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ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) accessions based on some morpho-physiological traits(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-12) Sisodiya, Simran; SwatiThe research entitled “Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) accessions based on some morpho-physiological traits” comprised of 130 genotypes (126 germplasm lines + 4 checks) planted in Augmented Block Design at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during Rabi 2020-21. Observations were recorded for sixteen traits viz. days to 75% heading, days to 75% maturity, plant height, peduncle length, spike length, number of tillers per meter, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield per plot, biological yield per plot, harvest index, chlorophyll content at anthesis, chlorophyll content at 15 DAA, NDVI at anthesis and NDVI at 15 DAA. The data was analyzed for variance, variability, heritability, genetic advance and clustering of genotypes in different groups. The analysis of variance displayed significant differences among entries for most of the characters, which depicted the existence of ample amount of genetic variability among the experimental material. Variance (mean sum of square) was found to be highest for biological yield and lowest for NDVI at anthesis and 15 DAA. The coefficient of variability was found to be highest for number of grains per spike and lowest for days to maturity. Observations recorded for analyzing genetic variability parameters revealed that the magnitudes of PCV were greater than those of GCV and ECV for all the traits under study. This indicated that the expression for these traits was least affected by the environment. The highest values for PCV along with GCV were observed for number of grains per spike and number of tillers per meter. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance (GA) were reported for number of grains per spike which depicts the presence of additive gene action in the expression of the trait. High PCV and GCV coupled with high heritability expedite the effective selection for these quantitative traits based on phenotypic performance of genotypes. The genotypes were grouped into 9 distinct clusters by non-Hierarchical Euclidean cluster analysis. This indicated existence of genetic diversity in the genotypes evaluated. The maximum number of genotypes (30) was included in cluster-IV followed by 22 genotypes each in cluster-I and cluster-V, cluster-IX included 21 genotypes, cluster-VI comprised of 12 genotypes, cluster-II had 8 genotypes, cluster-VII and cluster-VIII included 6 genotypes each whereas cluster-III had lowest number of genotypes(3). The intracluster distance ranged from 31.787 (cluster-VIII) to 10.466 (cluster-II). The maximum inter cluster distance (60.483) was found between cluster-III and cluster-IV, whereas minimum distance (23.282) was found between cluster-I and cluster-II. Preliminary screening for degree of resistance for Pre-harvest sprouting grouped the 130 barley lines into distinct groups. 44 genotypes were concentrated in grade scale 1 showing resistance towards PHS as they showed no visible in-ear sprouting, while 13 genotypes were grouped in grade scale 7-9 showing high susceptibility with visible sprouting in approximately more than 60% of kernels. Frequency distribution of sprouting index revealed that the lines were commonly skewed with the peak positioned over the highly resistant portion of the distribution thus, indicating that most of the genotypes were resistant to pre harvest sprouting. On the basis of findings of the study, five desirable donors for each character were identified on the basis of character mean. CANELA//LIMON/BICHY2000- 15, CANELA//LIMON/BICHY2000- 16, LACEY/ATILIR, MSEL/CANELA-2 and BLLU/6/P.STO/3/LBIRAN/UNA80//LIGNEE640/4/BLLU/5/ PETUNIA 1 – 2 were found to be most promising donor genotypes for grain yield. These genotypes can be used in future breeding programmes to improve the yield potential of the variety For other characters, genotypes can be picked up from different groups, formed on the basis of their ranking.ThesisItem Open Access CLONING, SEQUENCING AND EXPRESSION PROFILING OF HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 70 GENE IN CHICKENS(GADVASU, Ludhiana, 2010) Swati; Brah, Gurvinder SinghHSP70 is the most abundant, ubiquitous and temperature sensitive of the all HSPs. Its expression serves as an indicator of acquired thermotolerance and of induction of innate and adaptive immunity in both the eukaryotic and the prokaryotic cells. The present study was conducted to clone and sequence the HSP70 gene of chicken and to study its expression profile using Real Time PCR under normal and heat-stress conditions in vitro (42°C-48°C for 30 min) in different strains/breeds of chickens. The strains used were: two strains of Rhode Island Red (RIR-B, RIR-C), a strain of Dehlam Red (DR), a stock of Punjab Red (PR) and two strains of White Leghorn (PL2, Naked Neck, NN). In addition to HSP70 gene, two of its most potent proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-ï?¡, IL-1 using Real Time PCR were also studied. Total RNA was extracted from chicken leukocyte and cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcription. HSP70 gene was amplified from cDNA using specific primers, cloned and sequenced. On its comparison, it was found to be very similar to that of other organisms suggesting that HSP70 is one of the highly conserved proteins. Further it was observed that the expression of HSP70, TNF-α, IL-1 increased from 42°C to 44°C with a gradual fall from 44°C onward with the lowest expression at 48°C. Amongst the different strains/breeds, the highest expression of HSP70, TNF-α, IL-1 was observed in Punjab Red strain (PR), which was even more than its parental breeds (RIR-B and Dehlam Red). The RIR-C had the least expression level. A comparison of Red varieties with White varieties indicated that the Red varieties (RIR-B, DR, PR) had higher level of expression than the White varieties (NN, PL2).ThesisItem Open Access Deciphering the genetics of some quantitative traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Nagar, Kuldeep; SwatiResearch work on combining ability analysis, heterosis and gene action for yield and some quantitative traits in wheat genotypes. Seven genotypes were crossed in half diallel mating design during rabi season 2017-18 in Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Center of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. In rabi season 2018-19, field experiment with 30 genotypes comprising 7 parents, 21 F1s and 2 checks was laid down in randomized block design with three replications in two conditions i.e. rainfed and irrigated condition. nineteen characters taken under study i.e., days to 75% heading, days to maturity, plant height, flag leaf area, number of productive tillers plant-1, number of spikelets spike-1, number of grains spike-1, peduncle length, awn length, 1000 grain weight, grain yield plant,-1, harvest index, relative water content, chlorophyll content at anthesis and 15 DAA, CTD at anthesis and 15 DAA and NDVI at anthesis and 15 DAA. Statistical analysis revealed that significant difference among the genotypes for all characters in both the conditions but in case of pooled analysis only relative water content, number of spikelets spike-1, spike length, 1000 grain weight and biological yield per plant were significant. For most of the trait variance ratio was less than one indicating preponderance of non additive gene action. Awn length and chlorophyll content at 15DAA showed maximum values of variance ratio in rainfed and irrigated condition, respectively. Among parental lines WH1080 emerged as a good general combiner for 1000 grain weight, grain yield plant-1, biological yield plant-1 and harvest index in rainfed condition and spike length, chlorophyll content at 15 DAA, NDVI at 15 DAA and 1000 grain weight in irrigated condition. . CROC-1/AE.SQUARROSA was identified as best general combiner for maximum number of traits in pooled condition viz., number of productive tillers per plant, days to maturity, number of spikelets per spike, 1000 grain weight, biological yield per plant and grain yield plant.-1 TACUPETO F2001/ BRAMBLING/5/NAC/TH.AC/ / 3*PVN/3/MIRLO × PASTOR/ /HXL7573/ 2*BAU/3 /WBLL1/6 /MTRWA92.161 / PRINIA , HD3159 × PASTOR/ /HXL7573/2* BAU/ 3/WBLL1/6/ MTRWA92.161/ PRINIA /5 and CROC1/ AE.SQUARROSA × PASTOR/ /HXL 7573/2* BAU/3 /WBLL1/6/ MTRWA92.161/PRINIA/5 was identified as the best specific combination for maximum number of traits in rainfed, irrigated and pooled condition, respectively. Relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis was estimated for all the characters among which for grain yield CROC-1/AE.SQUARROSA × PASTOR/ /HXL7573/2* BAU/3/WBLL1 /6/ MTRWA92.161/ PRINIA/5 (60.412) and CROC-1/AE.SQUARROSA × WH1080 (101.672) showed maximum heterosis over check PBW644 in rainfed condition and CROC-1/ AE.SQUARROSA × PASTOR//HXL7573/2 *BAU/3/WBLL1/6 /MTRWA (92.161) and CROC-1/AE.SQUARROSA × WH1080 (35.639) showed maximum heterosis over check UP2572 in irrigated condition. In morphological screening and characterization, WAXWING//INQALAB91*2/ KUKUNA/3/ WBLL1*2/TUKURU/8 showed better performance and further selected as it possess maximum number of traits suitable for rainfed condition.ThesisItem Open Access Development of utility software for cost estimation of building a house(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-05) Swati; Kiran SinghUndertaking a construction project can be an immense and intricate process, often leaving individuals feeling overwhelmed by its complexity. In an effort to simplify matters for them, a research study was designed with two objectives: to assess the potential challenges involved in building a house and to develop user-friendly utility software for estimating the costs of house construction. This study was conducted in the districts of Karnal and Hisar. A sample of 60 respondents was selected from individuals who were planning to start construction of new house, with 30 respondents from each district. The analysis was made for the potential challenges faced by these individuals during the house construction process. To address these challenges, a software application was created using the "Java" programming language. The development of this software involved conducting comprehensive market and internet surveys and seeking feedback from experts in the field. The final result was an application that was easy to use and navigate. Data for the study were collected using a pre-tested structured interview schedule. The researchers drew inferences from the collected data based on frequency, percentage, and weighted mean scores. The feedback received from the respondents indicated the usefulness of the software in assisting them with cost estimation. The research suggested development of similar applications for the public as well as general masses and recommended efforts to be made for making this software widely available in the market to facilitate ease and convenience for users.ThesisItem Open Access EFFICACY OF TRIPTOLIDE IN POPULATION REGULATION OF Rattus rattus (Linnaeus) IN POULTRY FARMS(Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana, 2011) Swati; Singla, NeenaFeeding of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% triptolide in bait for 5 days in no-choice feeding test to male Rattus rattus (Linnaeus) in laboratory resulted in average per day consumption of 10.76, 20.45 and 22.60 mg/kgbw of triptolide, respectively and 75.92-93.00% acceptance of treated bait over plain bait. No significant effect of triptolide treatment was observed on body weight and reproductive organ weights of rats after 30 days of termination of treatment. The sperm motility and viability in the cauda epididymal fluid of rats treated with 0.2% triptolide was found to be decreased significantly by 80.65 and 75.14%, respectively from that of untreated rats. The major effect of triptolide treatment on sperm morphology was sperm head tail separation which varied from 46.13-53.69% in treated groups of rats. Laboratory breeding revealed 66.67, 100.00 and 33.33% decrease in pregnancy rate of females paired with males treated with 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% triptolide, respectively. Treatment of poultry farm with 0.005% bromadiolone followed by second treatment with 0.2% triptolide at 15 days interval for 5 days revealed significantly lower rodent population rebuild up (16.30%) than that observed in poultry farm treated only with 0.005% bromadiolone (51.87%). Only 25% of the rats trapped from poultry farm treated with triptolide revealed antifertility effects which may be due to partial recovery in effects after about 60 days of termination of treatment. Present studies suggest the potential of 0.2% triptolide in bait for 5 days in regulating post control population rebuild up of R. rattus in poultry farms.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic analysis for grain yield and its components with phenotypic and molecular characterization for stripe rust resistance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Chauhan, Anjana; SwatiThesisItem Open Access Genetic analysis for yield and some morphophysiological traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-08) Jyala, Vineeta; SwatiThe present investigation was carried out to study combining ability, gene action and heterosis using line x tester mating design during Rabi season of 2020-21 and 2021-22, at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand). The experimental material consisted of nine lines viz., WB2, UP2855, QLD103, QLD106, UP2903, HD2967, DBW187, VL967 and PRL/2*PASTOR//PBW343*2/KUKUNA/3/ROLF07/4/BERKUT//… crossed with four testers viz., HI1612, HD3226, UP2942 and UP262 in line x tester mating design to produce 36 F1s. . These 36 F1s along with the 13 parents and two standard checks viz. UP2748 and WH1105 were planted in randomized block design with three replications during Rabi season of 2021-22 and observations were recorded for sixteen traits viz., days to 75% heading, days to maturity, plant height, spike length, peduncle length, number of effective tillers per plant, number of spikelets per spike, flag leaf area, 1000 grain weight, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant harvest index, Normalised Difference Vegetation Index and Canopy temperature depression. The findings revealed that all of the genotypes showed significant differences, indicating the presence of a considerable amount of genetic variability, since mean squares for all of the characters were found to be highly significant. The parental line UP2903 was identified as a good general combiner for maximum number of characters viz., days to maturity, number of grains per spike, grain yield per plant, harvest index and Normalised Difference Vegetation Index at anthesis, followed by QLD103 for grain weight per spike, number of spikelets per spike and flag leaf area. The cross combination QLD103 x UP262 emerged as good specific cross combination for number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike and peduncle length. The hybrid VL967 x UP2942 was recognized as the superior specific combiner for grain yield per plant, whereas, F1, PRL/2*PASTOR//PBW343*2/KUKUNA/3/ROLF07/4/BERKUT//… x HI1612 was a better specific cross for flag leaf area and biological yield per plant and DBW187 x UP262 was a good specific combiner for plant height and number of effective tillers per plant. The variance ratio between general and specific combining ability was less than one, indicating that non-additive gene action predominate for the majority of the traits. Among the crosses, VL967 X UP262, UP2903 X HI1612, WB2 X UP262, VL967 X UP2942, WB2 X UP262, DBW187 X UP262, QLD103 X UP262, QLD103 X HD3226, HD2967 X UP2942, QLD103 X UP262, QLD103 X UP262, PRL/2*PASTOR//PBW343*2/KUKUNA/3/ROLF07/4/BERKUT//… X HI1612, VL967 X UP2942, UP2903 X UP262, UP2903 × UP262 and UP2903 x HI1612 were recognized as the best heterotic hybrids over all the levels for the characters days to 75% heading, days to maturity, plant height, spike length, peduncle length, number of effective tillers per plant, number of spikelets per spike, flag leaf area, 1000 grain weight, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant harvest index, Normalised Difference Vegetation Index and Canopy temperature depression, respectively. The most promising heterotic cross combination for the trait grain yield per plant was VL967 X UP2942 followed by UP2903 X UP262. Good combiner genotypes could be used in crossing programme and crosses with large sca effects can be exploited to obtain transgressive segregants. Significant heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis for grain yield and its attributing characteristics revealed that there is plenty of room for exploitation of heterosis and potential for isolating desirable segregants. Therefore, based on the aforementioned analysis, we may choose the best lines and crosses for further use in our breeding programmes.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic analysis of grain yield and its components in some elite genotypes of malt barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Tiwari, Kailash Chandra; SwatiThesisItem Open Access Genetic analysis of grain yield and its components with field and molecular screening for yellow rust resistance in bread wheat [Triticum aestivum L. em Thell](G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Mohammed Talha; SwatiResearch work on combining ability analysis and gene action for yield contributing traits with field and molecular screening for yellow rust resistance of fifteen wheat genotypes and their respective crosses was carried out using Line x tester analysis during Rabi 2012-2013 at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. Randomized Block Design with three replications was used to study combining ability, gene action and heterosis for days to 75% heading, days to maturity, plant height (cm), peduncle length (cm), productive tillers per plant, flag leaf area (cm2), spike length (cm), number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, weight of grain per spike (g), 1000 grain weight (g), biological yield per plant (g), grain yield per plant (g), harvest index (%) and AUDPC for yellow rust. Field and molecular screening of genotypes was undertaken to classify the genotypes according to disease reaction and to detect presence of major Yr genes. The relative estimates of variance due to sca were higher than the variance due to gca for most of the traits studied indicating the predominance of non- additive gene action whereas for plant height, peduncle length, flag leaf area and AUDPC additive genetic mechanism are more important. Among the tester, DPW 621-50 can be ranked as the best tester and among lines UP2596, PBW 639 and PBW 658 can be considered as the best lines as these combine well for the highest number of yield contributing characters as well as yellow rust resistance. The cross WH1100 x PBW550 was found as good cross combination for maximum number of traits. Some best crosses based on highest sca effects in desirable direction were WH1100 X FLW21 and KO307 X PBW550 for earliness, HD3065 X PBW550 for reduced plant height, UP 2596 x FLW 21 for productive tillers per plant, WH 1100 x PBW 550 for grain yield per plant, WH 1100 x PBW 550 and KO 307 x DPW 621-50 for harvest index and AUDPC, DBW 71 x FLW 21 for flag leaf area, KO 307 x PBW 550 for peduncle length, HPW 211 x DPW 621-50 for number of grains per spike and spike length and DBW 71 x PBW 550 for 1000 grain weight. Eight crosses viz. HD 3059 x DPW 621-50, WH 1100 x FLW 21, UP 2596 x FLW 21, UP 2596 x PBW 550, HPW 211 x DPW 621-50, PBW 644 x DPW 621-50, UP 2596 x FLW 21 and KO 307 x DPW 621-50 had highest significant sca effects in desirable direction as well as highest per se performance for peduncle length, days to 75% heading, productive tillers per plant, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, weight of grain per spike, biological yield per plant and AUDPC, respectively. It is advocated that the good combiner genotypes could be used in crossing programme and the crosses having significant sca effects should be tested over the location and years before their exploitation. The best cross for grain yield on the basis of high estimates of standard heterosis is KO 307 x FLW 21. On the basis of field screening, all genotypes were classified in three different categories i.e., resistance, intermediate and susceptible. Molecular analysis using linked SSR primers Xwmc175 and Xpsp3000 revealed likely presence of Yr5 gene in PBW639 and Yr10 gene in HD3065, HPW211 and WH1100. These four genotypes also showed resistance response in the field under artificial inoculated conditions. So after further confirmation, these genotypes can be used as donor parents for above mentioned yellow rust resistance genes.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic architecture of yield and its attributes in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) under irrigated and rainfed conditions(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Chaudhary, Divya; SwatiThe present investigation was taken up to study the combining ability, gene action and heterosis for grain yield and its component under irrigated and rainfed conditions in bread wheat genotypes using line x tester analysis. Fourty nine genotypes comprising of 11 line, 3 testers, 33F1s and 2 checks were planted in completely randomized block design with three replications in two environments at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. Data was taken on 15 morphophysiological characters viz., days to 75% heading, days to maturity, plant height (cm), peduncle length (cm), awn length (cm), tillers per plant, flag leaf area (cm2), spike length (cm), spikelets per spike, grains per spike, grain weight per spike (g), 1000 grain weight (g), biological yield per plant (g), grain yield per plant (g) and harvest index for combining ability and heterosis for combining ability and heterosis. In addition to this a morphophysiological screening of the parentes and check was done to identify genotypes tolerant to water stress. For this data on physiological traits viz., NDVI at anthesis and at 15 days after anthesis, CTD at anthesis and at 15 days after anthesis, chlorophyll content at anthesis and at 15 days after anthesis, relative water content and quantum yield (fv/fm) and in some morphological traits, morphological traits 1000 grain weight, grains per spike, grain weight per spike, grain yield, drought susceptibility index (DSI) was utilised. Statistical analysis revealed the significant difference was present among the genotypes for all characters. VL3001 was identified as good general combiner for maximum number (nine) of traits viz., plant height, peduncle length, awn length, spikelets per spike, flag leaf area, grain weight/spike, grain yield/plant, grains/spike, biological yield/plant in irrigated condition (E1). In rainfed condition (E2) KACHU*2//WHEAR/SOKOLL was identified as good general combiner for plant height, spike length, peduncle length, spikelets per spike, flag leaf area, grain weight/spike, grains/spike and FRANCOLIN#1/BAJ#1 for days to 75% heading, awn length, productive tillers/plant, spikelets per spike, flag leaf area, grains/spike and harvest index and VL3001 for days to maturity, plant height, peduncle length, flag leaf area, 1000 grain weight, grain yield/plant and harvest index. In case of pooled analysis, parent VL3001 was identified as good general combiner for maximum number (nine) of traits viz., plant height, peduncle length, spikelets per spike, flag leaf area, grain weight/spike, grain yield/plant, grains/spike, biological yield/plant and harvest index. Cross BECARD/KACHU × WH1080 was identified as good specific combination for maximum number (eight) of traits viz., plant height, spike length, peduncle length, awn length, productive tillers per plant, grain yield per plant, grains per spike, biological yield per plant in irrigated condition (E1) while in rainfed condition (E2) BOW/VEE/5/ND/VG9144//KAL/BBB/YACO/4/CHIL/6/CASKOR/3/… × WH1080 was identified as the best cross due to good specific combination for maximum number (eight) of traits viz., spike length, productive tillers per plant, flag leaf area, 1000 grain weight, grain weight per spike, grain yield per plant, grains per spike and biological yield per plant followed by VL3001 × WH1080 for days to 75% heading, productive tillers per plant, flag leaf area, 1000 grain weight, grain yield per plant, grains per spike and biological yield per plant, C306 × WH1142 for days to 75% heading, spike length, peduncle length, productive tillers/plant, spikelets/spike, grain weight per spike and biological yield per plant. In pooled analysis, C306 × WH1142 identified as best specific combination for maximum number (nine) of traits viz., spike length, peduncle length, awn length, productive tillers/plant, spikelets/sp ke, flag leaf area, grain weight per spike, grains per spike and biological yield per plant followed by BECARD/KACHU × WH1080 for plant height, spike length, awn length, grain weight per spike, grains per spike, biological yield per plant and harvest index, cross BOW/VEE/5/ND/VG9144//KAL/BBB/YACO/4/CHIL/6/CASKOR/3/… × WH1080 for days to maturity, spike length, productive tillers per plant, flag leaf area, 1000 grain weight, grains per spike and biological yield per plant. In irrigated condition, KACHU*2//WHEAR/SOKOLL × HD3086, C306 × WH1142, BECARD/KACHU × WH1142, C306 × WH1142, C306 × HD3086, VL3001 × HD3086, C306 × WH1080, VL3001 × WH1142, PBW644 × WH1142, C306 × HD3086, UP2572 × HD3086 were recognized as the best heterotic cross over all the levels for the characters plant height, spike length, peduncle length, awn length, productive tillers/plant, spikelets/spike, 1000 grain weight, grain weight/spike, grain yield/plant, biological yield/plant, harvest index, respectively. In rainfed condition, BOW/VEE/5/ND/VG9144//KAL/BBB/YACO/4/CHIL/6/CASKOR/3/… × HD3086, VL3001 × WH1142, KACHU*2// WHEAR/SOKOLL × WH1142, UP2572 × HD3086, KACHU*2//WHEAR/SOKOLL × HD3086, PBW644 × WH1142, UP2572 × HD3086, UP2572 × HD3086 were recognized as the best heterotic cross over all the levels for the characters days to 75% heading, days to maturity, plant height, productive tiller/plant, flag leaf area, grain weight/spike, grain yield/plant, biological yield/plant, respectively. Variance due to sca was higher than variance due to gca for all the characters indicating the predominance of non-additive gene action. In morphophysiological field screening for water stress tolerance, genotypes BOW/VEE/5/ND/ VG9144//KAL/BBB/YACO/4/CHIL/6/CASKOR/3/…, PBW660, HD3086, WH1080, FRANCOLIN#1/BAJ#1, VL3001, BECARD/KACHU were identified as tolerant on the bases of percent decrease or increase for various traits.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic architecture of yield and some morphophysiological heat tolerance traits in bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Em. Thell)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-07) Sunaina Rani; SwatiResearch work on combining ability analysis, gene action and heterosis for yield and heat tolerance contributing traits in wheat genotypes was carried out using line x tester analysis at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U. S. Nagar, Uttarakhand. Randomized Block Design with three replications using sixty one genotypes in two environments was used to study combining ability, gene action and heterosis. 20 characters were used viz., days to 75% heading, days to maturity, plant height (cm), peduncle length (cm), tillers per plant, flag leaf area (cm2), spike length (cm), spikelets per spike, grains per spike, grain weight per spike(g), 1000 grain weight (g), biological yield per plant (g), grain yield per plant (g), harvest index (%), awn length, grain filling duration, heat susceptibility index, chlorophyll content, canopy temperature depression and relative injury (%). Results of the present investigation revealed that significant variations were present with reference to all the morpho-physiological characters among the different genotypes. BAV 92 was identified as best general combiner for maximum number of traits viz., biological yield/ plant, relative injury, chlorophyll content at anthesis and 15 days after anthesis and HD 2888 for 1000 grain weight, grain yield/ plant, harvest index in timely sown condition (E1) whereas, in late sown condition (E2), VL 944 was recognized as good general combiner for maximum number of traits viz., spike length, awn length, spikelets/ spike, CTD at 15 days after anthesis and grain/ spike. However, PBW 644 was identified as best general combiner for maximum number of traits in pooled analysis viz., grain yield per plant, chlorophyll content at anthesis and 15 days after anthesis, relative injury (%) followed by VL 944 for spike length, spikelets/ spike, grains/ spike, HD 2888 for awn length, tillers/ plant, CTD at anthesis, HD 3122 for 1000 grain weight, grain weight/ spike, days to maturity and WH 1126 for harvest index, flag leaf area, heat susceptibility index. PBW 65*/PASTOR x DPW 621-50 emerged as good specific combination for spike length, 1000 grain weight, chlorophyll content at 15 days after anthesis, CTD at anthesis in timely sown condition (E1). Whereas, BAV 92 x UP 2572 was good specific combination for spikelets/ spike, biological yield/ plant, grains/ spike in late sown condition (E2). However, HD2888 x DPW 621-50 for grain yield/ plant, chlorophyll content at anthesis, grain filling duration was good specific combiner in pooled analysis. Predominant role of non-additive gene action was observed for the inheritance of most of the traits except days to maturity where additive gene actions seems to be involved in the inheritance in timely sown similarly in late sown condition all the traits showed non-additive gene action. Highest percent contribution due to lines was observed for days to heading and grain yield/plant followed by days to maturity in timely and late sown condition, respectively. Similarly, maximum percent contribution due to testers was observed for spike length and productive tillers/ plant in timely and late sown condition, respectively. However, percent contribution due to line x tester was observed in 1000 grain weight and chlorophyll content at 15 days after anthesis in timely and late sown condition, respectively. In timely sown condition, VL 944 x DPW 621-50, HD 3123 x UP 2572, Raj 4229 x UP 2572, PBW 644 x UP 2572 and WH 1126 x DPW 621-50, PBW 644 x UP 2572, HD 3122 x DPW 621-50, HD 2888 x UP 2572, FILIN/IRENA… x DPW 621-50, VL 944 x UP 2572, HD 2888 x UP 2572, HD 2888 x UP 2572, BAV 92 x Raj 3765, PBW 644 x UP 2572, Raj 4229 x DPW 621-50, Raj 4229 x Raj 3765, PBW 675 x Raj 3765, WH 1126 x DPW 621-50, PBW 644 x UP were recognized as the best heterotic hybrids over all the levels, for the characters spike length, awn length, productive tillers per plant, number of spikelets per spike, 1000 grain weight, grain weight per spike, grain yield per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index, chlorophyll content at anthesis and 15 days after anthesis, CTD at anthesis, relative injury %, days to maturity, days to 75% heading, grain filling duration, flag leaf area, number of grains per spike respectively. In late sown condition, Raj 4229 x UP 2572, BAV 92 x DPW 621-50, KFA/2*KACHU x DPW 621-50, VL 944 x Raj and PBW 675 x DPW 621-50, HD 2888 x Raj 3765, BAV 92 x DPW 621-50, HD 3122 x DPW 621-50, PBW 644 x DPW 621- 50, C 306 x DPW 621-50, BAV 92 x DPW 621-50, PBW 644 x DPW 621-50, HD 2888 x UP 2572, PBW 644 x UP2572, PBW 644 x UP2572, VL 944 x Raj 3765, PBW 675 x DPW 621-50, Raj 4229 x DPW 621-50, HD 3122 x DPW 621-50, HD 2888 x UP 2572, WH 1126 x UP 2572 and VL 944 x DPW 621-50, BAV 92 x DPW 621-50 were recognized as the best heterotic hybrids over all the levels for the characters plant height, spike length, peduncle length, awn length, productive tillers per plant, spikelets/ spike, 1000 grain weight, grain weight per spike, grain yield per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index, chlorophyll content at anthesis and 15 days after anthesis, CTD at anthesis and 15 days after anthesis, relative injury %, days to maturity, days to 75% heading, grain filling duration, flag leaf area and grains per spike respectively. Genotypes VL944, UP2572, DPW 621-50, UP2572, HD 3123, Raj 4229, VL944, DPW 621-50, VL944, FILIN/IRENA..., HD 3123 were selected as heat tolerant on the basis of morphophysiological basis.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic divergence studies based on morphophysiological traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-08) Juyal, Neha; SwatiThe present investigation entitled “Genetic divergence studies based on morphophysiological traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm” was carried out in Rabi season, 2021-22 at N.E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar. The experimental material comprised of 93 genotypes along with 5 checks, namely UP2855, HD3086, UP2938, HD2967 and DBW187. Observations were recorded for 16 morphophysiological characters viz., days to 75% heading, days to maturity, flag leaf area, spike length, peduncle length, plant height, number of productive tillers per meter, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plot, grain yield per plot, harvest index, CTD at anthesis and 15 DAA and NDVI at anthesis and 15 DAA. The data was evaluated for analysis of variance, variability, heritability, genetic advance and genetic divergence. Analysis of variance revealed that significant differences were present among the genotypes for most of the characters and suggests that the abundant amount of variability is present in the experimental material and improvement can be done for these characters. Evaluation of variability parameters revealed that the magnitude of PCV was slightly higher as compared to GCV which indicates the little influence of the environment on the expression of these characters. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent mean was reported for traits like flag leaf area, grain yield per plot, number of productive tillers per meter, harvest index, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plot, grain weight per spike and number of grains per spike. The genotypes were grouped into 5 distinct clusters by Non- hierarchical Euclidean Cluster analysis. Cluster V comprised of maximum number of genotypes (26) followed by cluster II (24), cluster I and III (17 each) and cluster IV (9). The maximum intra-cluster distance was 7.551 for cluster IV and the minimum intra- cluster distance was 4.443 for cluster V. The maximum intercluster distance was observed between cluster I and cluster IV (8.009) followed by cluster III and IV (7.815), cluster IV and cluster V (7.672) cluster II and IV (7.619), cluster III and cluster IV (5.921). On the basis of the findings of the current study, on the basis of character mean five desirable donors for each character were identified. MUNAL#1/FRANCOLIN#1/KA/N AC// TRCH/3/DANPHE#1, HD3151/WH1105/HD3159, Mahyco.Goal/UP2784, ALTAR84/AE.SQ// 2*OPATA/PBW644/PBW726 and HUW701/QLD28 were the most promising genotypes as donors for the improvement of yield potential. For other characters genotypes can be used from different groups based on the objective of breeding programme.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC DIVERSITY STUDIES IN OAT (Avena sativa L.) FOR FORAGE YIELD AND QUALITY PARAMETERS(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Swati; Yogendra PrasadThe present investigation was carried out at Forage Research Farm, RVC, Birsa Agriculture University, Ranchi during Rabi 2021-22. The experimental material for the present study comprised of thirty-four oat genotypes including three checks. The field experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) in three replications and data were recorded for fourteen morphological, quality and yield attributing traits. Data were analysed to find out the estimate of variability, heritability (broad sense), genetic advance, correlation coefficient and path coefficient. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant difference among the genotypes for all the yield attributing traits. Wide range of variability was found in days to 50% flowering (89.3-101.7), plant height (91.7-112.3 cm) and number of tillers per meter length (111-213.3). The highest genotypic variance was observed in number of tillers per meter length (908.3). The highest phenotypic variance was recorded in number of tillers per meter length (1197.7). The character which showed higher GCV was crude protein % (20.34) and the characters which showed higher PCV was no. of tillers/meter length (21.10) and crude protein % (20.70). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance expressed in percentage of mean was observed for two characters viz., crude protein % and number of tillers per meter length. In the present experiment green fodder yield showed a positive significant correlation with days to 50% flowering, leaf /stem ratio and crude protein. All the genotypes were grouped into thirteen clusters. Cluster-I having the largest number of genotypes i.e., twelve genotypes followed by cluster-II having six genotypes, cluster-IX and cluster-XI having three genotypes each and rest are having one genotype each in clusters-III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, X, XII & XIII. The maximum contribution towards divergence was observed for Crude protein (41.1 %) followed by days to 50 % flowering (20.9%), dry matter yield (14.4 %) and ADF (13.01 %). The genotypes HFO-904, HFO-619 and SKO-240 were the most promising ones and they may be adapted to the agro-ecological condition of Jharkhand. This can bring substantial increase in green fodder yield and crude protein (%). Besides this some of the germplasm can be selected for use as donors for many favorable traits in future breeding programme.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic Evaluation of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) genotypes under low hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh(College of Horticulture and Forestry Dr YSP UHF, Neri, Hamirpur(H.P.), 2023-09-27) Swati; Shiv Pratap SinghThe present study entitled “Genetic Evaluation of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) genotypes under low hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh” was conducted during kharif season of 2022 at the Experimental Research Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Neri, Hamirpur (HP). Twelve genotypes of brinjal including check “Pusa Purple Long” were evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design to assess the extent of genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, character association and path coefficient analysis with respect to various horticultural traits including marketable fruit yield per plant. Analysis of variance indicated significant difference among the various genotypes with respect to all the traits studied. Best genotypes in terms of marketable fruit yield per plant was B-COHF-NERI-41(1.23 kg), B-COHF-NERI-50 (1.17 kg) and B-COHF-NERI-43 (1.00 kg). The traits viz. ascorbic acid, fruit length, average fruit weight, weight of 100 seeds, fruit diameter, marketable fruit yield per plant and number of primary branches expressed high GCV and PCV values. High heritability was exhibited by the trait ascorbic acid followed by number of seeds per fruit, weight of 100 seeds, total soluble solids, days to first harvest, plant spread, fruit length, number of primary branches, average fruit weight, pedicel length, plant height, harvest duration, leaf length, stem diameter and days to 50% flowering. However, high genetic advance as percentage of mean was observed for the trait ascorbic acid followed by the traits fruit length, average fruit weight, weight of 100 seeds, harvest duration, fruit diameter, number of primary branches, marketable fruit yield per plant, leaf length, pedicel length, plant height and total soluble solid. The trait marketable fruit yield per plant had positive and significant character association with the traits viz. pedicel length, average fruit weight, fruit diameter, number of seeds per fruit, weight of 100 seed, number of primary branches, stem diameter, plant height, plant spread and ascorbic acid both at genotypic and phenotypic levels respectively. Path analysis studies showed that highest positive desirable direct effect on marketable fruit yield per plant was observed by the character average fruit weight.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic insight into yield and yield associated traits of wheat under two different water regimes(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Dhyani, Richa; SwatiResearch work was conducted for combining ability analysis, heterosis and gene action for yield and some quantitative traits in wheat genotypes. Seven genotypes were crossed in half diallel mating design during rabi season 2017-18 in Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Center of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. In rabi season 2018-19, field experiment with 30 genotypes comprising 7 parents, 21 F1s and 2 checks was laid down in randomized block design with three replications in two conditions i.e. rainfed and irrigated condition. nineteen characters taken under study i.e., days to 75% heading, days to maturity, plant height, flag leaf area, number of productive tillers plant-1, number of spikelets spike-1, number of grains spike-1, peduncle length, awn length, 1000 grain weight, grain yield plant, -1, harvest index, relative water content, chlorophyll content at anthesis and 15 DAA, CTD at anthesis and 15 DAA and NDVI at anthesis and 15 DAA Statistical analysis revealed that significant difference among the genotypes for 18 characters in rainfed condition and 15 in irrigated condition but in case of pooled analysis only relative water content, number of spikelets spike, were significant. For most of the trait variance ratio was less than one indicating preponderance of non additive gene action. Chlorophyll content at 15DAA showed maximum values of variance ratio in rainfed and irrigated condition. Among parental lines RAJ 4419 was emerge as best general combiner for chlorophyll content at anthesis, chlorophyll content at 15 DAA, spike length, awn length, harvest index in rainfed condition. In normal condition, RAJ 4419 identified as a best general combiner for chlorophyll content at anthesis, chlorophyll content at 15 day after anthesis. AMUR* 2/3/HUW234TLR34/PRINIA //UP2338*2/VIVITSI× FRANCOLIN#1//WBLL*1*2/BRAMBLING. emerge as the best cross combination for leaf area, spikelets per spike, thousand grains weight, grains per spike followed by RAj4419 × FRANCOLIN#1//WBLL*1*2/BRAMBLING.24SAWYT-305] which is best cross combination for days to heading, CTD at 15 days after anthesis and productive tillers per plant in rainfed condition.. In normal condition, cross combination UP 2572 x PBW729 was found best for chlorophyll content at anthesis, relative water content, harvest index and grain yield per plant followed by KAUZ/ALTAR 84/3/MILAN//KAUZ/4 /HUITES × AMUR* 2/3/HUW234 TLR34/PRINIA //UP2338*2/VIVITSI [37 ESWYT P-138] for NDVI at 15 days after anthesis and days to maturity in pooled condition, Relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis was estimated for all the characters among which for grain yield KAUZ/ALTAR 84/3/MILAN//KAUZ/4/HUITES× FRANCOLIN#1//WBLL*1*2/BRAMBLING. 24SAWYT-305] showed maximum heterosis over check WH1080 in rainfed condition and irrigated condition and over check PBW 660 in rainfed condition. Genotypes UP2572 showed suitability for rainfed for maximum number (4) of traits. Parental genotype UP 2572 showed highest stem reserve mobilization so, most tolerant to drought followed by KAUZ/ALTAR 84 /3/MILAN// KAUZ/4/HUITES was reported as medium tolerant for drought.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic Variability and Mutational Studies in Vegetable Clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub](University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Swati; Shashidhar, T.R.Cluster bean genotypes were evaluated at Main Agricultural Research station, UAS, Dharwad, during 2014-2016, to study the genetic variability, correlation, path analysis, genetic divergence and it was also aimed towards yield improvement in two genotypes (S.W and Selection-2) of cluster bean through induced mutagenesis using chemical (EMS- 0.1 %, 0.2 % and 0.3 %) and physical mutagen (gamma rays 10, 20 and 30 kR). High heritability coupled with genetic advance over mean was observed for most of traits. Correlation studies revealed significant and positive association of vegetable pod yield per hectare with number of branches, pods per cluster, pods per plant, pod length and pod yield per plant. Path analysis for vegetable pod yield per hectare revealed that the parameters viz., pods per cluster, pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod and yield per plant were chief contributing characters at genotypic level. The genetic divergence studies using Mahalanobis D2 statistics grouped twenty four genotypes of cluster bean into five groups. Cluster II showed maximum intra cluster distance and maximum inter cluster distance was between clusters II and IV. Among the ten characters included in D2 analysis, yield per plant contributed maximum towards genetic divergence followed by plant height. The most promising genotypes evolved from present study for vegetable pod yield were S.W and Selection-2. The germination and survivability percentage of two genotypes decreased with increase in dose of gamma rays and EMS treatment where as lethality was found increased with increasing doses of gamma rays and EMS treatment. The maximum frequency of xantha, chlorina, viridis and albina mutants was high in higher doses of gamma rays and EMS. Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency were highest at higher doses of gamma rays and EMS.ThesisItem Open Access Genetics Of Resistance To Karnal Bunt In Bread Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L. Em.Thell).(Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology;Pantnagar, 2005) Swati; Sohan PalThesisItem Open Access Isolation and characterization of zinc solubilizing bacteria and their impact on plant growth of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)(CCSHAU, 2014) Swati; Suneja, SunitaKeeping in view, importance of zinc for various crops and role of zinc solubilizing bacteria in making it available to the plants, a total of thirty eight zinc solubilizing bacterial isolates were obtained from seven rhizosphere soil samples of different crops (mungbean, okra, sorghum, cotton, arhar and rice). All the isolates solubilized zinc oxide with solubilization index ranging from 1.56-36.00, three isolates solubilized zinc sulphide with index 1.96-4.00 and thirty three isolates solubilized zinc carbonate with index 3.36-25.00. All the selected isolates were also characterized for IAA production and P-solubilization. Out of 14 strains tested, OR1 showed the best solubilization with P- solubilization index 14.87. Eleven out of 14 isolates produced IAA in negligible amounts ( 4.06- 8.77 μg ml-1) . Among the three bacterial isolates (MR1, CR2 and OR1) tested for zinc tolerance level , in isolate MR1, significant reduction in population was observed at 200-500 mg l-1 of zinc sulphate however in isolate CR2, significant reduction in the population was observed even at 50 mg l-1 of ZnSO4 as compared to control at 2nd day of inoculation. In isolate OR1, much change in the population was not observed on the 2nd day after inoculation but on the 8th day after inoculation, the population was significantly reduced at 50 mg l-1 and higher concentrations of ZnSO4 as compared to control. Among three isolates tested, OR1 showed highest zinc tolerance level. These three bacterial isolates were evaluated for growth promotion of mungbean crop under screen house conditions. All the plant growth parameters were better in treatments having recommended P as compared to control (without P). Plant growth was improved on addition of ZnSO4. On inoculation with MR1, plant growth was increased in comparision to its control T4 (treatment having ZnSO4 only) but seed yield was not increased. On inoculation with CR2 (T8), plant growth was not improved. On inoculation with isolate OR1 (T9 & T10), plant growth and seed yield were increased in comparision to their respective controls T3 (10 kg/ha ZnSO4) and T4 (25 kg/ha ZnSO4). Among the three zinc solubilizing bacterial isolates (MR1, CR2 and OR1) tested for plant growth promotion effect in mungbean crop, maximum plant growth promotion effect was observed with bacterial isolate OR1.