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Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Bharsar
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ThesisItem Open Access “Socio-Economic Status and Production Potential of Tea-Based Agroforestry System in Champawat and Harinagri Tea Gardens of Kumaon Himalayas”(College of Forestry, Ranichauri, 2023) Bhatt, Garima; Dhanai, C.S.(Dr.); Vasishth, Amol(Dr.) (Member); Bali, R.S.(Dr.) (Member); Joshi, Reena(Dr.) (Member)The cultivation of tea depends greatly on the presence of shade trees. The shade trees are crucial for controlling the environment of the tea ecosystem because they improve soil fertility, lower temperature, lower evaporative capacity, and save soil moisture. Additionally shade has a variety of other advantageous benefits on physiological processes like photosynthesis, tea growth, and yield. The shade trees give the tea plants some partial shade, which is crucial for raising the standard of the tea leaf. Growing excellent tea crops requires the right kind of shade trees and their adequate maintenance.The current study was carried out in two Kumaon Himalayan tea gardens of Uttarakhandviz. Harinagri tea garden and Champawat tea garden, present at an elevations of 1346m and 1622m asl respectively. Both tea gardens were divided into four main plots for the study of the effects of various shade trees on tea growth. In the present study total of 9 shade trees were documented from both the studied tea garden and their effect on growth of tea was studied individually.Various tree parameters viz. height, diameter and crown spread were studied for the shade trees present in association with the tea crop. Inorder to study the effect of different shade trees on the tea crop, primary shoot height and bush surface area was studied for the tea crop. The production potential of both tea gardens was examined by gathering secondary data from Uttarakhand Tea Development Board, Champawat and Kausani offices. Primary data collected for the tea gardens revel that the Organic tea garden i.e. the Champawat tea garden had more plantations under it and hence more production of tea leaves and tea as compared to the Inorganic tea garden of Harinagri which was planted by the Kausani tea development board. Chlorophyll A, Chlorophyll B and total Chlorophyll of the tea leaves in the understory of associated trees were also studied for both the study site. Chlorophyll estimation revealed that Phyllanthus emblica is the most preferred shade tree for the Champawat tea garden and Grewia Optiva for Harinagri tea garden as the chlorophyll content of tea leaves in the understory is preferable over other shade trees. A comprehensive survey was conducted to examine the socioeconomic conditions of tea plantation workers with a particular focus on the female workforce. For socioeconomic study 50 women respondents were chosen from each tea garden the socioeconomic situation of tea workers and those who depend on them is neither very excellent nor very bad. Although the women workers in the tea gardens are permanent employees, they are paid on a daily basis, so they only receive compensation for the hours they really put in. The condition of women tea workers is more fragile if the tea garden is locked out or the job is temporarily interrupted, but it has been operating throughout the entire covid period, which has encouraged the locals to migrate less. In fact, reverse migration has been prominent in the past year.In light of all theoutcomes, the present study analyses the significance of shade trees in an agroforestry system in the studied tea plantations and gives an idea about the preferable and unsuitable shade tree species for the tea plantation.ThesisItem Open Access “Seed quality of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) influenced by the geometry and fertility levels”(College of Forestry, Ranichauri, 2023) Raj, Pratiksha; Paliwal, Arunima(Dr.); Kumar, Ajay (Dr.) (Member); Kumar, Pankaj (Dr.) (Member); Rawat, Deepa(Dr.) (Co-opted Member)Title: “Seed quality of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) influenced by geometry and fertility levels” Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a native of the Andes that has sparked a worldwide interest due to its unique nutritional value.It is characterised as pseudo-cereals crops, with broad leaf plant and starchy dicotyledonous seed and consequently not a cereal. It can be used as a substitute for dairy proteins. Quinoa seed have an orthodox magnificent nutritional food quality and were also called “the mother grain”. Furthermore, the quinoa plant is cold, salt and drought resistant, which is why it is known as the "golden grain”. The current investigationwas conducted in kharif2022, withgenotype “EC507742” at Research and Extension Centre, Gaja, College of Forestry, Ranichauri (Tehri Garhwal). The experiment comprised of two factorsviz., geometry (S): S1-20 x10 cm, S2-30 x 10 cm and S3-40 x 10 cm in main plot and fertility levels (F): F1- Control, F2- 75% NPKS, F3- 100% NPKS and F4- 125% NPKS in sub plot with total of 12 treatment combinations that were evaluated in split plot design with three replications.The seed obtained after harvest were analysed for seed quality parameters in 2 factors complete randomized design with three replicates at Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Forestry, Ranichauri.The data was analysed using OPSTAT with figures from SAS (procglm). Among the geometry, S2 (30 x 10 cm) performed well in field conditions compared to others. Among various fertility levels, F3 (100% NPKS) showed maximum growth, yield attributes, yield and higher returnof quinoa as compared to other fertility levels. On the basis of laboratory experiments, wider spacing of S3 (40 x 10 cm) performed well as compared to other geometry. Among different fertility levels, F3 (100% NPKS) showed significant results over others.Also, the interactions between geometry and fertility levels were found significant for growth, yield attributes, yield and quality parameters under standard germination and stress tolerance tests. Based on the study, it can be concluded that application of recommended fertilizer (100% NPKS) with optimum spacing of 30 x 10 cm enhances the growth, yield and higher return of quinoa and with wider spacing of 40 x10 cm enhances the seed quality of quinoa.ThesisItem Open Access “Forest composition, regeneration status and carbon stock variation in relation to soil health status at different altitudes of Loital beat forest of Tehri Forest division”(College of Forestry, Ranichauri, 2023) Sharma, Vatika; Khanduri, V.P.(Dr.); Singh, Bhupendra(Dr.) (Co-Advisor)Title:“Forest composition, regeneration status and carbon stock variation in relation to soil health status at different altitudes of Loital beat forest of Tehri Forest division” The present study was carried out in the Loital beat forest of Tehri, Garhwal Himalaya at three different zones between altitudinal range of 1300 m.a.sl. and 2300 m.a.s.l. The study was conducted under three different zones (Lower zone-1300-1600m, middle zone 1700-2000mand upper zone-2100-2300m). The analysis of vegetation parameters was done by randomly laying 30 quadrates of 10×10m sizeat each altitudinal zone. The results of the study revealed that the total number of 7 tree species belonging to 4 families and 9 shrub species belonging to 7 families were recorded in all altitudinal ranges. The density of tree species ranged from 460 trees/ha in lower zone (1300-1600 m.a.s.l.), 290 trees/ha in middle zone to 810 trees/ha in upper zone (2100-2300 m.a.s.l.). Maximum percentage of population structure was recorded in the middle zone for medium diameter classes while maximum population percentage was recorded in the upper zone for higher diameter classes. Regeneration status of tree species was good or fair at all the sites. Seedling density, sapling density and tree density ranged from 940 to 1030, 400 to 580 and 460 to 810, respectively in all the three zones. The AGBD ranged from 428.1 mg/ha in middle zone (1700-2000 m.a.s.l.) to 505.4 mg/ha in upper zone (2100-2300 m.a.s.l.) and BGBD ranged between 98.55 in middle zone (1700-2000 m.a.s.l.) zone to 107 mg/ha in lower zone (1300-1600 m.a.s.l.). Total carbon density of tree species ranged from 262.9 in middle zone (1700-2000 m.a.s.l.)to 305.4 mg/ha in upper zone (2100-2300 m.a.s.l.). The results of the soil health status revealed that all the zones have good soil nutrients. Soil pH ranged from 5.79 to 6.32. Soil organic carbon ranged from 2.15 to 3.43%. Soil available nitrogen, available phosphorous, available potassium and available sulphur ranged from 249.3 to 445.3kg/ha, 21.91 to 50.20 kg/ha, 189.7 to 268.8 kg/ha and 20.37 to 58.16 mg/kg soil, respectively.Dehydrogenase activity ranged from 1.377 to 10.80 µg TPF/g/h. Soil moisture percentage ranged from 38.92 to 64.23% in all three zones. Present study concluded that the tree species in the upper zone shows good growth than other two zones because anthropogenic pressure and fire was less in the upper zone. Tree species like Cedurs deodara, Pinus roxburghii and Pinus wallichiana have good potential of carbon storage.Soil health status was good at the upper zones and the soil nutrients decreased with increase in the depth of soil in all the zones. These forests should be protected from over exploitation and thus management practices to be followed to the other forests for carbon reservoir and reducing the carbon impact in the atmosphere.ThesisItem Open Access “ Vegetation analysis, Management practices and S ocioeconomic status of Traditional agroforestry systems along with elevations in Sursingdhaar region of district Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India(College of Forestry, Ranichauri, 2023) Dhyani, Aditi; Bijalwan, Arvind(Dr.); Dhanai, C.S.(Dr.) (Member); Riyal, Manoj(Dr.) (Member); Chaudhary, Sumit(Dr.) (Member)Thesis Title : “Vegetation analysis, Management practices and Socioeconomic status of Traditional agroforestry systems along with elevations in Sursingdhaar region of district Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India” The present investigation was conducted in six sites in the Sursingdhaar region of the district Tehri Garhwal of Uttarakhand with three elevation range i.e., 500-1000 m, 1000-1500 m and 1500-2000 m amsl in order to assess the various agroforestry systems, socioeconomic status as well as various management techniques utilised in the traditional agroforestry systems. The data regardingwas obtained through questionnaire survey and field visits from each study village. Agri-silviculture, agri-silvi-horticulture, silvopastoral and homegarden systems were discovered to be prevalent in the study area. The agri-silviculture system consists of 15 shrub species, 14 woody perennial species and 17 agriculture crop species. Agri-silvi-horticulture system comprised of 14 forest trees species, 13 horticulture trees, 17 agriculture crops and 22 species of vegetables. Silvopastoral system included 14 tree species, 15 shrub and 12 grass species. In the homegarden system 7 fruit species, 22 vegetable and 9 multipurpose tree species were recorded. The different components of agroforestry systems required proper management practices. Lopping was the most widely used management technique employed for forest trees by 82.22% of households and for horticulture trees harvesting was most widely followed management practice by 80.00%. For management of agriculture crops, practices such as irrigation, manuring, weeding, land preparation, harvesting and storage of crops were followed maximum by 84.44% households. The socio-economic status of study villages revealed that the majority of respondents (51.45%) were female. Most of the respondents (31.85%) were middle aged with 47.44% having education up to 8th. The bulk of respondents (72.22%) belong to small family size. The majority of respondents (70%) were residing in pakka houses with 43.33% dependent on farming as their main source of income. The maximum of households (62.22%) had 10-15 nali land holdings and the respondents owned a total of 222 livestock. It was revealed that majority of respondents (63.33%) had annual income Rs. ≤1,20,000. The current study reveals that established agroforestry systems in the study region are crucial for upliftment of the socioeconomic status of the respondents. Furthermore, a farmer's socioeconomic status influences the management strategies he or she is going to employ.ThesisItem Open Access Productivity of vegetable pea (Pisum sativum L.) under the Bhimal (Grewia optiva J.R. Drumm. Ex Burret) based agroforestry system and marketing of the vegetables in Saklana valley of Tehri Garhwal district, Uttarakhand, India(College of Forestry, Ranichauri, 2023) Uniyal, Rahul; Bijalwan, Arvind(Dr.); Chaudhary, Sumit(Dr.) (Member); Dhanai, C.S.(Dr.) (Member); Butola, B.S.(Dr.) (Member)Title: Productivity of vegetable pea (Pisum sativum L.) under the Bhimal (Grewia optiva J.R. Drumm. Ex Burret) based agroforestry system and marketing of the vegetables in Saklana valley of Tehri Garhwal district, Uttarakhand, India. The present study was carried out during zaid season in 2023 in nine villages of Saklana valley region of Tehri Garhwal district. Study mainly focussed on evaluation of productivity of vegetable pea under (Bhimal) based agroforestry system, identification of marketing channels for vegetables and agrobiodiversity of agroforestry systems. The experiment was laid out in RBD (Randomized Block Design) with 12 treatments in which vegetable pea is grown in 1m, 2m, 3m, 4m vicinity from tree base. Pea grown in 4m vicinity considered as control in three elevation namely lower (800-1100m), middle (1100-1400m), upper (1400-1700m). Three villages were selected in each elevation. Result revealed that pea growing in 4m (Control) from tree canopy, showed best results for most of growth and yield parameters of vegetable pea, viz. number of plant per meter square, plant height, number of pod per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, and green pod yield in all three elevation. Pea growing in upper elevation in 4m distance showed best result followed by pea growing in 3m meter distance which was followed by middle and lower elevation. Four major marketing channels were prevailing in the study area. Channel-III was found out to be the major marketing channel, as 86.1 % of the total respondent farmers were selling their produce through channel-III followed by Channel-I and Channel-II. The study revealed that in hills vegetable growers cultivate vegetables under various kinds of problems ranging from distant location of mandis to damage of crops by insect/pest and wild animals as well as high commission rate. The study showed that agroforestry systems consist predominantly of multipurpose tree species and horticulture tree species. The present study compiles the list of such tree species including herb shrub, crops, which are present in the agriculture fields of the farmers along variable altitudinal range. The documentation of these multipurpose trees and agroforestry practices may be helpful for introducing them in other areas in the same agro-climatic zone.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF TREE DIVERSITY, ETHNOBOTANICAL EXPLORATION AND CONSUMPTION PATTERN OF FUELWOOD AND FODDER SPECIES AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES OF CHAKRATA REGION, DEHRADUN UTTARAKHAND(College of Forestry, Ranichauri, 2023) Bhatt, Pranjali; Vasishth, Amol(Dr.); Butola, B.S.(Dr.) (Member); Riyal, M.K.(Dr.) (Member); Lal, Pankaj(Member)Title: “Assessment of Tree Diversity, Ethnobotanical Exploration and Consumption Pattern of Fuelwood and Fodder Species at different altitudes of Chakrata region, Dehradun Uttarakhand” The present investigation was conducted in three different altitudes Lower (700-1200 m asl), Middle (1200-1700 m asl) and Upper (1700-2200 m asl)) of Chakrata region of Dehradun district. The study was proposed to assess tree diversity, ethnobotanical uses of plants, fuelwood and fodder consumption patterns at different studied altitudes. Maximum density was observed for Quercusleucotrichophora (142.5/ha) and minimum for Morusserrata, Prunusceracoides, Lanneacoromandelica, Ficusreligiosa each (5/ha) along the altitudinal gradient 700-2200m asl in both the land use system (Forestry and Agroforestry). In the agroforestry land use system, the maximum (52.08, 35.63, and 58.66) IVI was recorded for Grewiaoptiva at lower, middle, and upper altitudes, respectively. In the forest land use system, the maximum IVI was recorded for Acacia catechu (53.34) at lower and Quercusleucotrichophora (77.40 & 81.57) at middle and upper altitudes. Along 700-2200m asl altitudinal gradient, Margalef index (1.99-2.87 and 1.25-1.64), Menhenik index (1.043-1.45 and 0.63-0.78) Simpson Diversity Index (0.88-0.91 and 0.76-0.86), Shannon-Weiner Index (0.23-2.52 and 0.48-1.97) and Pielo equitability (0.096-0.957 and 0.251-0.948) were observed in agroforestry and forest land use system, respectively. A total of 80 ethnobotanical plants belonging to 45 families were recorded from all three altitudes. The most represented families were Solanaceae and Rosaceae followed by Asteraceae. Analysis of habit for ethnobotanical plants showed that herbs (42%) shared the largest proportion followed by trees (33%) and shrubs (16%). Among plants parts used for the ethnobotanical purpose, leaves were found to be a frequently used part accounting for 26% followed by the roots with 21%. Average fuelwood consumption/HH/Day (kg) was recorded 14.13, 15.62 and 19.80 at lower, middle and higher altitude respectively. Average fodder Consumption/Day (kg) was recorded 25.98, 29.54 and 30.72 ACU at lower, middle and upper altitude respectively. Locals and forests are connected to one another and locals' reliance on surrounding forest causes the forests to deteriorate, which in turn affects the biodiversity of the area. The primary reason being rural residents depend on the forest for their livelihood and are compelled to move to cities in search of work is a lack of employment options.ThesisItem Open Access “Assessment of Ecosystem Services and Agrobiodiversity in existing Agroforestry Systems along Chamba-Rishikesh highway of Garhwal Himalaya, India”(College of Forestry, Ranichauri, 2023) Rana, Dixa; Bijalwan, Arvind(Dr.); Vasishth, Amol(Dr.) (Member); Joshi, Reena(Dr.) (Member); Riyal, M.K.(Dr.) (Member)Thesis Title : “Assessment of Ecosystem Services and Agrobiodiversity in existing Agroforestry Systems along Chamba-Rishikesh highway of Garhwal Himalaya, India” The present investigation was conducted in six villages of district Tehri Garhwal of Uttarakhand with three elevation range i.e. 750- 1100 m, 1100-1450 m and 1450-1800 m amsl. The data regarding agrobiodiversity, ecosystem services and socio economic status of respondents was done through questionnaire survey from each study villages. Economic value of ecosystem services was assessed by calculating the market and non-marketed values of services through direct and indirect methods. The maximum 21 tree species covering 13 families were recorded at 1450-1800 m elevation followed by 17 species from 12 families in elevation 750-1100 m with the least 15 species from 10 families being recorded at 1100-1450 m elevation. The overall frequency of buffaloes and cows was 100%, followed by 83.3% of sheep and goats and 63.64% of hens, bullocks, and mules. In the agroforestry systems at 1450-1800 m elevation, 11 wild plants from 9 families were recorded with 14 wild plants from 12 families being observed at elevations of 1100-1450 m. Only 9 species from 8 families were recorded at elevations range of 750-1100 m. A total of 42 crops were gathered with 85 traditional varieties and 42 improved varieties being grown in study villages.The highest no. of varieties were being cultivated ofRajma (14+ traditional), rice (11 traditional and 2 improved varieties), millets (10 traditional), and wheat (6 traditional and 2 improved).For the various ecosystem services in study villages, the maximum level of satisfaction was reported for the scenic view of agroforestry by 67 (74.4%) respondents. The estimated economic value of drinking water per household per month was Rs. 8,954 whereas the valuation of soil conservation was Rs. 17.535 lakh in study area. The average carbon density at study area was 45.39 Mg/ha valuating to 304503.7 Rs/ha considering all villages into account.The socio-economic status of study villages revealed that the majority of respondents (61.11%) were females, with 47.77% of total respondents being dependent on farming as their primary source of income. Majority of respondents (53.93%) were residing in pucca houses, with 44.44% respondents having education up to the 12th. Most of the respondents (44.44%) were middle aged with 45.55% of respondents having 5-10 nali average land holdings.Current study reveals a high potential of agroforestry in the area with the inclusion of agroforestry trees with traditional varieties of agricultural crops to achieve socioeconomic development of hill farmers in villages as well as for sustaining livelihood and income generation.ThesisItem Open Access “Allelopathic effect of leaf and bark extract of Myrica esculenta on agricultural test crops under laboratory and nursery conditions”(College of Forestry, Ranichauri, 2023) Granthi, Deepti; Bali, R.S..(Dr.); Bijlwan, Arvind(Dr.) (Member); Dhanai, C.S.(Dr.) (Member); Butola, B.S.(Dr.) (Member)Title: “Allelopathic effect of leaf and bark extract of Myrica esculenta on agricultural test crops under laboratory and nursery conditions” The present investigation entitled “Allelopathic effect of leaf and bark extract of Myrica esculenta on agricultural test crops under laboratory and nursery conditions” was undertaken in the department of Forestry, College of Forestry (Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry) Ranichauri, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand during March to August, 2023. The experiment was conducted to examine the Allelopathic effect of aqueous (Control, 5%, 7% and 9%) leaf and bark extract of Myrica esculenta on germination, growth performance and biomass production of five agricultural crops (Eleusine coracana, Setaria italica, Amaranthus caudatus, Vigna umbellata and Panicum miliaceum) under laboratory and nursery conditions. In the present study results indicates more inhibitory effects as compared to stimulatory effect on test crops under laboratory and nursery conditions. The leaf and bark extract were potent source of various metabolites. The stimulatory effect on crops which might be due to the degree of toxicity could not be higher in these improved varieties. The aqueous extracts of leaf and bark of Myrica esculenta exhibited maximum germination at 5% concentration whereas minimum was recorded at 9% concentration. Eleusine coracana was found to be the most sensitive crop to the allelochemicals released by leaf and bark extracts of Myrica esculenta whereas Amaranthus caudatus found least sensitive crop. From the study it can be concluded that growth parameters were more affected by leaf extract as compared to bark extract. It showed that leaves contained more toxic allelochemicals then bark extract and the toxicity of these two extracts was increased with increase in concentration in different concentration of leaf extracts, the tolerance ability of the test crops can be order as A. caudatus> P. miliaceum>S. Italica> V. umbellata> E.coracana.ThesisItem Open Access “Assessment of yield potential, carbon sequestration and economic benefits of wheat-Eucalyptus based Agroforestry system in sub-tropical condition of Uttarakhand”(College of Forestry, Ranichauri, 2023) Dhyani, Monika; Dhanai, C.S.(Dr.); Bijlwan, Arvind(Dr.) (Member); Bali, R.S.(Dr.) (Member); Chaudhary, Sumit(Dr.) (Member)Title: “Assessment of yield potential, carbon sequestration and economic benefits of wheat-Eucalyptus based Agroforestry system in sub tropicalCondition of Uttarakhand” The study entitled “Assessment of yield potential, carbon sequestration and economic benefits of wheat-Eucalyptus based Agroforestry system in sub tropicalcondition of Uttarakhand”. The objective were - to study about evaluating soil characteristics of wheat-Eucalyptus based agroforestry system, to determine biomass production and carbon sequestration of Eucalyptus-wheat based agroforestry system and to Study about yield attributes of wheat and economic benefit of Eucalyptus. A field experiment was carried in three different site viz., site-1(Kotdwar), site-2 (Doiwala) and Selaqui (Dehradun). The study carried four different distance from the tree base D1(distance from tree base - 1m), D2(distance from tree base-2m) and D3(distance from tree base-3m) to study about crop growth and yield of wheat under Eucaylptusbased agroforestry system. The study result demonstrated that the pH was slightly acidic to basic range. The soil organic carbon maximum showed at 0-15 cm soil depth at kotdwara (0.83) while in 30-45 cm soil the maximum OC recored at Doiwala (0.59).The maximum available nutrient recorded at site -1 followed by site-2 and minimum at site-3. The maximum height of crop observed at control in site -1 followed by site-2 and minimum at site-3. The grain yield gradually increased with increased in distance from the tree base. The maximum mean value observed at control 34.84q/ha and minimum mean value recorded at D1 (27.27q/ha). The plant height and grain yield, straw yield, biological yield and harvesting index was recorded maximum at site-1 in control condition followed by D3, D2 and minimum in D1. The plant height, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield and harvesting index was recorded minimum at site-3 in control condition followed by D3, D2 and minimum in D1. The growing stock, AGBD, BGBD, and TCD range from 43.62 to 40.70, 81.53 to 77.33Mg ha-1, 21.48 to 21.43Mg ha-1 and 52.03 to 49.04Mg ha-1. The maximum carbon density was recorded at site-1 (52.039Mg ha-1) and minimum recorded at site-3 (49.4091Mg ha-1). Thehigher B:C ratio (6.33) was obtained in Eucalyptus based agroforestry+ Wheat agroforestry system over (2.099) wheat control and 4.24 Eucalyptus cultivation.This indicated that Eucalyptus based agroforestry system economically benefits than open farming.
