CLINICAL STUDIES ON DIAGNOSIS OF CARDIAC DISEASES IN DOGS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RADIOGRAPHY
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Date
2022-05
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SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA
Abstract
The present work entitled “Clinical Studies on Diagnosis of Cardiac Diseases in Dogs with special reference to Radiography” was carried out on 42 dogs. In the present study, a prevalence of 1.38% of cardiac diseases was recorded, with highest in Labrador Retriever, Spitz, German Shepherd, Pug, Mongrel, Great Dane, Beagle, Boxer, Dachshund and Shih Tzu breeds; geriatric group; intact male and obese dogs. A majority of the dogs exhibited exercise intolerance followed by anorexia, dyspnoea, nocturnal cough, weakness, ascites, weight loss, pedal oedema, persistent cough, cyanosis and syncope. The findings of chest auscultation included murmurs, arrhythmia, caudally displaced PMI, frictional rubs, and muffled heart sounds.
In the present study, the blood picture revealed anemia in 20 dogs diagnosed through less values of TEC, Hb and PCV; and neutrophilic leucocytosis. Hypoproteinaemia and hypoalbuminemia were observed in 7 dogs (16.67%). Elevated levels of ALT and AST were observed in 11 and 10 dogs respectively. BUN levels were found elevated in seven dogs. The CRP concentrations were found normal in all the dogs under study. The mean ± SE of cardiac Troponin I obtained by quantitative method in 20 out of 42 dogs was, 104 ± 7.19 ng/ml with a range of 45- 214 ng/ml. All the dogs with elevated levels of cTnI concentration had cardiac diseases.
The mean ± SE VHS values of 37 dogs in the present study were 13.05 ± 0.13 ranging from 12.0- 16.8 on right lateral view of thorax respectively and there was no difference between right/left lateral radiographs or VD/DV radiographs for computing VHS. The
Mean ± SE CTR values of 37 dogs in the present study was 59.69 ± 0.93, on VD view of thorax with a range of 54.10- 82.1%. All the 37 dogs were found to have elevated values suggesting cardiomegaly, considering a cut off value of 50%. CSI could detect cardiomegaly only in 26 out of 37 dogs (70.27%). Short Axis- MHS could detect cardiomegaly in 28 out of 37 dogs (75.68%) and is considered more sensitive than long axis and overall MHS.
Out of 37, VLAS was found higher in 23 dogs and the remaining 14 had normal values out of which,12 dogs were diagnosed to have MVR while 11 had both MVR and DCM. RLAD was found higher in 26 dogs and the remaining 11 had normal values. Among the former (26), 15 dogs were diagnosed to have MVR while 11 had both MVR and DCM. The apex of the heart was found to have contact with greater than three sternebrae in 6 (16.22%) and less than three sternebrae in 31, out of 37 dogs (83.78%). The greatest width of the cardiac silhouette was circumpassed by 3.5 intercoastal spaces in 16 out of 37 dogs (43.24%), less than 3.5 in 21 out of 37 dogs (56.67%). The trachea was approximating the thoracic spine in 8 dogs (19.05%), parallel to the thoracic spine in 23 dogs (54.76%) and mildly elevated in 11 dogs (26.19%).
On correlation with findings of ECG with echocardiography, in MVD, arrythmia, ST depression, short QRS complex were recorded; in DCM, peak QRS complex, peak P- wave, atrial fibrillation, ST depression and ST elevation were recorded; in PE, short QRS complex, T wave greater than one- fourth the QRS complex and electrical alternans were recorded.
During echocardiography, in the present study, 15 out of 42 dogs had mitral valve regurgitation characterised by increased LA/Ao ratio in the range of 1.6- 2.13 mm. Seven out of 42 dogs had DCM characterised by increased EPSS ranging from 9- 16 mm, decreased FS ranging from 19.9- 23.1 and decreased EF ranging from 46.9- 56.3. Five out of 42 dogs had pericardial effusion characterised by an anechoic space around the heart. In the present study, 27 out of 42 (64.29%) were detected to have valvular regurgitation, which was diagnosed by the characteristic mosaic appearance due to turbulent flow of blood resulting from valvular insufficiency at the mitral, tricuspid and aortic valves. Thus, in the present study it can be concluded that, for detecting cardiac disorders in dogs right lateral and ventro-dorsal thoracic radiographs provided excellent information to objectively express the disease condition, and to provide a clue to proceed further in confirming the disease by other modalities.
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