Browsing by Author "SREENU, MAKKENA"
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ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON DIAGNOSIS OF CARDIAC DISEASES IN DOGS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RADIOGRAPHY(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2022-05) ANJANA PRASAD; DEVI PRASAD, V(MAJOR); SREENU, MAKKENA; SRINIVAS, MANDA; CHAITANYA, YThe present work entitled “Clinical Studies on Diagnosis of Cardiac Diseases in Dogs with special reference to Radiography” was carried out on 42 dogs. In the present study, a prevalence of 1.38% of cardiac diseases was recorded, with highest in Labrador Retriever, Spitz, German Shepherd, Pug, Mongrel, Great Dane, Beagle, Boxer, Dachshund and Shih Tzu breeds; geriatric group; intact male and obese dogs. A majority of the dogs exhibited exercise intolerance followed by anorexia, dyspnoea, nocturnal cough, weakness, ascites, weight loss, pedal oedema, persistent cough, cyanosis and syncope. The findings of chest auscultation included murmurs, arrhythmia, caudally displaced PMI, frictional rubs, and muffled heart sounds. In the present study, the blood picture revealed anemia in 20 dogs diagnosed through less values of TEC, Hb and PCV; and neutrophilic leucocytosis. Hypoproteinaemia and hypoalbuminemia were observed in 7 dogs (16.67%). Elevated levels of ALT and AST were observed in 11 and 10 dogs respectively. BUN levels were found elevated in seven dogs. The CRP concentrations were found normal in all the dogs under study. The mean ± SE of cardiac Troponin I obtained by quantitative method in 20 out of 42 dogs was, 104 ± 7.19 ng/ml with a range of 45- 214 ng/ml. All the dogs with elevated levels of cTnI concentration had cardiac diseases. The mean ± SE VHS values of 37 dogs in the present study were 13.05 ± 0.13 ranging from 12.0- 16.8 on right lateral view of thorax respectively and there was no difference between right/left lateral radiographs or VD/DV radiographs for computing VHS. The Mean ± SE CTR values of 37 dogs in the present study was 59.69 ± 0.93, on VD view of thorax with a range of 54.10- 82.1%. All the 37 dogs were found to have elevated values suggesting cardiomegaly, considering a cut off value of 50%. CSI could detect cardiomegaly only in 26 out of 37 dogs (70.27%). Short Axis- MHS could detect cardiomegaly in 28 out of 37 dogs (75.68%) and is considered more sensitive than long axis and overall MHS. Out of 37, VLAS was found higher in 23 dogs and the remaining 14 had normal values out of which,12 dogs were diagnosed to have MVR while 11 had both MVR and DCM. RLAD was found higher in 26 dogs and the remaining 11 had normal values. Among the former (26), 15 dogs were diagnosed to have MVR while 11 had both MVR and DCM. The apex of the heart was found to have contact with greater than three sternebrae in 6 (16.22%) and less than three sternebrae in 31, out of 37 dogs (83.78%). The greatest width of the cardiac silhouette was circumpassed by 3.5 intercoastal spaces in 16 out of 37 dogs (43.24%), less than 3.5 in 21 out of 37 dogs (56.67%). The trachea was approximating the thoracic spine in 8 dogs (19.05%), parallel to the thoracic spine in 23 dogs (54.76%) and mildly elevated in 11 dogs (26.19%). On correlation with findings of ECG with echocardiography, in MVD, arrythmia, ST depression, short QRS complex were recorded; in DCM, peak QRS complex, peak P- wave, atrial fibrillation, ST depression and ST elevation were recorded; in PE, short QRS complex, T wave greater than one- fourth the QRS complex and electrical alternans were recorded. During echocardiography, in the present study, 15 out of 42 dogs had mitral valve regurgitation characterised by increased LA/Ao ratio in the range of 1.6- 2.13 mm. Seven out of 42 dogs had DCM characterised by increased EPSS ranging from 9- 16 mm, decreased FS ranging from 19.9- 23.1 and decreased EF ranging from 46.9- 56.3. Five out of 42 dogs had pericardial effusion characterised by an anechoic space around the heart. In the present study, 27 out of 42 (64.29%) were detected to have valvular regurgitation, which was diagnosed by the characteristic mosaic appearance due to turbulent flow of blood resulting from valvular insufficiency at the mitral, tricuspid and aortic valves. Thus, in the present study it can be concluded that, for detecting cardiac disorders in dogs right lateral and ventro-dorsal thoracic radiographs provided excellent information to objectively express the disease condition, and to provide a clue to proceed further in confirming the disease by other modalities.ThesisItem Unknown CLINICAL STUDIES ON STRING OF PEARLS PLATING AND POSITIVE PROFILE END THREADED INTRAMEDULLARY PINNING FOR LONG BONE DISTAL THIRD DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURES IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-09) SWATHI, B; RAGHUNATH, M(MAJOR); SREENU, MAKKENA; SRINIVAS, MANDAThe present study was conducted on eighteen clinical cases with long bone distal third diaphyseal fractures in dogs to study the use of two internal fixation techniques namely String of Pearls plating and Positive Profile, End Threaded, Self tapping, Intramedullary pinning including postoperative fracture healing and implant related complications pertaining to these techniques. History, signalment, clinical evaluation, haematological, biochemical and radiographic evaluation and clinical outcome were recorded in all the cases. The animals were randomly divided into 2 groups. In Group I (n=8), the fractures were stabilized by String of Pearls plating and in Group II (n=10), the fractures were stabilized by Positive, Profile, End Threaded, Self-tapping, intramedullary pinning. In group I, the toe and paw touching on the ground was observed as early as 2nd to 5th postoperative day in majority of the dogs and normal limb usage by 10th postoperative day. In group II, the toe and paw touching on the ground was observed as early as 2nd to 5th postoperative day in majority of the dogs and normal limb usage by 15th postoperative day. In group I, there were no implant related complications but dogs 3, 6 and 8 showed non union of fractures where as in Group II, the only implant related complication was of dog 7, which showed proximal migration of implant observed on 90th post operative day radiograph but with satisfactory clinical outcome. In Group I, 90th post operative radiographs of dogs 1, 2, 4, 5 and 7 showed completion of fracture healing with minimal callus at fracture site and with no evidence of fracture line. In Group II, the 90th postoperative day radiographs of all the dogs revealed evidence of bridging callus formation, absence of fracture line, cortical and medullary continuity of the fracture site. Based on weight bearing patterns and radiographic evaluation of fracture healing the clinical outcome was excellent in five cases, satisfactory in one case and poor in two cases of group I and in group II, the clinical outcome was excellent in seven cases, good in one case and satisfactory in two cases. String of Pearls plating has no implant related complications and PPETST intramedullary pinning had less implant related complications with no adverse effects on fracture healing.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON URINARY OBSTRUCTION AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN BULL CALVES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-05) CHINTAIAH, J; RAGHUNATH, M(MAJOR); SREENU, MAKKENA; SRINIVAS, MANDAThe present study was conducted on 24 clinical cases of male calves presented with urinary retention to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology. The overall incidence of urinary retention in young calves during the study period was 5.74% with cattle calves having higher incidence (62.5%) than buffalo calves (37.5%). Signalment and history was collected, physiological parameters and haematobiochemical parameters were evaluated, imaging procedures and urinalysis were done preoperatively in all the calves. Based on the clinical manifestation, the calves were divided into three groups as group I (n=6) calves with intact bladder were included, Group II (n=12) calves with ruptured bladder were included and group III (n=6) calves with urethral rupture were included. Preoperatively, neutrophilic leucocytosis, highly elevated BUN and creatinine and hyperphosphatemia along with high alkalinity of urine was observed in all the cases All calves were operated under light sedation of Midazolam and Ketamine in addition to local infilteration anaesthesia. Tube cystotomy was done in calves of all the three groups along with cystorrhaphy in calves of group II. Calves of group I and II showed normal urination through urethra by 4 – 45th post operative day with normal physiological and hematobiochemical values and urinary pH within the normal range. Calves of Group III showed extensive discolouration, necrosis and gangrene at the site of urine infiltration and majority were culled by the owners. Tube cystotomy along with urinary acidifier in the form of Ammonium chloride proved to be an effective surgical procedure which is less time consuming, cost effective, adaptable to field conditions with few postoperative complications. Factors like high BUN and creatinine values, high alkalinity of urine and urethral rupture are considered as poor prognostic factors in urinary retention cases.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO – DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON OTITIS IN BUFFALOES(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2010-11) LAKSHMI RANI, N; NALINI KUMARI, K (Maqjor); SYAAMA SUNDAR, N; SURESH KUMAR, R.V; SREENU, MAKKENA; ANAND KUMAR, PABSTRACT: On screening of 2807 buffaloes presented at the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Service Complex, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram during the period between January 2009 to July 2010, the incidence of otitis accounted for 4.31 per cent. Of the affected animals 62.80% exhibited unilateral otitis and 37.19% showed bilateral otitis. The incidence of otitis at Agrigold dairy farm, Keesara and Buffalo Research station, Venkata Ramannagudem was recorded as 1.61% and 3.48% respectively. Highest number of cases of otitis were observed in buffaloes of above 3 years of age group (76.86%) and in the winter season (43.80%). The main clinical signs observed in animals with otitis included aural discharge, inspissated pus, excess cerumen, inflammatory changes of pinna, head shaking, otalgia, enlarged lymph nodes, drooping, nodules on the pinna, head tilt and facial paralysis. Few affected animals showed cough, nasal discharge, elevated body temperature, drop in milk yield, emaciation, anorexia and skin lesions. The percent incidence of otitis externa and media was 95.04% and 4.96% respectively. A total of 166 ears from 121 buffaloes were screened for the presence of parasites. The etiological agents identified were parasites (70.48%), bacteria (66.27%) and yeast (62.05%). Among the parasites Railletia auris and Stephanofilaria species were identified from 12.5% and 10.00% of healthy ears. In otitis, Stephanofilaria species, Onchocerca species, Rhabditis species and Railletia auris were obtained from 32.47%, 5.98%, 5.13% and 40.17% of ears respectively. Roll swab cytology revealed the presence of Malassezia in healthy and otitic ears as 47.50% and 50.60% respectively. But in diseased ears cytology revealed Malassezial overgrowth and neutrophilia. The predominant bacteria found in healthy ears were Staphylococcus species (76.20%). Cultural examination revealed isolation of 137 isolates from otitic ears of which Staphylococcus species, Pseudomonas species and Proteus species accounted for 33.57, 26.27 and 16.79 percent respectively. Other bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli (11.68%), Klebsiella species (5.84%), Micrococci species (3.65%) and Pasteurella species (2.19%). Malassezia was isolated from 47.50% of healthy ears and 59.04% of otitic ears. Whereas Candida and Aspergillus were obtained from 6.02% and 4.22% of otitic ears respectively. Otitic animals exhibited neutrophilia, eosinophilia and reduced hemoglobin levels when compared to healthy animals. The video-otoscopic findings of 28 animals included unilateral otitis (16 animals), bilateral otitis (12 animals), purulent secretions (34 ears), encrusted exudates (6 ears), ulcerations (21 ears), hyperplastic epithelium (8 ears), meatus stenosis (3 ears) mites (19 ears) and rupture of tympanic membrane in 2 ears. A molecular study of Malassezia isolated from 23 otitic ears and 5 healthy ears through PCR assay revealed M. sympodialis by yielding a product of approximately 580bp size specific for 26S r DNA gene sequence. Enrofloxacin was sensitive in 90.24% of otic samples while clotrimazole in 87.69% of samples. Therapeutic trials were undertaken based on etiology and the animals were divided into 6 groups. It was found that ivermectin (G I a) was 100% effective than closantel (G I b) in treating parasitic otitis. The percent recovery was more in G I a (100% G I a vs 44.44% G I b) with a comparatively less time taken for recovery (recovery rate of 37.5% on 7th day in G I a vs 0 % in G I b). Therapy with ivermectin and enrofloxacin along with or without meloxicam was effective in otitis with parasites and bacteria. However, comparatively better and quick recovery rate was noticed when meloxicam was included. In otitic buffaloes with parasites and yeast, ivermectin and clotrimazole (G III b) was more effective than ivermectin in combination with povidone iodine (G III a). The percent cure was more in G III b vs G III a (100% vs 81.81%) with a comparatively quick recovery (55.56%-7th day, 33.33%-14th day, 11.11%-21st day vs 36.36%-7th day, 27.28%-14th day, 18.18%-21st day). Higher recovery rate was achieved with ivermectin, enrofloxacin, meloxicam and clotrimazole (G IV b) (81.82%) in otitis due to parasite, bacteria and yeast than when povidone iodine (G IV a) was used in place of clotrimazole (66.67%). Bacterial otitis had 100% recovery upon therapy with enrofloxacin and meloxicam while the recovery rate was 83.33% and 66.67% when treated In otitis with bacteria and yeast involvement, both clotrimazole (84.62%) and povidone iodine (83.33%) were effective. It is concluded that parasitic otitis is more common especially with mite infestation. Malassezial overgrowth was also recorded in high percentage of otitic cases. Cytology was a simple, quick and informative diagnostic tool while video-otoscopy revealed more details of the ear. Malassezia sympodialis was detected by PCR studies. Ivermectin and enrofloxacin had superior efficacy in otitis due to parasites and bacteria. During Malassezial involvement though clotrimazole was relatively superior, povidone iodine also exhibited efficacy and was cheaper. Anti-inflammatory agent in the therapeutic regimens hastened the recovery rate.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON RENAL DISEASE IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-12) CHAITANYA, YALAVARTHI; LAKSHMI RANI, N (MAJOR); VAIKUNTA RAO, V; RAVI KUMAR, P; SREENU, MAKKENADuring the study period of two years, the occurrence of renal diseases in dogs accounted up to 3.40 per cent in. Among the affected dogs, 18.24 per cent suffered with acute kidney injury, whereas 81.76 per cent were of chronic kidney disease. Kidney diseases were more prevalent in male dogs, aged above 8 years and the occurrence was more in Pomeranian (30.82%). In the affected dogs, the clinical presentation varied from asymptomatic to typical clinical signs. Detailed haemato- biochemical examination and imaging studies performed in 128 dogs revealed that, 25 dogs were affected with AKI and 103 dogs had CKD. The dogs with CKD were further categorized into four stages based on SDMA values as stage I, II, III and IV. The SDMA values in the affected dogs ranged from 14 to 152 μg/dL. Sub staging of CKD dogs was done based on UPC and Blood pressure. Significant difference (P0.05) was noticed in mean values of PI and RI in acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease stage I and II with the healthy control while the same in chronic kidney disease stage III and IV varied significantly (P0.05) was noticed in mean values of LA/Ao and M mode echocardiographic findings in dogs with acute kidney injury which varied significantly (P<0.05) in chronic kidney disease. Therapy was initiated in dogs with kidney diseases by using herbal antioxidant, diuretic, phosphate binders, antibiotics, diuretic, ACE inhibitors, nutritional therapy, haematinics, fluid therapy along with specific treatment and were monitored for a period of 3 months. The survival percentage of dogs with acute kidney injury (Group I) was 84.00% per cent (21/25). The survival percentage was 100.00 per cent in Group IIa (17/17) and IIb (15/15) i.e., chronic kidney disease stage I and stage II, where as it was 80.00 per cent (20/25) in CKD stage III (Group IIc) and 56.00 per cent (26/46) in chronic kidney disease stage IV (Group IId). Significant difference (p<0.05) was recorded in the SDMA/creatinine ratio(9.20±0.18 in survivors vs 12.07 ± 0.42 in non survivors, BUN ( 82.53±1.84 mg/dL vs 148.62±12.82mg/dL), product of calcium and phosphorus(58.22±2.02 vs 89.32±1.92), sodium to potassium ratio (39.42±1.02 vs 48.93±1.32) , UPC (1.92±0.22 vs 3.86±0.52 ) and resistive index (0.62±0.56 vs 0.74±0.24) between survivors and non survivorsThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON TRYPANOSOMOSIS IN BUFFALOES IN CERTAIN PARTS OF ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI – 517 502. (A.P) INDIA, 2011-10) SRINIVASULU, VEERLA; SYAAMA SUNDAR, N(MAJOR); SURESH, K; SREENU, MAKKENA; SREEDEVI, CABSTRACT: The present study was undertaken to study the prevalence, clinical symptoms , haemato biochemical changes and therapeutic regimen of trypanosomosis in buffaloes in and around Krishna District during December 2010 to August 2011. Out of 480 suspected buffaloes by wet film, buffy coat and Leishmans smear the prevalence was found to be 9.38 per cent. Highest prevalence was recorded during the month of December due to high vector population.Trypanosomosis affected buffaloes exhibited general symptoms like intermittent fever, weakness, gradual loss of condition, reduced appetite, drop in milk yield in lactating animals, congestion of conjunctival mucosa, swelling of throat, head pressing /circling and abortions in pregnant animals.There was significantly decrease (P<0.01) in packed cell volume, haemoglobin and total erythrocyte count when compared to healthy control.Biochemical profile in trypanosomosis affected buffaloes revealed significantly by (P<0.01) reduction in serum glucose, total serum protein and increase in bilirubin compared to healthy control group.Clinico – haematological and biochemical studies were also conducted before and after therapy with Isometamidium chloride, Diminazine aceturate and Quinapyramine sulphate and chloride. For therapeutic studies 45 trypanosomosis positive buffaloes were selected and randomly divided into three groups (Group I, II and III) with 15 animals in each group. Fifteen apparently healthy buffaloes served as healthy control (Group – IV). Buffaloes in Group – I were treated with isometamidium chloride single I/M injection @ 0.5 mg/kg.b.wt. Group-II, buffaloes were treated with diminazine aceturate deep I/M injection @ 8.0 mg/kg b.wt, while in Group – III buffaloes were administered with quinapyramine sulphate and chloride S/C @ 4.4 mg/kg b.wt. in a single dose.Inj.Tribivet, 25% dextrose and an anti-inflammatory drug inj. Melonex were given to all the three groups uniformly as supportive therapy.The efficacy of each drug was judged on the basis of period required for disappearance of parasites, clinical recovery and improvement in haematobiochemical parameters and occurrence of relapses following medication. Therapeutic evaluation at a glance revealed that buffaloes treated with isometamidium chloride, diminazine aceturate and quinapyramine sulphate and chloride recovered in a mean period of 6.50 ± 0.64; 8.50 ± 0.64 and 5.66 ± 0.33 days respectively. Hence use of quinapyramine sulphate and chloride and isometamidium chloride is recommended to treat this disease under field conditions.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ISOFLURANE AND SEVOFLURANE IN ATROPINE AND BUPRENORPHINE PREMEDICATED AND PROPOFOL INDUCED BITCHES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-11) NANDA KISHORE, J; HARI KRISHNA, N.V.V. (MAJOR); SREENU, MAKKENA; NAGAMALLIESWARI, YThe purpose of this study was to assess the comparative clinical efficacy of isoflurane and sevoflurane inhalant anaesthesia in clinical cases of dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. In both the groups, atropine sulphate and buprenorphine were administered @ 0.04mg/Kg b.wt and 0.03mg/Kg b.wt. before 20 and 15 min. of induction respectively and anaesthesia was induced with propofol @ 4 mg/Kg b.wt. IV. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in group I and in group II with sevoflurane. During anaesthesia, both groups showed significant decrease in rectal temperature and respiratory rate. Heart rate showed no significant change in both the groups. Sevoflurane group showed lower arterial blood pressure than isoflurane group. In both the groups, prolongation of QT interval, elevation in the T wave amplitude was observed. No arrhythmias were observed in both the groups. Haemoglobin, PCV and TEC values showed no significant change and TLC values showed significant decrease in both the groups. In DLC, significant changes were observed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. Serum creatinine and BUN were significantly decreased in both the groups. The ALT and AST values were within normal physiological range. Slight acidosis i. e. decreased PH was observed in both the groups from 20 min. to 50 min. of maintenance anaesthesia. In both the groups, the PaO2 levels were increased by 4-5 times the normal value during entire period of maintenance anaesthesia. There was no significant change in PaCO2 and TCO2 values. No significant change in Na+, K+, Cl-, iCa++ and HCO3 - was observed. No nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity was observed in either of the groups in the present study. In group-I animals, the mean duration of extubation time, sitting time and complete recovery of animal were 8.73 ± 0.34, 16.13 ± 0.23 and 21.97 ± 0.43 min. respectively. In group-II animals, the mean duration of extubation time, sitting time and complete recovery of animal were 5.10 ± 0.24, 9.37 ± 0.23 and 15.47 ± 0.17 min. respectively. Regaining of the reflexes in group-II was faster than group-I. Both isoflurane and sevoflurane provided excellent anaesthesia and recovery characteristics, however, sevoflurane had faster recovery compared to isoflurane.ThesisItem Open Access DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF ANTERIOR SEGMENTAL OCULAR AFFECTIONS IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2021-07) RAJESH BABU, KUNCHE; RAMBABU, K (MAJOR); SREENU, MAKKENA; SADASIVA RAO, KThe present investigation was carried out to study diagnosis and management of anterior segmental ocular affections in dogs. Out of a total of 2042 surgical cases, 4.5 per cent (92) of anterior segmental ocular affections over a period of 13 months from December 2019 to January 2021 were reported in dogs. Methodical physical, clinical and ophthalmological and other investigations were carried out to diagnose extra ocular affections. Anterior segment ocular affections in dogs were examined and classified under i.e. periocular, eyelids, third eyelid, conjunctiva, sclera, cornea, anterior chamber and iris affections in dogs were diagnosed by detailed ophthalmic examination i.e Schirmer tear test, Fluorescein dye test, Rose Bengal test, Tonometry, Ophthalmoscopy, Slit lamp bio-microscope and B-mode ocular ultrasound methods. In the study highest incidence was recorded in ND 0.83 per cent followed by Rottweiler 0.69 per cent, Pug 0.63 per cent. Gender wise incidence was higher in males i.e., 63.04 per cent compared to females 36.96 per cent. The anatomical location wise distribution of anterior segmental ocular affections in dogs highest incidence recorded in Eyelids 22.82 per cent. Among the periocular affections, the highest percentages of incidence are proptosis and purulent discharges 28.57 per cent of each respectively. Among various eyelid affections, highest percentage of incidence was Entropion 28.57 percent. In third eyelid affections, highest percentage of incidence was Cherry eye 75.00 per cent. Among various conjunctiva affections, highest percentage of incidence was purulent conjunctivitis 44.44 per cent. Among sclera affections, equal incidence was found in episcleral congestion and limbal melanoma 50.00 percent of each. Among corneal affections highest incidence was corneal ulcer 50.00 per cent. Among various anterior chamber affections, equal incidence was found in Hyphaema and Glaucoma 50.00 percent of each. In Iris affections, equal incidence was found in Iris Bombe, Iris prolapse and anterior uveitis 33.33 per cent of each. The age group of zero to three years had the highest incidence of 67.39 per cent. Among the side wise affections, both eyes (OU) 44.56 per cent showed higher incidence than right eye and left eye. Purulent Conjunctivitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis, Corneal Opacity, Chronic Superficial Keratitis/Pannus, Superficial Corneal Ulcer, Descemetocele, Kerato Conjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and Glaucoma with bilateral corneal opacity cases were recorded and treated by medical management. Proptosis, Eyelid Tumor, Eyelid Laceration, Cherry Eyes, Everted T Cartilage, Penetrating Corneal Wound and Deep Corneal Ulcer cases were recorded and treated by surgical management. To diagnose anterior segmental ocular affections in dogs a routine ocular examination and detailed ophthalmic examination, were carried out and the cases were treated effectively by meticulous preparation of the patient and medical management and good surgical techniques or both appropriately for successful recovery.ThesisItem Open Access DYSTOCIA INDUCED BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS IN EWES (Ovis aries)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2022-08) PREETHI, J; PRABHAKAR RAO, K(MAJOR); SRINIVAS, MANDA; SREENU, MAKKENAThe present study was undertaken in dystocia affected ewes, which were presented to the Obstetrical unit, Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics. Detailed obstetrical examinations were performed in referral dystocia cases of ewes (n=84) and the incidences of maternal and fetal dystocia were recorded and analysed. Further, biochemical and oxidative parameters were recorded and compared between dystocia affected (Group 1, n=6) and normally lambed (Group 2, n=6) ewes at presentation (0 hrs) and after treatment (24 hrs). The incidences of maternal and fetal dystocia in the present study were 64.29% and 35.71%, respectively among the cases presented between January 2020 to December 2021. Uterine torsion was the most common maternal cause of dystocia, accounting for an incidence of 70.38% among all the maternal dystocia cases with an overall incidence of 45.24% among all the dystocia cases. Higher numbers of pluriparous ewes (63.15%) presented to the referral center at 24-36 hrs after existence suffered from right sided uterine torsion (84.22%) and delivered higher number of male fetuses (73.68%) in anterior longitudinal presentation (84.21%) and dorso-sacral to dorso-ilial position. Fetal dystocia (35.72%) also occurred more frequently in pluriparous ewes (66.67%) and higher percentage of fetuses were in anterior longitudinal presentation (86.66%) with limb flexions and most of them were dead (80.00%). Biochemical parameters recorded in the present study revealed that the activity of ALT (IU/L) was significantly (P≤0.01) higher, whereas AST (IU/L) was non-significantly higher in dystocia affected ewes when compared to the eutocia ewes at the time of presentation (0 hrs). Significant (P≤0.05) decrease in the total protein, albumin and globulin concentration in dystocia affected ewes were observed when compared with the eutocia ewes at the time of presentation (0 hrs). While, a non-significant difference (P>0.05) was observed in the levels of mean albumin to globulin ratio in dystocia affected and normally lambed ewes. Oxidative stress parameters recorded in the present study revealed that MDA activity was increased in dystocia affected ewes, whereas SOD and GPx activity were decreased as compared to eutocic ewes. It was concluded that evaluation of ALT, AST, total protein with oxidative parameters (MDA, SOD, GSH-Px) could be used as indicators for the severity of the condition and to predict the prognosis of dystocia. Assessment of oxidative and antioxidant parameters were necessary to initiate emergency care and to attempt early treatment of dystocia to improve the prognosis and for prompt recovery.ThesisItem Open Access GROSS, HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE URINARY SYSTEM OF MALE WISTAR RAT (Rattus norvegicus)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2022-04) SAMANVITHA, NEELA; RAJU, N.K.B. (MAJOR); TOMAR, M.P.S.; SREENU, MAKKENAThe present study was conducted to elucidate the morphology, histology and histochemistry of the urinary system of adult male Wistar rats. Twenty rats were used in the study. The urinary system of Wistar rat comprised of a pair of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and a urethra of which the ureters, urinary bladder and urethra constituted the lower urinary tract. The paired unilobar kidneys were smooth and bean shaped located retroperitoneally with concave medial border and convex lateral border. Each kidney was covered by thin connective tissue capsule with predominant collagen fibres in it. The right kidney weighed more than the left kidney and was placed more cranial in position. The cortex was reddish brown coloured whereas the medulla was lighter coloured and continued by papilla in the sagittal section. The functional unit of the kidney was nephron which included renal corpuscles, proximal and distal convoluted tubules along with descending and ascending limbs of loop of Henle of which the proximal and distal convoluted tubules along with collecting tubules and ascending limb were lined by simple cuboidal epithelium whereas the descending limb was lined by low cuboidal epithelium. The cytoplasm was eosinophilic in all tubules with brush border in proximal convoluted tubules except collecting tubules as it was of basophilic type. The cytoplasm of the renal tubules along with brush border were PAS positive whereas the basement membrane of glomerulus was AB positive. The glomerulus and all the components of renal tubules stained positive with bromophenol blue. The basement membrane of the glomerulus and renal tubules stained intensely with Jones methanamine silver stain. The length of the right ureter was longer than that of the left extended from hilus to the dorsal border of urinary bladder. The apical border of transitional epithelium was positive for AB and bromophenol blue whereas the smooth muscle cells were positive for PAS. The urinary bladder was pear shaped with rounded blind end and narrow neck on either side. The apical border of transitional epithelium was AB and bromophenol blue positive whereas the smooth muscle cells were PAS positive. The urethra was divided into two parts i.e., pelvic urethra and penile urethra. Pelvic urethra was fibromuscular and tubular organ extended from the urinary bladder till the pelvic girdle and continued as penile urethra in the ventral furrow of ospenis. The epithelium was of transitional type near the dorsal neck of bladder and transitioned into pseudostratified columnar type in posterior half of the pelvic urethra and continued as transitional type in the penile urethra. PAS positive diffused littre or periurethral mucous glands were observed in both dorsal and ventral view in the lamina propria. The periurethral or littre glands in the lamina propria of pelvic urethra were PAS positive with AB positive granules in it. The coagulum in the lumen was positive for bromophenol blue.ThesisItem Open Access HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE STOMACH OF ALBINO RAT (Rattus norvegicus)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI – 517 502. (A.P) INDIA, 2011-09) SATYA SAI CHANDANA, GADULA; KISHORE, P V S (Major); RAJU, N. K. B; SREENU, MAKKENA; SRINIVASA RAO, GABSTRACT : The present work was undertaken to study the normal light microscopic structure, ultrastructure and histochemistry of the stomach of the Albino rat to form a baseline for interpretation of the changes brought about by the drugs upon testing. The tissue pieces were obtained from the oesophageo-gastric junction, non glandular region, limiting ridge, glandular region and the pyloric-duodenal junction of the stomach. The ‘C’ shaped stomach of rat located in the left cranial part of the abdominal cavity was divided into the larger nonglandular and smaller glandular regions separated by a limiting ridge. The nonglandular region served as a reservoir, the limiting ridge prevented reflux of ingesta into the oesophagus and the glandular region aided in digestion. Its wall was composed of four tunics: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa. The mucosa of glandular stomach comprised the cardiac, fundic and pyloric regions based on the nature of glands observed. In the cardiac region the glands were branched tubular coiled and composed almost entirely of mucous secreting cells along with a few chief cells. In the fundic region the proper gastric (fundic) glands were simple tubular and longer than the cardiac glands. Structurally and functionally four distinct cell types comprised the secretory epithelium of the proper gastric glands: mucous cells, chief cells, parietal cells and endocrine cells. In the pyloric region the glands were branched coiled tubular glands several of which opened into each of the deep pyloric pits. The predominant cell was mucous-secreting. At the pyloric duodenal junction muscle layers were thickened to form the pyloric sphincter. A mild Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) positive reaction was observed in all the tunics of nonglandular region except the epithelium. In the glandular region a strong PAS positive reaction was observed in the mucous cells. The remaining tunics showed a mild to moderate reaction. Surface mucous cells and mucous neck cells showed a positive reaction for acid mucopolysaccharides. The reaction for proteins was very weak in all the regions of the stomach. In the nonglandular region a faint reaction for lipids was observed in the superficial layers of epithelium. In the glandular region, the reaction was observed in the tunica submucosa. Fine isolated granules of lipids were observed in all the other tunics except epithelium. A strong acid phosphatase activity was observed only in the epithelial cells of the non glandular region. The alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in the epithelium of nonglandular and limiting ridge regions. In the glandular mucosa, the activity in the parietal cells was strong. In the nonglandular region, a strong succinic dehydrogenase activity was observed in the basal layers of epithelium. In the glandular mucosa, a strong reaction was observed in the parietal and mucous neck cells. Chief cells showed moderate activity.ThesisItem Open Access HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE COAGULATING AND PREPUTIAL GLANDS OF ALBINO RAT (Rattus norvegicus)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI – 517 502. (A.P) INDIA, 2013-11) BINDU, MOTUPALLI; KISHORE, P V S (Major); RAJU, N. K. B; SREENU, MAKKENA; NAGA MALLESWARI, YABSTRACT : The study was undertaken on the light microscopic and ultra structure of the coagulating and preputial glands. These were the two additional paired male accessory sex glands in the rat. For this study 10 albino rats were used. The coagulating glands of either side were located along the inner curvature of the seminal vesicles. Each gland formed a single narrow duct that opened into the urethra alongside the duct of the seminal vesicle. The gland was compound tubular. The secretory units and the ducts were lined by simple cuboidal or low columnar epithelium which projected into the lumen and formed folds inside the compartments. The mode of secretion was both merocrine and apocrine. Ultrastructural study revealed secretory cells of different electron density. The cytoplasm also contained the secretory granules and the vacuoles of different sizes towards the luminal side which showed the surface microvilli. A weak PAS positive reaction was observed in the gland. A positive reaction for proteins was observed in the cytoplasm of the secretory cells and in the luminal fluid. No reaction for lipids was observed. A mild acid phosphatase activity was observed in the secretory cells located peripherally. A very weak alkaline phosphatase activity was observed towards the luminal side in the epithelial cells of the secretory units and the ducts. The preputial glands were small and elongated flask shaped structures on either side of the penis in the male. They were compound alveolar glands of the holocrine type. Each acinus increased in size with the continued storage of fatty substances. Small , rounded acini with a layer of flattened peripheral cells, enlarged acini composed of hypertrophied, vacuolated cells and acini with cellular degeneration and a distinct lumen, several of which fused to form large masses of disintegrating cells were also observed. The above states of activity represented the cycle of sebum formation. The gland was not associated with the hair follicle. The main excretory duct emptied into the area between the inner surface of the prepuce and glans penis. Ultrastructural study revealed cells of different sizes in different phases of secretory activity. The cytoplasm contained several small secretory granules and small to large lipid droplets. Well developed endoplasmic reticulum along with numerous golgi complexes were observed. The large cells had spherical nuclei with evenly dispersed euchromatin along with peripheral heterochromatin. A PAS positive reaction was observed in most regions of the gland. It showed only a slight decrease in reactivity but remained almost similar upon treatment with saliva. Fine protein granules were observed in the smaller acinar cells and large sized granules were observed in the central acinar cells approaching degeneration. Abundant lipid droplets were observed throughout the acinar cells. A mild acid phosphatase activity was observed in some of the acinar cells. A weak alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in the secretory acini that were in active phase of secretion.ThesisItem Open Access OTOGENESIS IN THE FETUS OF SHEEP (Ovis aries)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-10) KARUNA SRI, VADDI; NAGAMALLESWARI, YAMANI(MAJOR); RAJU, N.K.B.; SREENU, MAKKENA; RAMANI PUSHPA, R.N.The present study was undertaken to elucidate the developmental changes in ear. The study was conducted on 60 embryos and fetuses of Nellore sheep between 22 to 145 gestational days. Morphogenesis revealed that five aural hillocks appeared at 23 days fused to form the pinna later. External acoustic meatus (EAM) appeared first at 24 days. Hairs were apparent on EAM by 126 days. Pinna was pendulous and elongated at 145 days. Tympanic cavity presented three tiny ossicles malleus, incus and stapes at the epitympanic region by 63 days. Rostral process of malleus and Lenticular bone were absent in sheep. The ossified part of tympanic ring appeared in semi lunar shape by 55 days. Ossification initiated in vestibule and cochlea by 70 days. Histogenesis revealed small cone shaped pinna at 24 days. Pharyngeal cleft modified into EAM by 39 days and canalized by 49 days. Epithelium of pinna was keratinized at 99 days. The meatal plug appeared first in 24 day embryos and formed primary external auditory canal (EAC) between 31 to 39 days. The ceruminous and sebaceous glands were first identified by 80 days. Middle fibrous layer of ear drum was formed at 126 days. Tympanic membrane appeared trilaminar and EAC was completely canalized by 140 days. Meckel’s and Reichert’s cartilages developed as mesenchymal condensation by 23 days. The distal part of Meckel’s cartilage modified into malleus and incus. Blastemal cells of Reichert’s cartilage modified as stapes. Tubo tympanic recess (TTR) differentiated between 24 to 27 days. Ossification initiated in malleus, incus and stapes at 63, 78 and 80 days respectively. Incudo-malleal and incudo-stapedial joints were established as diarthrodial joints by 80 and 85 days respectively. Eustachian tube lined by psedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and Meckel’s cartilage disappeared by 85 days. Ossicular ligaments were differentiated at 104 days. The tympanic cavity comprised of fully grown ossified ossicles as adult by 140 days. Otic placode of inner ear differentiated into the otocyst and acoustico-facial ganglion was formed from otocyst by 22 days. Otocyst underwent extensive modification to form semicircular canals, vestibule and cochlea. Endolymphatic duct developed at 23 days. Posterior semicircular duct appeared first than anterior and lateral. The cochlear duct located ventrally within the developing otic capsule during 24 to 27 days. Utriculosaccular chamber (vestibule) differentiated into utricle and saccule with macula utriculi and macula sacculi respectively; Crista ampullaris developed in the ampulla of canal at 31 days. Thickening of epithelium in the cochlear duct formed organ of Corti by 46 days. Cochlea differentiated into scala vestibuli, scala tymapani and scala media at 69 days. The hair cells of organ of Corti matured first in basal turn at 104 days; cochlea was well developed with 21/2 turns indicated the complete inner ear formation as adult in 140 days sheep fetuses.ThesisItem Open Access PLATE OSTEOSYNTHESIS OF LONG BONE FRACTURES USING VETERINARY CUTTABLE PLATES IN YOUNG DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-01) SAI BHAVANI, D; HARI KRISHNA, N.V.V.(MAJOR); SREENU, MAKKENA; VENKATA NAIDU, GThe present study was conducted on clinical cases with radius and tibia fractures in young dogs presented to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram. In the present study, among long bones highest incidence was observed in femur (40.24%) followed by radius and ulna (26.83%), tibia and fibula (25.61%) and humerus (7.32%). Medio-lateral and cranio-caudal radiographs of the fractured bone were taken for confirmatory diagnosis and implant selection. Craniolateral and medial approach were used to expose the fracture fragments of radius and tibia respectively for fracture reduction under ketamine-midazolam induction and isoflurane anaesthesia. The implants were selected according to body weight and bone size. Post-operatively, the dogs were evaluated by clinical, radiographical, lameness grading and serum biochemistry on immediate, 15th, 30th and 60th post-operative days. Primary healing was observed in three cases and secondary healing was observed in three cases. Fracture healing was observed by 30th post-operative day in most of the cases. The dogs regained full limb functionality by 15-30 days postsurgery. All the animals regained normal return to weight bearing early (within one month) with excellent to good limb usage. Elevation in serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase levels was observed upto 15th post-operative day reaching a peak with gradual decline thereafter, whereas no significant variations in serum phosphorous levels were observed. Plate removal was done in all cases on 5-8 weeks post-surgery. No major postoperative complications were observed. To conclude, the VCP used was inexpensive and the EPO technique using VCP was useful for long bone fractures of young dogs making it suitable for use in Veterinary practice and the technique resulted in early weight bearing and good functional limb out come without any complications.ThesisItem Open Access SELECTIVE INDICATORS FOR DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY FOR ENDOMETRITIS IN GRADED MURRAH BUFFALOES (Bubalus bubalis)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2022-06) THANGAMANI, A; SRINIVAS, M(MAJOR); MUTHA RAO, M; SREENU, MAKKENA; ASWANI KUMAR, K; CHANDRASHEKAR REDDY, KThe present research was conducted to identify the selective indicators for diagnosis of endometritis and to evaluate the efficacy of intrauterine immunomodulators (E.coli LPS, Oyster glycogen and autologous Platelet-rich plasma) for the treatment of endometritis (subclinical and clinical) in graded Murrah buffaloes. The characterization of repeat breeding based on affections of reproductive tract in buffaloes (n=130), revealed that most predominant cause of uterine affections was endometritis with an occurrence of 89.80 per cent (88/98). Occurrence of subclinical endometritis based on per rectal examination, appearance of uterine discharge (score), pH, white side test, leucocyte esterase strip test, optical density and uterine discharge cytology (flushing) was 82.95, 63.34, 72.73, 65.91, 78.41, 75.00 and 67.04 per cent, respectively. While, occurrence of clinical endometritis was 17.05, 36.36, 27.27, 34.09, 21.59, 25.00 and 32.95 per cent, respectively. Uterine discharge cytology (flushing technique) by Leishman’s stain and Field’s stain could be effectively used under field conditions for staining of uterine discharge smears. The mean levels of physical characteristics and analytical parameters were significantly (P≤0.05) higher in CE as compared to SCE affected and normal healthy buffaloes. However, the mean levels of physical characteristics and analytical parameters were non-significantly (P>0.05) higher in the uterine discharge of SCE than normal healthy buffaloes. The haematological changes in whole blood sample revealed no significant (P>0.05) variations in the mean Hb (gm%) and PCV (%) concentrations of normal, endometric buffaloes. While, the mean neutrophil and lymphocyte counts (%) were significantly (P≤0.01) higher in endometritis affected buffaloes than normal healthy buffaloes. However, there was no significant difference between the SCE and CE affected buffaloes. Biochemical parameters like, Urea, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase and zinc had a highly significant (P≤0.01) difference between normal and endometritis affected buffaloes. Uterine discharge of buffaloes with greater than 39.78 mg/dl, 144.79 IU/L and 98.12 IU/L of threshold concentrations in urea, ALP and CK, respectively were at a higher risk to be affected with SCE. While, uterine discharges in buffaloes with less than 50.90 mg/dl and 141.27 μg/dl of threshold concentrations in cholesterol and Zn, respectively were at a greater risk to be affected with SCE. Differentially expressed protein profiles of uterine discharge that the mean concentrations of Heat shock protein (HSP-70) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were significantly (P≤0.01) higher in endometritis affected buffaloes than normal healthy buffaloes. However, there was a non-significant (P≥0.05) variation in HSP-70 (ng/ml) between CE and SCE affected buffaloes. On the other hand CRP (mg/L) concentration were significantly (P≤0.05) higher in CE than SCE and it was showed CRP levels an increasing trend with the increase in severity of uterine infections. The differentially expressed protein profile by SDS-PAGE analysis showed a total of 2 different protein bands were recorded with molecular weights ranging between 60 to 70 kilodaltons (kDa) in uterine discharge of normal buffaloes at the time of estrus, whereas 4 different protein bands with molecular weights ranging between 50 to 120 kilodaltons (kDa) in uterine discharge of SCE affected buffaloes. Relative quantification of pro-inflammatory cytokines gene expression (Toll like receptor-4) revealed that buffaloes with SCE showed 1.14 folds up-regulation of TLR-4 mRNA compared to normal buffaloes without SCE. In the present study, intrauterine administration of E.coli LPS (100μg) and Platelet rich plasma (autologous) yielded promising recovery (90.00% and 80.00%) and conception rates (77.77% and 68.75%) in endometritis affected buffaloes as compared to Oyster glycogen treatment (65.00% and 46.15%). In conclusion, therapy with E.coli LPS and Platelet rich plasma (autologous) could be effectively used as an alternative to the traditional use of antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents with better efficacy to resolve the uterine infection (both SCE and CE) by promoting uterine defense mechanism. While, PRP enriched the endometrial layers with the growth factors required for implantation and development of embryo and cured endometritis by its anti-inflammatory properties.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ACELLULAR MATRIX OF SWIM BLADDER FOR OESOPHAGOPLASTY IN RABBITS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI – 517 502. (A.P) INDIA, 2011-09) MAHESH, RAJAPANTULA; SREENU, MAKKENA; SURESH KUMAR, R.V; KISHORE, P.V.SABSTRACT: The present study was carried out to evaluate the acellular matrix of fish swim bladder for cervical oesophagoplasty in rabbits. Histological examination of fresh swim bladder revealed cellularity and collagen in variable amounts. Acellular matrix of swim bladder was prepared by triton X- 100 treatment and evidenced it by H & E staining. Microbiological evaluation of fresh swim bladders revealed non pathogenic cocobacilli and the colony forming units counted were not significant in terms of microbial load. A non significant difference was noticed in the tensile strength of fresh and acellular fish swim bladders. Oesophageal defect measuring about 0.5-0.7 cm in length and 40-50% of its circumference on the ventral aspect was reconstructed in rabbits under triflupromazine hydrochloride premedication and thiopentone sodium anesthesia. In group I oesophagorrhaphy was done with a series of interrupted sutures to the mucosa and muscular layers combinedly using 5/0 silk; while in groups II and III oesophagoplasty using fresh and acellular swim bladder grafts respectively was performed. The rabbits in all the groups were inactive up to 10-14 postoperative days. Dysphagia and poor appetite were the clinical signs in all the groups except in group III. Leakage or fistula formation wasn’t observed at the operative site in any animal. Elevated temperature was noticed in the early post operative period in all the animals. There were no changes in the heart and respiratory rates. No significant changes were recorded in hemoglobin, packed cell volume in all the groups. A non significant leucocytosis was observed up to 10th postoperative day in group I, while a significant increase was noticed on 3rd, 7th and 10th postoperative day in the fresh and acellular swim bladder grafted groups. No significant changes were observed in serum glucose and cholesterol levels in all groups. Appreciable concentrations of IL- 1 and TGF-β2 were observed in the exudate yielded animals from each group. Radiological findings revealed severe, moderate and mild stenosis in groups I, II and III respectively by 28th postoperative day. Macroscopically graft material could not be visualized on 28th day at both luminal and extraluminal surface of the oesophagus in group III, whereas in group II, it was visible and extraluminal granulamatous structure was observed at the grafted site. By 28th day an intractable stricture formation was observed in the oesophagorrhaphy group. Histological examination revealed initiation of epithelialization and angiogenesis by 21st day and medium sized arteries by 28th day in group III; whereas initiation of angiogenesis was only observed by 28th day in group II. To conclude the present work, the acellular swim bladder showed superiority in terms of avoiding stenosis, initiation of epithelialization and angiogenesis when compared to fresh swim bladder. Hence, acellular fish swim bladder can be used as a reconstructive material for the repair of oesophageal defects.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON DIAGNOSIS OF LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT AFFECTIONS/DISORDERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TRACHEOBRONCHOSCOPY IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI – 517 502 (A.P) INDIA, 2007-12) VINEESH, N (Major); SURESH KUMAR, R.V (Major); SREENU, MAKKENA; VAIKUNTA RAO, VABSTRACT : The present investigation was carried out on diagnosis of respiratory tract affections/disorders with special reference to tracheobronchoscopy in dogs. Out of 623 animals that were screened, 116 dogs (33.86%) showed various respiratory problems. Among the dogs with respiratory tract disease incidence of lower respiratory tract was 54.98 per cent and upper respiratory tract was 45.02 per cent. Out of these, dogs with lower respiratory tract diseases 21 (18.10%) had tracheitis, 12 (10.34%) had haemorrhagic tracheitis, 3 (2.59%) showed tracheal collapse, 4 (3.44%) had foreign bodies in trachea, 46 (39.66%) suffered with tracheobronchitis 21 (18.10%) had bronchopneumonia and 9 (7.76%) showed metastatic lower respiratory tract lesion. No significant changes were observed in electrocardiographic studies. Based on clinical presentation cases were divided into two groups. Among them radiography as well as tracheobronchoscopic procedures conducted to diagnose different incidences. Radiography was useful in diagnosing bronchopneumonia, metastatic lesions in lungs and tracheal collapse. Tracheobronchoscopic examination revealed conditions like tracheitis, tracheobronchitis, bronchopneumonia, haemorrhagic tracheitis, foreign body in trachea and tracheal collapse. Haematological parameters viz., group II dogs showed marked neutrophilia, eosinophilia lymphocytopaenia and leucocytosis whereas no significant changes were observed in total erythrocyte counts and packed cell volume values. C-reactive protein levels significantly marked increase in the values in case of group II (affected) whereas glucose and total protein values were within normal limits. Antibiotic sensitivity test showed that, enrofloxacin as sensitive antibiotic followed by gentamicin and chloramphenicol to the samples collected randomly from affected cases. The cases were effectively treated using the antibiotic based on ABST results in addition to corticosteroids, antihistaminic, antipyretics and supportive therapy.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON EFFICACY OF IMAGING TECHNIQUES AND BIOMARKERS IN DIAGNOSIS OF CANINE PROSTATIC AFFECTIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-12) NAGABHUSHAN, K; RAGHUNATH, M (MAJOR); SREENU, MAKKENA; RAJU, N.K.B.The present study was conducted on 24 clinical cases of geriatric male dogs presented with symptoms related to prostatic affections to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, NTR College of Veterinary Science. The overall incidence of prostatic enlargement was observed as 78.28% cases with more incidence in smaller breeds of dogs (58.33%). Signalment and history was collected, physiological parameters and hematobiochemical parameters were evaluated, digital rectal examination, imaging procedures, USG-FNAC, urinalysis and estimation of biomarkers were done at the time of presentation and after observatory period in all dogs. Based on treatment provided all the dogs were divided into two groups as group I (n=10) provided with medical therapy, Group II (n=14) dogs, in which castration was opted as treatment of choice were included. All the haematological parameters in most of the dogs were normal. Radiological and ultrasonographic measurements revealed that prostate gland was many times enlarged at the time of presentation in dogs of both the groups. Highly elevated BUN, creatinine and ALP along with biomarkers like canine DHT and CPSE were recorded in all the dogs of both the groups. Group I dogs were treated with finasteride @ 0.5 to 1mg/kg/day for a period of 45 days. In group II dogs under general anaesthesia, open open method of castration was done under standard operating procedures. After the follow up period of 45 days all the dogs recovered from the clinical symptoms. All the radiological, ultrasonographic measurements, haematobiochemical and urinary parameters were within the normal range. Values of Prostate specific serum biomarkers also showed significant decrease in both the groups after the follow up period. Even though medical treatment with finasteride and surgical procedure of castration were effective in reducing the symptoms of prostatic hyperplasia, castration was the most effective with no signs of recurrence.