Browsing by Author "Singh, S.P."
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ThesisItem Open Access Allelopathic effect of winter weeds on little canary grass (Phalaris minor Retz.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-06) Chilwal, Aaradhana; Singh, S.P.ThesisItem Open Access Allelopathic potential of aqueous extract of three winter weeds against little seed canary grass (Phalaris minor Retz.) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Sarthi, Dondeshwar Prasad; Singh, S.P.The present experiment was carried out during Rabi season of 2018-19 at College of Agriculture, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. The laboratory experiment was laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments i.e. control, 10% aqueous extract each of Convolvulus arvensis, Melilotus indica and Chenopodium album with three replications to assess their allelopathic potential on wheat and Phalaris minor. The germination per cent, mean germination time, days to 50% germination, seed vigour index, root length, shoot length and total seedling length of Phalaris minor was significantly inhibited with the application of aqueous extracts of three winter weeds, but that of wheat was relatively less affected. The highest inhibition of these parameters was recorded under aqueous extract of Melilotus indica 10%, which was found as the best treatment that drastically reduced germination and growth of Phalaris minor, whereas, germination and growth of wheat was affected only to a little extent. Finally, a field experiment was conducted to finally validate the controlled conditions findings and to further assess the bio-efficacy as well as phytotoxicity of the weeds aqueous extracts and their allelopathic potential on growth and yield parameters of wheat and growth of Phalaris minor under field condition. The field experiment was laid out with twelve treatments replicated thrice in randomized block design (RBD). Application of 10% aqueous extract of three winter weeds i.e. Convolvulus arvensis, Melilotus indica and Chenopodium album, each applied as pre emergence, early post emergence, sequential application as pre followed by early-post emergence and tank mixed application of all three aqueous extracts as pre emergence spray caused effective control of Phalaris minor population and checked the growth as well especially at critical crop-weed competition period. However, sequential application of 10% aqueous extract of Melilotus indica and Convolvulus arvensis applied as pre followed by early post-emergence spray performed best in terms of controlling Phalaris minor, recording weed control efficiency of 61.4 and 54.6%, respectively at 40DAS. Moreover, spraying of these two aqueous extract also leads to 41.07 and 37.84% higher grain yield of wheat compared to weedy check and gave higher net return. Based on this study, it may be concluded that aqueous extracts of Melilotus indica and Convolvulus arvensis shows strong phytotoxicity against Phalaris minor. Hence, these weed aqueous extracts can be used as potential herbicides in future organic weed management programmes and in Integrated Weed Management programmes (IWMPs) as these are natural plant products, easily biodegradable and eco-friendly.ThesisItem Open Access Analysis of genetic parameters and diversity in sugarcane (Saccharum species complex) clones(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-06) Ninganagoud, S.H.; Singh, S.P.The present investigation was carried out in randomized block design, with 35 C2 generation sugarcane clones alongwith seven check varieties viz., Co 0238, Co Pant 03220, CoJ 64, Co Pant 97222, Co Pant 05224, CoS 767 and CoS 8436 during 2015-16 at the Sugarcane Breeding Block of Norman E Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Distt. U. S. Nagar, Uttarakhand. Genetic diversity, Standard heterosis and correlation were studied for twelve yield and juice quality parameters. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among all the clones for most of the traits under study namely number of tillers, number of internodes, cane diameter, cane length, single cane weight, no. of millable canes, juice brix percent, juice sucrose percent, CCS percent, cane yield and CCS yield except juice purity percent. The divergence studies through Mahalanobis D2 statistics grouped the 42 genotypes into 11 clusters. The maximum numbers of clones (17) were grouped in cluster I while the cluster VII, VIII, IX, X and XI accommodated single clone each. Members of cluster IX and XI (64.71) were found to be genetically most diverse on the basis of their inter cluster difference as opposite to clusters I and II (10.10) which are closely related. Number of millable canes contributed maximum (13.93%) towards genetic divergence followed by number of tillers (12.65%) and cane length (12.65%). These characters were considered to be most important for the genetic diversity. Lowest contribution was made by CCS percent (1.04%) followed by juice sucrose percent (3.25%), juice purity percent (4.29%) Studies on mean performance and standard heterosis revealed that clones namely PC (2013-14)-82 showed superiority over best check for single cane weight and cane yield and clones PC (2013-14)-64, PC (2013-14)-68, PC (2013-14)-79 and PC (2013-14)-82 showed higher cane yield than that of standard check, However, not a single genotype surpassed check in case of juice quality traits and CCS yield because of lack of adaptation and expression of component traits as the experimental material comprised of early generation clones, which requires some more generation to show their potential. Correlation coefficient revealed that cane yield was found significantly and positively correlated with number of tillers (‘000/ha), cane diameter, cane length, single cane weight, number of millable canes (‘000/ha) and CCS yield (t/ha) at both genotypic and phenotypic level. Cane yield also had positive but non-significant genotypic as well as phenotypic correlation with number of internodes. These yield contributing characters also possessed significant and positive association among themselves.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of genetic diversity in genotypes of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench](DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) Yadav, Sudheer Kumar; Singh, S.P.The field experiment of this investigation was conducted at Dholi Kothi Farm, Tirhut College Agriculture, Dholi, Muzaffarpur, a campus of Dr. Rajendra Prasad central agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur-Bihar during Kharif season 2019-2020 to studies the twenty five genotypes of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] in RBD with three replications. Analysis of variance for experimental design between all genotypes for twelve observation exhibited highly significant. The GCV and PCV were maximum for the character like fruit yield per plant (g) followed by plant height (cm), YVMV incidence (%), number of seeds per fruit, number of fruits per plant, days to fruit picking, fruit length (cm), and days to first flowering. The traits like number of primary branches per plant, number of seeds per fruit, YVMV incidence (%) exhibited maximum heritability in broad sense coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean which might be assigned to additive gene action which may be useful for crop improvement through simple breeding programme at phenotypic level. Fruit yield per plant exhibited a highly significant and positive correlation with plant height (cm), number of primary branches per plant, fruit length (cm), average fruit weight (g) and the number of fruits per plant exhibited that selection of the parent on the basis of these observation is more useful for maximum crop yield. Path coefficient association exhibited that fruit yield per plant indicated high positive direct effect with number of fruits per plant and a low indirect effect via YVMV incidence (%) and days to first flowering exhibited that these traits would be more useful for yield improvement. The twenty five genotypes of okra were grouped into six clusters using Tocher’s method. Cluster I had maximum nineteen genotypes and cluster IV had two genotypes while, cluster II, III, V, and VI cluster had one genotype each i.e. monogenotypic. Indicated that more extent of genetic diversity and thus may be utilized hybridization programme for getting high yielding recombinants.ThesisItem Open Access Attempt For Isolation And Characterization Of Leptospira(Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Izatnagar, 1977) Rajeswari, Makkena Raja; Singh, S.P.ThesisItem Open Access Bio efficacy and residues of synthetic pyrethroids in Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench(DRPCAU, Pusa, 1999) Kumar, Sanjay; Singh, S.P.ThesisItem Open Access Bio efficacy of some newer insecticides against insect pests of Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) moench and residues of imidacloprid in /on Okra fruits(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar), 2019) Meher, Chanchala; Singh, S.P.Bio-efficacy of seven newer insecticides - thiamethoxam (50 g a.i. /ha), indoxacarb (50 g a.i./ha), flubendiamide (40 g a.i./ha), rynaxypyr (40 g a.i./ha), novaluron (75 g a.i./ha), spinosad (50 g a.i./ha) and imidacloprid (40 g a.i./ha) was evaluated against jassid, Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida), whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and shoot and fruit borer, Earias vitella (Fab.) in okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) under field conditions at the University Apiary of Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa during Kharif 2018. Thiamethoxam @ 50 g a.i./ha recorded lowest infestation of jassid and was at par with imidacloprid @ 40 g a.i./ha, spinosad @ 50 g a.i./ha, rynaxypyr @ 40 g a.i./ha, and flubendiamide @ 40 g a.i./ha. The next best treatment was novaluron @ 75 g a.i./ha. Indoxacarb @ 50 g a.i./ha was relatively less effective in reducing jassid population. Against whitefly, imidacloprid @ 40 g a.i./ha was most effective and recorded lowest infestation and was at par with thiamethoxam @ 50 g a.i. /ha and spinosad @ 50 g a.i./ha treatments. The next best treatments were flubendiamide @ 40 g a.i./ha, rynaxypyr @ 40 g a.i./ha, and novaluron @ 75 g a.i./ha. Indoxacarb @ 50 g a.i./ha was relatively less effective in reducing whitefly population. All the insecticides recorded reasonably less shoot and fruit damage due to Earias vittella in okra crop in comparison to untreated control and the treatment differences were significant. Flubendiamide @ 40 g a.i./ha treatment was recorded as most effective against shoot and fruit borer with lowest infestation and was statistically at par with spinosad @ 50 g a.i./ha followed by rynaxypyr @ 40 g a.i./ha and novaluron @ 75 g a.i./ha. Imidacloprid @ 40 g a.i./ha and thiamethoxam @ 50 g a.i. /ha were found relatively less effective in reducing the shoot and fruit borer damage in okra. The plot treated with flubendiamide @ 40 g a.i./ha recorded the maximum fruit yield (98.69 q/ha) of okra and was statistically at par with spinosad @ 50 g a.i./ha (94.24 q/ha). Imidacloprid @ 40 g a.i./ha treatment (78.26 q/ha) recorded the lowest yield among all the insecticidal treatments. Flubendiamide recorded the maximum cost benefit ratio of 1: 7.51 as compared to other treatments. It was closely followed by spinosad and thiamethoxam with ICBR of 1:4.37 and 1: 3.96, respectively. Residues of imidacloprid (40 g a.i./ha) were estimated quantitatively by HPLC in /on okra fruits. Mean initial deposit of imidacloprid on okra fruits was 0.742 mg/kg which dissipated to 0.028 mg/kg on 10th day after third spray with a corresponding loss of 96.23 per cent. On 15th day, the residue dissipated to below determination level (< 0.008 mg /kg). The rate of dissipation of imidacloprid residue was rapid up to 5 days accompanied by gradual to slow at subsequent intervals. The half – life value of imidacloprid on okra fruits was 2.28 days and safe waiting period was found as 1.87 days. Simple washing of treated okra fruits with tap water removed insecticide residue in significant amount. The per cent removal of imidacloprid residue was to the extent of 34.51 per cent on 0 day and 19.61 per cent on 5th day.ThesisItem Open Access Chemical and biological characterization of hepatoprotective efficacy of leaf extracts isolated from Murraya koenigii and Phyllanthus niruri using in vivo and in vitro model systems(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-01) Shah, Pallavi; Singh, S.P.The present study was undertaken to determine the hepatoprotective efficacy of Murraya koenigii and Phyllanthus niruri hydroethanolic leaf extracts against paracetamol and alcohol induced damage in both in vivo rat and in vitro HepG2 cell line models. Different leaf extracts were prepared and their phytochemical analysis was carried out to determine the active principles present in them. The AWE (Alcohol Water Extract), WE (Water Extract) and AE (Alcoholic Extract) of P. niruri possessed higher content of total phenolics in comparison to that of M. koenigii with AWEs possessing highest content of phenolics for both the plants. The AWEs had the highest total flavonoid content as well i.e. 61.8 and 65 mgCatechin equivalents/g of leaf extract for M. koenigii and P. niruri, respectively. Examination of antioxidant activity by DPPH free radical scavenging assay showed P. niruri extracts had higher antioxidant potential than M. koenigii extracts with AWEs for both the plants to possess the highest scavenging potential. Tannic acid (TA), a known antioxidant was quantified using HPLC in M. koenigii extracts with AE showing the highest content of TA (288ppm). HPLC quantification of phyllanthin, a lignan known for its hepatoprotective potential was done for all P. niruri extracts with WE showing the highest content (223ppm). The GC MS analysis of plant extracts further detected the presence 40 compounds in AWE of M. koenigii and 41 compounds in AWE of P. nruri. Oral administration of alcohol (5mL/kg) for one week followed by paracetamol (1g/kg) for three days produced liver damage in rats as manifested by the significant (P<0.01) rise in serum levels of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), total bilirubin and direct bilirubin as compared with respective vehicle control. Post-treatment of rats with the AWEs of Murraya koenigii and Phyllanthus niruri alone (500mg/kg) and in combination (250mg/kg of each) and silymarin for one week significantly (P<0.01) reduced SGOT, SGPT, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin levels equivalent to normal. The combination of extracts showed maximum potential in reversal of damage caused by PCM and ethanol. Treatment of rats with alcohol and paracetamol significantly (<0.001) led to increase in lipid peroxidation as measured by malondialdehyde (MDA) in both liver and kidney. This was associated with a significant (<0.001) decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Biochemical alterations following alcohol and paracetamol administration were ameliorated by post-treatment with M. koenigii and P. niruri leaf extracts. These studies were further supported by histopathological examination of liver and kidney samples. In vitro studies in HepG2 cell line utilized MTT based cytotoxicity assay to determine the doses of toxicants (PCM and ethanol), AWEs of M. koenigii and P. niruri and silymarin to be used for challenging the cells. The cells were subjected to both post treatment aswell as preconditioning with extracts and their effect on leakage of SGOT and SGPT in cell media was assessed. The preconditioning with extracts (in combination) for 24 hrs whereas post treatment for 12 hrs provided maximum protection against increase in SGOT and SGPT levels induced by PCM and ethanol. Intracellular GSH and MDA levels were determined at different time intervals for both preconditioned and post treatment samples. 24 hours of preincubation and 24 hours of post treatment with extracts was able to restore the increased MDA levels and diminished GSH levels to normalcy. Analysis of apoptosis and necrosis revealed that necrosis is the major mode of toxicity in PCM and ethanol induced damage. Gene expression analysis of phase I and phase II metabolizing enzymes revealed that preconditioning influenced CYP1A2 (Cytochrome p4501A2) and GGT (Gamma glutamyl transferase) expression but could not influence the GST (Gltathione S transferase) expression at later stages. Preconditioning thus influenced the initial steps of PCM metabolism where these initially play a significant role. Post conditioning with extracts showed high expression of CYP1A2 gene whereas it could not suppress GST expression showing no interference with initial metabolism of PCM. The GGT expression was suppressed in post treatment samples showing their antioxidant nature.ThesisItem Open Access Chemical Weed Control In Rice-Wheat Rotation.(IARI, Division of Agronomy ; New Delhi, 1980) Singh, S.P.; Mani, V.S.ThesisItem Open Access Clinicopathological studies on effects of pulp and paper industry effluent in animals(Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology;Pantnagar, 2005) Azmi, Shagufta; Singh, S.P.ThesisItem Open Access Combining ability analysis for yield and quality parameter in sugarcane (Saccharum sp. Complex)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-01) Pandey, Deepanker; Singh, S.P.Sugarcane is a major crop of tropical and sub-tropical regions worldwide and belongs to the family Gramineae , tribe Andropogoneae, sub tribe Saccaharinineae, genus Saccharum. Sugarcane varieties are complex poly-ploids and their chromosome number varies from 2n = 100 to 120 or more. The yield and quality components in sugarcane are quantitative in nature and governed by poly genes, which are largely influenced by environmental factors. Therefore, it is essential to judge what proportion of observed variation of a particular character is heritable or due to environmental variation along with the transmissibility of the character. The knowledge of combining ability (ability of a genotype to transmit superior performance to its crosses) together with per se performance of the parents and hybrids, and heterotic response helps the breeders in selecting suitable parents and crosses for their use in a systematic breeding programme. Several techniques are available to elucidate the genetic makeup of the parents with respect to their ability to transmit characters of interest. Among those, the present study utilized Line × Tester and NC-I mating design to evaluate the genetic potential of parents based on the General Combining Ability estimates for different characters in Sugarcane. The crosses were attempted at National Hybridization Garden at Sugarcane Breeding Institute; Coimbatore Tamil Nadu for both Line × tester design and NCD-I mating and later on evaluation of progenies were carried out at the Sugarcane Breeding Experimental Block of Norman Borlaug Crop Research Centre, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, U. S. Nagar, Uttarakhand during 2013-2017. The observations were recorded for eight morphological and five quality traits and analyzed through standard statistical procedures of the mating designs. General combining ability analysis from Line × Tester design revealed that Co Pant 99213 was a good general combiner for germination percent, number of tillers and number of millable canes, while Co Pant 94213 found good combiner for Brixpercent, pol value, sucrose percent and C.C.S. percent. Tester, Co Pant 97222 had good general combining ability for germination percent and number of tillers. Results of North Carolina Design Irevealed that Co 775 exhibited positive significant gca values for Cane Height, Pol value, Sucrose percent and C.C.S. Percent, which is sufficient to conclude that this is gooddonor for these traits. Highheritability accompanied by higher genetic advance under selection was found in case of Germination Percent, number of tiller, NMC(000/ha), and Pol value, reflecting predominance of additive genetic effect for these traits. These traits could be used as indices for selection under Sugarcane improvement programme. Results of heterosis analysis concluded with the identification of two best hybrids namely Co Pant 84212 × Co Pant 97222 and Co Pant 99213 × Co Pant 97222 which can be promoted through vegetative propagation for yield trials. As the F1 progenies in Sugarcane offers segregation and transgressive recombinant, the best clones with high sugar and early maturing sugarcane can be selected from the progenies of these crosses for identification of superior clones to develop improved sugarcane varieties.ThesisItem Open Access Combining ability and heterosis for yield and its components in indian mustard (Brassica Juncea (L.) Czern & Coss)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-06) Arora, Shakti; Singh, S.P.The experiment was conducted with 10 diverse genotype as female parents viz. RAURDL-02-01, PR-2001-65, RK03-1, Basanti, Bio (E)-2, PRQ-2003, Varuna, Pusabold, SEJ-2 and Bhagirathi and three testers viz. Kanti, B-85 and PR(B)-2003-6 as male parents at Crop Research Centre, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. The parents and 30 F1s were evaluated in randomized block design with three replications for eighteen important quantitative traits. GCA and SCA variances were found to be significant for most of the characters. The higher magnitude of SCA than GCA exhibited involvement of non-additive give action for all traits. Pusabold, RAURDL-02-01 and Varuna were found to be best combiners. Majority of crosses showed moderate to high range of heterosis for all the characters. Economic heterosis was found maximum for seed yield per plant (200 to 215 per cent) and minimum for days to maturity (-6.65 to 7.612 per cent) in the desired direction. Economic heterosis was exhibited by all the crosses. PRQ-2003 Kanti, RK03-1 Kanti, and PR-2001-65 Kanti were best cross combiners obtained for seed yield per plant, earliness and oil content, respectively. The study resulted into the identification of cross combinations for desirable traits.ThesisItem Open Access A Comparative Study of Consumer Buying Behaviour and Satisfaction towards Instant Noodles in Jammu City(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu, 2018-09) Sharma, Vrish Bhanu; Singh, S.P.The present investigation entitled “A Comparative Study of Consumer Buying Behaviour and Satisfaction towards Instant Noodles in Jammu City” was carried out on the basis of primary as well as secondary data. 200 respondents from Jammu district were selected to conduct the study. The present research is descriptive research and convenience sampling tools were used in the present study. The research tools used in the study are Pie Chart, Bar Graph, Percentage analysis & Garret ranking. Many fast food items have flooded the markets but noodles remained as the most popular item of all of them, as it is cheaper, very easy to make and nutritious. Urban and semi-urban markets are controlled by Maggi and other players are Top Ramen and other brands. From the study it is inferred that 57.5 per cent of the respondents were in the age group of 15 - 25 years. 52 per cent of the respondents were male. 53.5 per cent of the respondents were graduated. 43.5 per cent of the respondents were students. 56.5 per cent of the respondents marital status was single. 65.5 percent of the respondents belong to the nuclear family. 49 percent of the respondents had a family size of 4-6 members. 37.5 per cent of the respondents had two children. 30 per cent of the respondents had an annual income of more than three lakhs. Out of the total 40.5 per cent of the respondents preferred Nestle Maggi, 31 per cent preferred Sunfeast Yippee, and 37.5 per cent were neutral towards the brand preference. From the study it was found that 85.5 per cent of the respondents heard about the Maggi muddle case. Given the above data it can be re-instated that the controversy had happened on a massive scale. 63.50 per cent of the sample has said that they didn’t believe Maggi Noodles to contain unhealthy levels of lead and MSG up until 2015. However, the opinions of the rest of the respondents can be seen to be divided between the other two options. 28.5 per cent of the people said that they believed Maggi to contain unhealthy levels of lead and MSG while 8 per cent were skeptical and thus couldn’t decide. More than half the sample size, i.e. 57.50 per cent said that during the ban on Maggi Noodles they temporarily shifted on to another brand(s), while 24 per cent said that they completely switched over to a new brand. The love for Maggi is quite evident. When asked whether people have stopped buying Maggi Noodles after the Maggi Muddle, 61.50 per cent replied as No while 38.50 per cent said yes.ThesisItem Open Access Competitiveness of production of improved seeds at farm level and marketing through public vis-à-vis private seed producing agencies in Uttarakhand(2009-07) Supriya; Singh, S.P.This study was conducted in Uttarakhand state of the country by selecting 30 seed growers of public seed agency and 31 seed growers of private seed agency to fulfill the objectives, viz; to identify the discriminating characteristics between farms producing seed for public and private seed producing agencies, to estimate the cost and returns of improved crop seed production at farm level under public vis-à-vis private seed producing agencies, to identify important seed marketing channels and estimate their efficiency and to examine the socio-economic causes responsible for farmer’s preferences for particular seed agency. Linear discriminant function was used to identify discriminating characteristics, costs and returns were estimated using latest methodology adopted by CACP, marketing channels and its efficiency was analyzed using simple statistical tools like averages and percentages, whereas, in order to examine the socio-economic causes responsible for farmers’ preferences for particular seed agency Garrett’s ranking technique was used. Only five variables, namely, age of the seed grower in years, total gross return per farm in rupees, per hectare total operational cost of paddy seed production in rupees, preference for more reliable seed producing agency, and preference for full payment in one installment were found to be the significant discriminators between the two groups of seed growers. Private seed producing agencies were undertaking only seed production of paddy, wheat and pea crops where as public seed producing agencies were undertaking seed production of many more crops. Gross returns and cost of paddy seed production were more in case of public seed producing agency but return over cost C3 were negative in this case, while in case of wheat seed production gross return and cost of production were higher under public seed agency but return over cost C3 were positive in both type of seed agencies and more in case of public seed agency. The average prices paid to seed growers were higher under public agency for paddy and wheat seed. The gross return from pea seed production were higher in case of private seed agency due to higher average price paid by the agency to seed growers. The most important seed marketing channel found was seed producing agency → seed distributor → seed dealer / retailer →consumer in both type of seed agencies. The marketing cost incurred by public seed agency was more as compared to private agency. The absolute margins of public seed agency were more as compared to private agency but net margins of private seed agency were found to be more due to significant differences in marketing costs incurred by these seed agencies. The marketing efficiency was higher in case of private seed agencies. The producer’s share in consumer’s price varied from 52 per cent to 67 per cent. The more reliability of the public seed producing agencies, better quality seeds of public seed agencies, fixing purchase price of seed in advance, and assured payment for seed supplied by the seed growers were the socio-economic causes for preference of public seed agency. Old association of owner’s of private seed producing agency with the seed growers, full payment of seed supplied in one installment after supply of the seeds, less formalities required for taking seed production programme, and no rejection of seed lots on quality basis were the socio-economic causes for preference of private seed agency.ThesisItem Open Access Correlates of dairy modernization of small and marginal dairy farmers of I.C.D.P. Ludhiana (Punjab).(NDRI, Karnal, 1980) Singh, S.P.; Sohal, T.S.ThesisItem Open Access Crop dynamics and economics of important crop rotations in Udham Singh Nagar District of Uttaranchal(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-07) Simerdeep Kaur; Singh, S.P.Agriculture sector assumes a very high social and economic significance for the Indian economy. Indian agriculture has witnessed several transformations. Due to liberalization of economy, Indian farmers face the challenge to sustain themselves in new international market conditions. Though post WTO developments have brought many threats to the Indian agriculture, yet it has also created rewarding opportunities. In order to study, the changes in agriculture in such a scenario to identify promising crop rotations followed and constraints faced by the farmers of the Udham Singh Nagar district, a better endowed region, the present study was conducted with the objectives, (i) to study the dynamics of area, production and productivity of different crops, (ii) to work out the economics of major crop rotations and (iii) to identify the constraints faced by the farmers in different crop rotations. The study was based on primary as well as secondary data. Primary data was collected from the a sample of 45 farmers in Rudrapur block of the district. The secondary data for area, production an productivity was procured for years 1992-92 to 1999-2000. The results of the study reveal that area under most of the crops had decreased during the study period while it increased in pea and sunflower only. Thus large part of the area forgone by crops had been shifted to non agricultural activities. The production of most of the crops had decreased. The productivity increased significantly in barley, wheat, masoor and sugarcane. The most profitable crop rotation on small and medium farms was paddy-pea-sugarcane-ratoon-wheat (Rs. 5673 and Rs. 7930, respectively) and on large farms was paddy-pea-summer rice (Rs. 22,377). Various constraints were identified by the farmers relating to technological, institutional, infrastructural and socio-economic fields. The constraint faced by the farmers in sugarcane based rotations was the problem of late payment of the produce. The findings of the study are expected to be helpful in designing appropriate strategies for promoting profit generating crop rotations and identifying important intervention programmes so that the Udham Singh Nagar district continues to add substantially to the economy of the Uttaranchal State.ThesisItem Open Access Crop geometry and weed management practices in aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-07) Kaushik, Vasundhara; Singh, S.P.A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2017 at of N.E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) to evaluate “Crop Geometry and Weed Management Practices in aerobic Rice”. The experiment was aimed to optimize row spacing vis weed management in aerobic rice and the impact of treatments on weed and crop growth and ultimately on yield of crop. The soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam having organic carbon (0.84 %), available nitrogen (180.2 kg/ha), available phosphorous (18.2 kg/ha) and potassium (210.5 kg/ha). Rice variety: “Pant dhan 18” was sown on June 9th 2017 and harvested on 12 Oct 2017. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four replications to evaluate twelve treatments (three row spacing in the main- plot 20cm, 25cm and 30cm and four weed management practices in sub-plots i.e. weedy check, Preemergence application of pendimethalin 1000 kg fb post-emergence penoxsulam 22.5g/ha, post-emergence application of cyhalofop-butyl 150 g/ha and weed free). Echinochloa colona , Cyperus iria, Cyperus difformis , Alternanthera sessilis were the major weeds recorded in the experimental plot. Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 1000 kg/ha fb penoxsulam 22.5 g/ha along with the row spacing of 25 cm was found most effective in reducing the density as well as the dry matter accumulation of weeds as compared to the sole application of the post-emergence herbicide cyhalofop-butyl + penoxsulam 150 g/ha and rest of the treatment. The yield and yield attributing characters were influenced according to the effectiveness of the treatments. Among the different row spacing 25cm spacing recorded the highest the grain yield (4.2t/ha) followed by the 20cm row spacing (4.0t/ha) while among the weed management practices sequential application of pendimethalin 1000 kg/ha applied as pre fb post-emergence application of penoxsulam 22.5 g/ha recorded highest grain yield (4.4 t/ha) fb the cyhalofop-butyl + penoxsulam 150 g/ha applied as post-emergence (4.3t/ha). The highest benefit cost ratio was recorded in pre and post emergence application of pendimethalin 1000 kg/ha and penoxsulam 22.5 g/ha followed by the post –emergence application of cyhalofopbutyl + penoxsulam 150 g/ha which suggest that sequential application of pre and post- emergence herbicide along with the 25cm row spacing was found to be effective in controlling the weeds and also give higher yield under aerobic rice.ThesisItem Open Access Detection and quantification of endosulfan and chlorpyrifos residues in buffalo meat, using high performance liquid chromatography(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-01) Pradeep Kumar; Singh, S.P.In the present study, methods for the extraction, cleanup, detection and quantification of endosulfan and chlorpyrifos residues from buffalo meat tissues (muscle and liver) were standardized. As many as 556 buffalo tissue (muscle and liver) samples collected from various locations of Uttaranchal and Bareilly of Uttar Pradesh were analyzed for the presence of endosulfan and chlorpyrifos residues. The endosulfan and chlorpyrifos residues were extracted by treating with acetonitirile followed by liquid-liquid partition with sodium sulfate solution (2.5%):dichloromethane. The extracts obtained were cleaned up by performing adsorption chromatography on alumina column. The detection and quantification of these residues was carried out with the help of High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Forty four (7.91%) out of 556(8.6% muscle and 7.08% liver) tissues were detected positive for endosulfan α residues. Out of these, 42 tissue samples (7.55% of the total samples) violated the prescribed limits given by CODEX. Twenty three (4.13%) of the total tissue samples (4.96% of 302 muscle and 3.14% of 254 liver) were detected positive for endosulfan β residues. Out of these, 21 tissue samples (3.77% of the total samples) were found to contain the residues above the MRL (CODEX). Fifty six (10.07%) of the total tissue samples (11.58% of 302 muscle and 8.26% of 254 liver) were detected positive for endosulfan sulfate residues. Out of these, 43 tissue samples (7.73% of the total samples) violated the limits prescribed by CODEX. The mean residual concentration estimated was 0.954960.04146, 2.930940.17633 and 0.574960.0464μg/g for endosulfan α, endosulfan β and endosulfan sulfate, respectively. Chlorpyrifos residues were detected in 41 (7.37%) of 556 tissue samples (5.96% of 302 muscle and 9.05% of liver) analyzed with the mean residual concentration of 0.28561000.02617μg/g. Of these 4 (0.71% of the total samples) tissue samples from Haldwani slaughter house violated the prescribed limits given by CODEX. However, 20 (3.59% of the total samples) tissue samples violated the Indian standard.