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ThesisItem Open Access ABOVE GROUND VOLUME AND CARBON STOCK IN DIFFERENT AGE GROUP PLANTATIONS OF TEAK (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) IN BHABAR AND SHIVALIK REGIONS OF UTTARAKHAND(College of Forestry, Ranichauri, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2015-07) Nirala, Deepshikha; Khanduri, Dr. V.P.Above ground volume and carbon stock assessment in 27 different age group of teak plantations comprising five compartments, viz., Paniyali, Lalpani, Sigaddi, Sukhro and Saneh of Kotdwara and Kothari range, Kotdwara Forest Division, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand was carried out with three sample plots of 0.1 hectare which were laid out arbitrarily on each age group of plantations of teak. Observations on growth parameters like total tree height, dbh and number of trees were recorded and average data per hectare was calculated for basal area, above ground volume and growing stock, biomass and carbon sink etc. Assessment of stand density and population structure under different diameter classes was influenced by different sites and age groups of teak plantations. Among five various compartments, in lower diameter class (10-20 cm) and middle diameter classes i.e., 20-30 cm and 30-40 cm the stand density and population structure was dominated in younger and middle aged plantation sites viz., S2 (Saneh-15B-29 years old), S4 Sukhro-2-31 years old), S6 (Sukhro-1 -32 years old), S8 (Saneh-12B), S7 (Paniyali 2A) and S7 (Paniyali 2A) at the age of 33 years old. Further in higher diameter classes (50-60 cm and 60-70 cm), stand density and population structure was very less or absent in all the plantation sites. While, the average above ground volume was ranged between 0.31 m3/tree to1.32 m3/tree was observed in Sigaddi-18 (S8) at the age of 33 and Saneh-15 (S27) at the age of 48 years, respectively. Similarly, the maximum and minimum values of growing stock under all the diameter classes were 817.94 m3/ha at in Sigaddi-18A (S26) at the age of 48 and 244.52 m3/ha in Sigaddi-18 (S8) at the age of 33 years. Above ground biomass (AGB), below ground biomass (BGB) and total biomass (TB) also significantly influenced by different sites and age group of teak plantations. The extent of increase in AGB (687.07 t/ha), BGB (171.77 t/ha) and TB (858.84 t/ha) in S26 (Sigaddi-18A) plantation site at the age of 48 was 70.10 % over S8 (Sigaddi-18B) in AGB (205.40 t/ha), BGB (51.35 t/ha) and TB (256.75 t/ha) at the age of 33 years. Further, the total carbon (TC) (429.42 t/ha) and CO2 (1575.97 t/ha) in was highest Sigaddi-18A (S26) plantation site at the age of 48 years. Whereas, the lowest TC (128.37 t/ha) and CO2 (471.13 t/ha) at the age of 33 years was observed in S8 (Sigaddi-18). The tree diameter (cm) showed highly significant positive correlation with volume (R2=0.903), total biomass with total carbon (R2=0.859). The variation in diameter could explain nearly 90.3 % of the variation in volume, 85.9 % variation in total biomass and total carbon. Therefore, the diameter can be a good predictor of volume, biomass and carbon sequestration in teak plantations. Among different age group and plantation sites of teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) in Bhabar and Shival regionsS(Sigaddiof-18A)Uttarakhand”plantationsiteattheageof 48 showed stand density 26 (743 N/ha), better total tree height (17.81 m), dbh (37.67 cm), basal area (44.77 m2/ha), above ground volume (1.10 m3/tree) and growing stock (817.94 m2/ha), biomass (858.84 t/ha), carbon sink (42942 t/ha) and CO2 (1575.97 t/ha) compared to other age group plantations of teak and sites.ThesisItem Open Access Allelopathic Effect of Three Agroforestry Tree Species on Germination and Growth Pattern of Traditional Crops of Garhwal Himalaya(College of Forestry, Ranichauri, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry., 2016-08) Neha; Khanduri, Dr. V. P.Agroforestry system has potential to increase the overall yield, it essentially create competition among the components for resources in addition to presence of allelochemicals in either of the component which has impact on productivity. Therefore, detailed studies on the effect of tree allelochemicals on seed germination, growth and metabolism of crop plant need to be conducted prior to recommending any tree species for agroforestry programme. The present investigation entitled “Allelopathic Effect of Three Agroforestry Tree Species on Germination and Growth Pattern of Traditional Crops of Garhwal Himalaya” was undertaken in the Department of Forestry, College of forestry (V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry) Ranichauri, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, during August 2015 to June 2016.The study was conducted to see the allelopathic effect of two native tree species (Celtis australis, Quercus leucotricophora) and one exotic tree species (Robinia pseudoacacia) on five agricultural crops (as a test crop) viz, Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, Brassica rapa, Lens culinaris and Vigna umbellate. The allelopathy expriements was conducted in laboratry and nursery by using CRD. The outcome of the study revealed that the germination responses in terms of different extracts of leaf and bark of tree species showed that the maximum average seed germination percent varied to great extent irrespective of different leaf and bark extracts. Brassica rapa was most resistant to leaf and bark extract than Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, and Lens culinaris while, Vigna umbellate was most sensitive. The result showed that allelopathic influences are species specific and extracts can have different influences on seed germination, root and shoot growth, MGT and GI of test crops. Both leaf and bark extract showed minimum mean germination at higher concentrations while maximum mean germination index were found in lower concentrations. Maximum root length was attained at lower concentrations whereas maximum shoot length was attained at higher concentrations. From the study, it can be concluded that for better agroforestry management, identifying local tree crops with a minimum accumulation of toxins in the soil is necessary. The inhibitory effects of leaf leachates has to be considered before recommending any species for agroforestry planting programme. Hence efforts should be made to select the species with the least allelopathic activity.ThesisItem Open Access Allelopathic Effect of Three Tree Species of Bauhinia on Some Traditional Crops of Garhwal Himalaya(College of Forestry, Ranichauri, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2017-07) Kiran; Khanduri, V.P. (Dr.)Agroforestry system has potential to increase the overall yield, it essentially create competition among the components for resources in addition to presence of allelochemicals in either of the component which has impact on productivity. The present study entitled “Allelopathic Effect of Three Tree Species of Bauhinia on Some Traditional Crops of Garhwal Himalaya” was conducted in Ranichauri, Uttarakhand, India, during 2016 to 2017 to see the allelopathic effect of three tree species of B. purpurea (Khairwal), B. semla (Semla), and B. variegata (Kachnar) on five agriculture crops- (i) L. culinaris (Lentil), (ii) E. coracana (Finger millet), (iii) T. aestivum (Wheat), (iv) V. umbellata (Rice bean) and (v) E. frumentacea (Barnyard millet). The germination responses in terms of different extracts of leaf and bark of tree species showed that the maximum average seed germination percent varied to great extent irrespective of different leaf and bark extracts. In all the leaf extract concentrations, maximum of 100% germination in L. culinaris, V. umbellata, and MGT of 3.86 days in T. aestivum recoded on B. purpurea. In bark extracts of tree species, the maximum MGT of 7.45 days in T. aestivum and minimum of 1.28 days in L. culinaris under 5 % concentrations of B. variegata. Maximum GI of 4.16 in L. culinaris at 5% concentration of leaf and bark extract of B. variegata. The extracts had different influences on seed germination, root and shoot growth, MGT and GI of test crops. Overall, allelopathic effects are species specific; L. culinaris and T. aestivum were most resistant to leaf and bark extract than, V. umbellata, and E. frumentacea, E. coracana was most sensitive. The current study providing some relevant information’s of allelopathic effect of three tree species of Bauhinia on five test crops will assist identify local tree crops with less toxic effects in the soil and recommending suitable species for agroforestry planting programme for better farm management.ThesisItem Open Access Allelopathic effects of common weeds on germination and seedling growth of four Rabi season crops of Garhwal Himalayas(College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2022) Padu, Kejum; Khanduri, V.P.(Dr.); Butola, B.S.(Dr.) (Co-Advisor)The present investigation entitled “Allelopathic effects of common weeds on germination and seedling growth of four Rabi season crops of Garhwal Himalayas” wasundertaken in the Department of Forestry, College of Forestry (V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry) Ranichauri, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, during March to September, 2021. The experiment was undertaken to evaluate the Allelopathic effect of three weed species (Poa annua, Erigeron annuus and Stellaria media) on the germination and seedling growth of four agriculture crops (Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum ,Brassica juncea and Eleusine coracana). In the present study the data indicated inhibitory effect of different weeds extract on agriculture crops. The study showed that higher concentration of weeds extract were found more toxic for germination, radicle-plumule length, nutrients and chlorophyll contents of the test crops. The result revealed that allelopathic influences are species specific and extract can have influence on seed germination, root-shoot growth, dry weight and nutrient and chlorophyll contents of the test crops. From the study, it can be concluded that these weeds have allelopathic potential in water-soluble extract, and their effect was dependent on their concentrations in water. These weeds have inhibitory effects at higher concentrations but less inhibitory effects observed at lower concentration. The tolerance of crops was in the order of Eleusine coracana>Brassica junicea>Hordeum vulgare>Triticum aestivum as compared to the control. In water soluble extract the toxicity of the weeds was in the order Erigeron annuus> Stellaria media> Poa annua on all the test crops.ThesisItem Open Access Allelopathic effects of GrewiaoppositifoliaRoxb. andFicusauriculataLour. on some traditional agricultural crops of Garhwal Himalaya(College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2020) KUMAR ARYA, VIJAY; Dhanai, C.S.(Dr.)The present investigation entitled “Allelopathic effects of GrewiaoppositifoliaRoxb. andFicusauriculataLour. on some traditional agricultural crops of Garhwal Himalaya” was undertaken in the Department of Forestry, College of Forestry (V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry) Ranichauri, TehriGarhwal, Uttarakhand, during 2019.The experiment was undertaken to evaluate the Allelopathic effect of two agroforestry tree species (G. oppositifoliaand F. auriculata) on the germination, growth performance and biomass accumulation of four agriculture crops (Vigna umbellate {Thunb.}, Amaranthuscaudatus L., PanicummiliaceumL. and Glycine max {L.} Merr.). In the present study results indicates both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on agriculture crops under in-vitro and nursery conditions. The leaf and bark extracts were potent sources of various metabolites and their effects were also species specific. The stimulatory effects on crops which might be due to the degree of toxicity could not be higher in these improved varieties. In case of germination and root growth, leaf extracts of G. oppositifoliawas more toxic than bark extract of G. oppositifoliaand leaf and bark extracts of F. auriculata. However, shoot growth and dry weight is more affected by bark extracts of G. oppositifoliathan the leaf extract of G. oppositifoliaand leaf and bark extracts of F. auriculata. In most of the cases, the toxicity of leaf and bark extracts was increased with the increase in concentration of the extracts. The toxicity level was higher in leaf and bark extracts of G. oppositifoliaas compared to leaf and bark extracts of F. auriculata. The tolerance of the crops was in the order of G. max >A. caudatus>P. miliaceum>V. umbellate as compared to the control.ThesisItem Open Access Allelopathic proclivities of Ficus auriculata Lour. and Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. On germination and growth of agricultural crops.(College of Forestry, Ranichauri campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2017-06) Satapathy, Saurabh Ranjan; Satapathy, Saurabh Ranjan; Khanduri, Dr. V. P.; Khanduri, Dr. V. P.The study entitled “Allelopathic proclivities of Ficus auriculata Lour. and Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. on germination and growth of agricultural crops” was undertaken in the Department of Forestry, College of Forestry (V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry) Ranichaury, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, during September, 2016 to April, 2017. The experiment was undertaken to evaluate the proclivities of two species of Ficus (Ficus auriculata and Ficus semicordata) on germination and growth performance of three varieties of small millets (Eleusine coracana, Echinochloa frumentacea and Amaranthus caudatus) and one leguminous crop (Vigna umbellata). The result of the study showed that the maximum average seed germination per cent varied to great extent irrespective of different leaf and bark extracts of all two species of Ficus. A. caudatus and V. umbellata were more resistant to leaves and bark extract than E. frumentacea and E. coracana. The result indicated that, allelopathic influences are species specific and extracts can have different influences on seed germination, root and shoot growth of test crops. Both leaf and bark extract of species of Ficus exhibited maximum germination per cent at lower concentrations while, minimum germination per cent were found in higher concentrations. Leaf and bark extracts of F. auriculata were found depressive for germination and growth all the test crops. The increase in extract concentration exhibited higher inhibitory effect while, the lesser concentration generally stimulated growth of A. caudatus and V. umbellata. This study also revealed that, within each concentration (irrespective of the tree species and the parts taken) the 72hr extract inhibited more germination percent and plant growth as compared to the 48hr and 24hr extracts. From the study, it can be concluded that these tree species have allelopathic potential and contain water-soluble substances, their effect might be dependent on their concentration in water. They have inhibitory effects at higher concentration but lesser concentration can have stimulatory effects. The tolerance of the crops was in the order of A. caudatus > V. umbellata >E. frumentacea >E. coracana by considering in the mean germination per cent with respect the per cent decrease over control. The toxicity of the species (irrespective of plant parts and concentrations) of Ficus was in the order of F. auriculata> F. semicordata on the test crops.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of Economic Yield in Digitalis purpurea L. Under Different Levels of Farm Yard Manure (FYM)(College of Horticulture, Bharsar Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2015-07) Rana, Sonali; Nautiyal, Dr. B.P.; Chauhan, R.S.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of Genetic Divergence in Chilli (Capsicum annuum L. var. acuminatum) Genotypes in mid hilly regions of Uttarakhand(College of Horticulture, Bharsar Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2017-07) SILARU, RAGHUVEER; Pant, S.C. (Dr.)The present investigation entitled “Assessment of Genetic Divergence in Chilli (Capsicum annum L. var. acuminatum) Genotypes in mid hilly regions of Uttarakhand” was carried out at the “Vegetable Research cum Demonstration Block”, College of Horticulture, VCSG UUHF, Bharsar, during Kharif, 2016 to evaluate diverse germplasm of Chilli. The experiment was laid out in a RCBD with three replications. In this study, nineteen genotypes were evaluated for different horticultural traits Madhya Pradesh local, Bydagi kaddi, Hill local and Sankeswar recorded highest fresh fruit yield and also performed better for other horticultural traits. Bydagi kaddi, Varadha, Sankeswar and Hill local, recorded highest dry fruit yield and also performed better for other horticultural traits than check cultivar. Genetic analysis indicated that phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) in all of the attributes studied. The phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were found high for almost all the traits except plant stem girth, days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering and capsaicin. High heritability estimates coupled with high genetic gain were observed for almost all the traits studied except plant height, plant stem girth, days to 50% flowering and capsaicin, which indicated that these traits are under additive gene effects and are more reliable for effective selection. Linear correlation analysis showed that dry fruit yield per plant had positive and significant correlation with number of tertiary branches per plant, total number of branches per plant, days to 50% flowering, fruit length, fresh fruit yield per plant, fresh fruit yield per plot, fresh fruit yield per hectare and seed weight per fruit were significantly and positively associated with yield both at genotypic and phenotypic level. Hence, there traits should be taken into consideration, while making the selection for yield improvement in chilli. Path coefficient analysis revealed that dry fruit yield per plant followed by number of fruits per plant, total number of branches per plant, pericarp thickness, fruit length, fresh fruit yield per hectare, plant stem girth, number of primary branches per plant, chlorophyll ‘b’ content and seed weight per fruit had positive direct effect on dry fruit yield per plant. Further, on the basis of D2 analysis these genotypes were grouped into five divergent clusters and divergence between cluster V and II is found to be maximum, therefore superior cross combinations are expected to be obtained in future breeding Programmes by crossing between the genotypes of these clusters. Environment and its interaction with the genotypes were observed to be significant for all the traits in the present study. Therefore, environments have significant impact over the performance of the genotype.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of Genetic Diversity, Seed Quality and Disease Screening of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana L.) Accessions(College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Bharsar, 2018-02) Bhatt, Vandana; Rawat, Laxmi (Dr.)The present investigation was conducted during Kharif, 2016 at Gaja Research Station, and Seed Testing at Department of Seed Science and Technology, V. C. S. G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus with 200 accessions of finger millet including four checks viz., VL-352, GPU-28,PRM-1and PRM-2. Observations were recorded for field parameters, analysis seed quality parameters and diseases incidence. The characters studied morpho-metric traits were days to 50 per cent flowering, productivity tillers plant-1, peduncle length, number of fingers plant-1, finger length, plant height, ear length, days to maturity, seed yield plant-1,1000 seed weight. The incidence of diseases for leaf blast and severity of cercospora leaf spot were recorded. The seed quality parameters were recorded for first count, standard germination, root length, shoot length, seedling length, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, vigour index-I and mean daily germination. The data was utilized for estimation of mean, range, genetic diversity, principal components, coefficients of variation, heritability and genetic advance, ,correlation coefficients. The genotype exhibiting high mean performance for grain yield along with high performance for some other yield components were IC-477722, IC-476745, IC-587978, IC- 477556, IC-476523 and IC-476958. High magnitude of phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were noticed for finger length, finger per plant, days to 50 per cent flowering, and ear length, 1000 seed weight and peduncle length. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for, plant height, days to 50 per cent flowering, finger length, and 1000 seed weight. The 200 accessions of finger millet were grouped into 15 clusters irrespective of geographical diversity, indicating no parallelism between geographic and genetic diversity. The cluster pairs exhibiting very high inter-cluster distances were cluster VI and XV followed by cluster VI and XIV, cluster V and XV cluster V and XIV and cluster IV and XV would be fruitful for obtaining transgrassive segregants for developing high yielding and better quality finger millet varieties. The accessions IC-476959 was highest for standard germination seedling length and vigour index-I. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed vigour index I in seed quality. Highly phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficient was observed in seedling length. The genotypes minimum value was found in IC-`477323 IC-476039,IC-475257, IC-477373 IC- 477599 and IC-477156 showed lowest from incidence of leaf blast and IC-477431, IC-0476409,IC- 0477157,IC-476783,IC-476404 and IC-0477187 showed lowest value for severity of Cercospora leaf spot.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of genetic variability and quality parameters in Ricebean [ Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi and Ohashi] germplasms(College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus , V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2017-07) Uniyal, Ankita; Khanduri, V. P. (Dr.); bhim jyoti (Dr.), (Co-advisor)The present investigation was conducted during Kharif, 2015 at Research Block, Department of Crop Improvement, V. C. S. G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand. The 34 diverse genotypes of rice bean including four checks varieties viz., PRR-1, PRR-2, and RBL-1and RBL-6 were evaluated in Augmented Design with four replications. Observation were recorded for field and seed quality parameters. Field parameters were recorded for days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), pod length (cm), number of pods per plant, number of primary branches, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight (g) , seed yield per plant (g) and number of clusters per plant. The seed quality parameters were recorded for speed of germination (%), standard germination (%), root length (cm), shoot length (cm), seedling fresh weight (g), seedling dry weight (g), moisture content (%) and accelerated ageing test. The data was analyzed for estimation of mean, range, coefficients of variation, heritability and genetic advance, correlation coefficients. The genotypes RBL-1, PRR-1, IC-341986 and PRR-2 exhibiting high mean performance for seed yield and their component. High magnitudes of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation were noticed for plant height, 100 seed weight and number of pods per plant. High estimates of heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean were observed for clusters per plant, 100 seed weight, plant height and pods per plant. Seed per pod exhibited very strong positive association with pod length, pods per plant, clusters per plant and plant height at phenotypic and genotypic level. From this study it is suggested that genotypes viz RBL-1, PRR-1, IC-341986 and PRR-2 can be utilized for improving the yield of rice bean genotypes.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of Growth and Productivity of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Varieties in Agri-horticulture Systems under Mid-hill Situation of Garhwal Himalaya, India(College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2020) SINGH, ABHISHEK PRATAP; Bijalwan, Arvind(Dr.); Bisht, T.S(Dr.) (Co-advisor)The present investigation entitled “Assessment of Growth and Productivity of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Varieties in Agri-horticulture Systems under Mid-hill Situation of Garhwal Himalaya, India” firstly, started with pre sowing soil analysis; secondly, to evaluate the growth and productivity of garlic varieties under vacant space between three different fruit crops along with control in different agri-horticulture systems and finally, to estimate the benefit : cost (B:C) under different agri-horticulture systems. The experiment consisted of eight treatments comprising two varieties (UUHF G 12-1 and Agrifound Parvati) of garlic; three fruit trees (Peach, Apricot and Plum) and a control (conventional agriculture field) were tested in factorial randomized block design (FRBD) with three replications of each treatment. Germination parameter (days to 25 %, 50 %, 75 % emergence and germination %), growth parameters (plant height, leaf length, leaf width and number of leaves per plant) and yield parameters (bulb neck diameter, bulb diameter, bulb length, bulb weight, number of cloves per bulb, clove weight, clove length, clove width, plot yield and bulb yield) of garlic were observed maximum under peach based agri-horticulture system. Soil pH, soil organic carbon and available sulphur were found maximum under peach tree and available nitrogen was recorded maximum under control condition. Available phosphorus and available potassium was observed maximum under apricot based agri-horticulture system. The highest benefit cost ratio (B:C) was observed for peach based agri-horticulture system. The finding of the present study suggested that garlic can be grown more profitably under peach based agri-horticulture system as compared to apricot, plum based agri-horticulture system and control condition.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of Growth and Productivity of Vegetable Rai (Brassica juncea L.) Varieties in Agri horticulture Systems under Mid-hill Situation of Garhwal Himalaya, India(College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2020) JOSHI, ANURAG; Bijlwan, Arvind(Dr.); Bisht, T.S.(Dr.) (Co-advisor)The present study entitied "Assessment of Growth and Productivity of Vegetable Rai Brassica juncea L.) Varieties in Agri-horticulture Systems under Mid-hill Situation of Garhwal Himalaya, India" firstly, started with before transplanting soil analysis; secondly, to evaluate the growth and productivity of vegetable rai varieties under vacant space between three different fruit crops along with control in different agri-horticulture systems and finally, to estimate the benefit: cost (B:C) under different agri-hortic1 systems. The experiment consisted of eight treatments comprising two varieties VR12-1 (UHF and Pusa Sag-1) of vegetable rai; three fruit trees (Peach, Apricot and Plum) and a control (conventional agriculture field) were tested in factorial randomized block design (FRBD) with three replications of each treatment. Growth parameters (plant height, collar diameter, leaf length, leaf width, number of leaf per plant, number of siliqua per plant and number of seeds per siliqua) and yield parameters (leaf yield, straw weight and grain yield) of vegetable rai were observed maximum under peach based agri-horticulture system. Available nitrogen, potassium, sulphur, and soil pH were found maximum under peach tree. Available phosphorus and soil organic carbon was recorded maximum under plum based agrihorticultre. The highest benefit cost ratio was observed for peach based agri-horticulture system. The finding of present study suggested that vegetable rai can be grown more profitably under peach based agri-horticulture system as compared to apricot, plum based agri-horticulture system and control condition.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of oleoresin yield in Pinus roxburghii Sargent using tapping methods and chemical stimulants in Garhwal Himalayas(College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2020) DEOPA, VAISHALI; Vasishth, Amol (Dr.); Kumar, Ajay (Dr.) (Co-advisor)ABSTRACT Name: Vaishali Deopa Id. No.: U.U.H.F./18352 Year of Admission: 2018 Degree: M.Sc. Forestry (Forest Products and Utilization) Main subject: M.Sc. Forestry Department: Forest Products and Utilization Advisor: Dr. Amol Vasishth (Associate Professor / HOD Forest Products and Utilization) Institute: College of Forestry, Ranichauri, Tehri-Garhwal. Topic: “Assessment of oleoresin yield in Pinus roxburghii Sargent using tapping methods and chemical stimulants in Garhwal Himalayas” The field experiments were conducted at ‘A’ block of College of Forestry, Ranichauri in the year 2019 to estimate the oleoresin yield of Pinus roxburghii Sargent using two methods of tapping (borehole and rill), in factorial RBD with three replications. Each experiment had 90 treatment combinations consisting of three factorsviz., three diameter classes viz. 30-35 cm, 35-40 cm and 40-45 cm, five chemical stimulants concentration viz. C1 (no chemical stimulant), C2 (10%Ethephon + 20%H2SO4), C3 (15%Ethephon + 25%H2SO4),C4 (20%Ethephon + 30%H2SO4)C5 (25%Ethephon + 35%H2SO4) andobservations wererecorded from Aprilto September months. The correlation coefficient between morphological parameters and oleoresin yield and between environmental factors and oleoresin yield were also analyzed. The highest oleoresin yield (553 g/tree/month) was obtained from the tree diameter class of D3 (40-45 cm) in the month of June with the use of chemical stimulant C4(20%Ethephon + 30%H2SO4) in borehole method and in tree diameter class of D3 (40-45 cm) in the month of June with the use of chemical stimulant C3(15%Ethephon + 25%H2SO4) in rill method (587 g/tree/month). The oleoresin yield under rill method was recorded significantly higher than borehole. The maximum resin yield of 1696 g/tree/season was recorded in rill method which was 19.9% higher than the borehole method.The interaction of tapping method, tree diameter class and chemical stimulant were found significant. The significantly higher oleoresin yield (2993 g/tree/season) was obtained in the rill method of tapping in tree diameter class of D3 (40-45 cm) along with chemical stimulants of C3 (15% ethephon + 25% H2SO) which was found at par with the oleoresin yield in borehole tapping method (2793 g/tree/season) in tree diameter class of D3 (40-45 cm) with chemical stimulants of C4 (20% ethephon + 30% H2SO4).The positive and highly significant correlation coefficient was found between tree height and oleoresin yield, diameter of trees and oleoresin yield,temperature and oleoresin yield and evaporation andoleoresin yield. The rill method is known to provide higher yield of oleoresin than the borehole method but rill method causes more damage to the trees and induce more fire incidences. Therefore, adoption of borehole method is more ecofriendly. Therefore, borehole method with the application of chemical stimulant C4 (20% ethephon + 30% H2SO4) in the trees having 40-45 cm d.b.h. during the tapping season i.e. April to September can be adopted than the rill method of tapping.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF PHYTOSOCIOLOGY, CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND SOIL CARBON POOLS IN PURE AND MIXED FORESTS OF GARHWAL HIMALAYA(College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2020) SINGH, ARVIND; Khanduri, V. P. (Dr.)Abstract Name: Arvind Singh ID. No.: UUHF/18321 Degree: M.Sc. Forestry (Silviculture) Department: Forestry College: College of Forestry, Ranichauri Year of Admission: 2018 Advisor: Prof. V. P. Khanduri Title: “Assessment of phytosociology, carbon sequestration and soil carbon pools in pure and mixed forests of Garhwal Himalaya” The present study was carried out in pure (deodar and pine) and mixed forest, where 9 sites were selected in three elevations (1900-2300 m, 1550-1950 m and 500-1000 m respectively,) of Tehri Garhwal. The phytosociology and carbon sequestration were assessed by laying out 90 quadrates of 10X10 m size in each forest. Survey and sampling of the vegetation were done using standard ecological assessment method with an aim to study of phytosociology and vegetation composition of pure and mixed forest. Estimate the biomass and carbon density of pure and mixed forests was done by using volume equation of tree species. Soil samples were randomly taken from the entire 90 quadrates from two depths (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm) to estimate the soil organic carbon pools of pure and mixed forests. The results of the study revealed that the deodar forest were accompanied by 4 associated tree species while pine forest was completely covered by pine vegetation and mixed forest were consisting of 28 tree species. The carbon stock were recorded in the ranges from 330.682 Mg ha-1 to 403.359 Mg ha-1 in deodar forest, 106.815 Mg ha-1 to 123.854 Mg ha-1 in pine forest and 168.856 Mg ha-1 to 178.106 Mg ha-1 in mixed forest. The maximum bulk density (BD) was recorded in pine forest (1.145 g cm-3) while minimum in deodar forest (1.015 g cm-3). The total organic carbon (TOC) was recorded maximum (11.485 mg g-1) in mixed forest and minimum (9.235 mg g-1) in pine forest. The total organic carbon stock was recorded maximum (18.525 t C ha-1) in mixed forest and minimum (15.16 t C ha-1) in deodar forest. The higher value of very labile carbon (CVL), Less labile carbon (CL), Non labile carbon (CNL) was recorded in mixed forest (6.345 mg g-1, 2.13 mg g-1, 1.695 mg g-1, respectively) and lowest in pine forest (4.045 mg g-1, 1.965 mg g-1, 1.53 mg g-1, respectively) However, the values of labile carbon ( CL) were recorded highest in pine forest (1.68 mg g-1) and lowest in deodar forest (1.13 mg g-1). The maximum active and passive pools of soil organic carbon was recorded in mixed forest (11.5 t C ha-1 and 4.975 t C ha-1 respectively) and minimum in pine forest (7.65 t C ha-1 and 3.43 t C ha-1 respectively).ThesisItem Open Access Autotoxicity against seed germination, seedling emergence and survival of Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus. Ex. Bahadur(College of Forestry, Ranichauri, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry., 2016-06) Dabral, Aman; Khanduri, Dr. V. P.The present study deals with parameter that could influence early recruitment including germination and seedling growth with emphasis on the establishment of Quercus leucotrichophora in Garhwal Himalaya, because plant secondary compounds (terpenoides and or phenolic compounds) may direct competition. Other parameters like burying depth, light availability and root pruning could also influence seed germination and seedling growth. The present study was carried out during year 2014-15 in the research block of Department of Forestry, V.C.S.G. Uttrakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Ranichauri, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand. Autotoxicity study in different plant part extracts concentration in laboratory and nursery, different depth in nursery, root pruning at different length from collar region in nursery were conducted to present study. Germination of seed under beneath of different canopy covers was also studied. In this experiment, germination %, mean germination time, germination index radical length were taken in laboratory while in nursery, germination %, mean germination time, germination index, different growth attributes and biomass estimation was done by giving different plant part extract treatments. In natural forest seed was sowed under different canopy cover. The result revealed that seed germination was not varied by different plant part extract treatments. But growth and biomass allocation were higher in plant part extract concentration as compared to control. Result on seed burying at different depth seed germination, growth attributes and biomass allocation were maximum in seed buried at shallower depth and minimum at deeper depth. In root pruning treatment, root pruned at 7 cm length from collar region shows maximum biomass allocations and more growth performance than severe root pruning and control. Light intensity having profound effect on seed germination. Hence present study showed that different parameter viz, autotoxicity, burying depth, root pruning and light availability could influence seed germination and growth of Q. leucotrichophora.ThesisItem Open Access Bio-Statistical Analysis in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)(College of Horticulture, Bharsar Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2016-09) Tariyal, Yashwant Singh; Nautiyal, B.P. (Dr.); Bisht, S.S.The present investigation was carried out at the MAP Block of Department of Plantation Crop, Spices Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, College of Horticulture, Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry during February to June 2016, as in plains the crop is sown in October and under hill condition it is shown in mid of February. The experiment is carried out with twenty genotype replicated in three replication in Randomized complete block design (RCBD). The genotypes of fenugreek were evaluated for the estimation of genetic variability, Heritability, genetic gain, correlation, and genetic divergence. The characters under study were days to 50 per cent germination, days to 50 per cent flowering, plant height (cm), number of branch per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seed per pod, pods length (cm), dry matter content (%), harvest index, day to harvesting maturity, test weight (g), seed yield per plant (g) and seed yield per plot (g). All the genotypes show significant difference for all the character under study. The phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation was recorded high number of branches plant-1, number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, test weight and yield plot-1 indicating wide range of variations and offered better scope for improvement of crop. The genotype shows high to moderate heritability for all the character under study with two genotype having high genetic advance and rest of all having low genetic advance. The phenotypic and genotypic correlation among different characters showed that yield has positive association with days to 50% flowering, plant height, pod length, number of seeds pod-1, harvest index and test weight. The path coefficient analysis revealed that out of all characters studied number of pods plant-1, harvest index, dry matter content, number of seeds pod-1 and plant height had direct and positive effect on seed yield plot-1 whereas, number of branches plant-1, days to 50% germination, days to harvest maturity, days to 50% flowering, pod length had direct negative effect on seed yield plot-1 indicating that these are important characters for the selection of high yielding genotypes as they exerted positive direct effect. On the basis of performance of yield all genotypes were grouped into four clusters. Highest inter cluster distance was recorded between cluster III and IV. It shows that, hybridization between genotypes from cluster III and cluster IV can produce better segregants in segregating populations.ThesisItem Open Access Biometrical Analysis in Vegetable Pea (Pisum sativum L.)(College of Horticulture, Bharsar Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2015-07) Singh, Amit Kumar; Nautiyal, Dr. B.P.Pea (Pisum sativumL.) genotypes were evaluated to study variability, correlation, path analysis and genetic divergence. The experiment was laid out in a RBD with three replications. Thirty two genotypes including two check cultivars were evaluated for different horticultural traits. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences among all the characters under study. Fifteen genotypes viz Palam Triloki, Arka Karthika. Pant Pea-96, Kashi Udai, DPP-3, Pant Pca-86, Kashi Shakti, Pant Pea-74, Palam Priya,PSM- 5, Arka Ajii, Pant Pea-14, VL-12 and Arkcl were superior over other entries and over standard checks for yield, quality and other important horticultural traits. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean were observed for number of rode per plant, plant height, pod yield per plant and pod yield per plot indicating presence of additive gene effects suggesting more scope of selection for these traits. The phenotypic and genoiypic correlation coefficients among different characters showed that yield has positive association with number of branch per plant, number of pod per plant, number of cluster per plant. The path coefficient analysis revealed that, number of pods per plant followed by number of seeds per pod, number of branch per plant, internode length and dry matter content have maximum positive direct effect on pod yield per plant. While, number of cluster per plant, harvest index, shelling percentage, plant height, pod length, days to 50 % germination, number of node per plant and days to 50 % flowering were observed to have negative direct effect on pod yield per plant. These findings indicate that selection may be made on the basis of above mentioned characters for improving yielding ability in the pea. These findings showed that selection should be made on the basis of above mentioned characters for improved yield in pea. Studies on 32 genotypes of pea were grouped into five clusters and maximum number of genotypes was arranged in cluster IV which contained 10 genotypes. All the five clusters showed genetic diversity and the genetic diversity was independent of geographic diversity. Maximum average intracluster distance was found in V and minimum in III. Highest inter cluster distance was recorded between cluster V and II and lowest was observed between cluster IV and III. Indicating that hybridization between genotypes from cluster V and III can be utilized for getting the superior recombinants / transgressive segregants in segregating generations in pea.ThesisItem Open Access CARBON SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL OF OAK (Quercus leucotrichophora A. CAMUS.) BASED AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS IN TEHRI GARHWAL, UTTARAKHAND(College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2019) KUMAR, SANDEEP; Bijalwan, Arvind (Dr.); Butola, B.S.(Dr.) (Co-advisor)ABSTRACT Name: Sandeep Kumar Id. No.: 17352 Year of Admission: 2017 Degree: M.Sc. Forestry (Agroforestry) Department: Agroforestry College: College of Forestry, Ranichauri, Advisor: Dr. Arvind Bijalwan V. C. S. G Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Bharsar. Title: Carbon sequestration potential of oak (Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus.) based agroforestry systems in Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand" Agroforestry and natural forests play a key role in sequestration of atmospheric carbon. The current study estimated the carbon sequestration potential of Q. leucotrichophora based agrisilviculture system, silvipasture system and forest at six different sites of two elevations (i.e. 1400-1800 m and 1800-2200 m) in Tehri Garhwal district of Uttarakhand. The outcome of the study revealed that the Q. leucotrichophora formed an imperative part of agrisilviculture, silvipasture systems and forest at different altitudinal gradient. Q. leucotrichophora was closely associated with Grewia oppositifolia, Pinus roxburghii, Celtis australis, Juglans regia, Rhododendron arboreum, Prunus cerasoides, Prunus armeniaca, Cornus capitata, Myrica esculenta, Lyonia ovalifolia, Pyrus pashia and Symplocos racemosa in agroforestry systems and forests of different elevation. The IVI value of Q. leucotrichophora varied from 180.85 to 205.21 in all land use systems. Agrisilviculture system of upper elevation (1800-2200 m) stored more amount of carbon (38.834 Mg ha^(-1)) in the form of tree biomass as compared to lower elevation (36.943 Mg ha^(-1)); whereas silvipasture (51.140 Mg ha^(-1)) and forest area (115.982 Mg ha^(-1)) of lower elevation sequestered more carbon as compared to upper elevation (42.343 Mg ha^(-1) and 106.420 Mg ha^(-1), respectively). The tree carbon stock varied significantly among agrisilviculture system, silvipasture system and forest area across all studied sites of both elevations and ranged between 25.04 Mg ha^(-1) to 46.79 Mg ha^(-1) in agrisilviculture system, 36.07 Mg ha^(-1) to 58.66 Mg ha^(-1) in silvipasture and 89.19 Mg ha^(-1) to 133.53 Mg ha^(-1) in forest area. The Q. leucotrichophora stored maximum amount of carbon in their biomass followed by G. oppositifolia in agrisilviculture system and P. roxburghii in silvipasture system and forest at both elevations. Soil bulk density increased with soil depth in all land use systems and it ranged between 0.91 g cc^(-1) at 0-15 cm soil depth to 1.32 g cc^(-1) at 30-45 cm soil depth whereas soil organic carbon and soil organic carbon stock decreased with increasing soil depth. Soil organic carbon ranged between 1.91 % (at 30-45 cm soil depth) to 4.01 % (0-15 cm soil depth) and soil organic carbon stock varied between 30.45 t ha^(-1) (at 30-45 cm depth) to 56.60 q ha^(-1) (at 0-15 cm depth). The average grain yield (7.398 q ha^(-1)), straw yield (17.420 q ha^(-1)), biological yield (24.812 q ha^(-1)) and harvest index (29.866) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was reported higher at lower elevation in comparison of upper elevation (6.496 q ha^(-1), 15.874 q ha^(-1)), 22.368 q ha^(-1) and 29.086 q ha^(-1), respectively) in the Q. leucotrichophora based agrisilviculture system,. Key word: Quercus leucotrichophora, Agroforestry, Carbon sequestration, IVI (Importance Value Index), Soil organic carbon, Grain yield, Straw yield.