory experiments, wider spacing of S3 (40 x 10 cm) performed well as compared to other geometry. Among different fertility levels, F3 (100% NPKS) showed significant results over others.Also, the interactions between geometry and fertility levels were found significant for growth, yield attributes, yield and quality parameters under standard germination and stress tolerance tests. Based on the study, it can be concluded that application of recommended fertilizer (100% NPKS) with optimum spacing of 30 x 10 cm enhances the growth, yield and higher return of quinoa and with wider spacing of 40 x10 cm enhances the seed quality of quinoa.
