Browsing by Author "Chitale, Shrikant"
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ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT TRADITIONAL SCENTED RICE VARIETIES TO ORGANIC FARMING(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2016) Lodh, Banashri; Chitale, Shrikant; Verma, A.K.; Bhandarkar, Sandeep; Saxena, R.R.; Sonboir, H.L.The results showed that each scented rice variety has its own qualities. Some varieties were found to be extraordinary with respect to yield as well as in quality. In terms of plant height, Karigilas and Shyamajeera top the rank which directly related to its internodal distance. Sugandhmati had found to contain maximum number of leaves hill-1 at harvesting. Number of tillers hill-1 at harvest was maximum (9) in Badshahbhog and Gangabaru (9) followed by in Sugandhmati Dujai and Kubrimohar (8 each). Lalu 14 is the earliest maturing variety (105 days) folllowed by Bisni and Lohandi (110 days). Certain degree of lodging effect had been shown by Shyammajeera, Karigilas, Gangabaru, Lalu 14 and CR Sugandha dhan-907, due to their tall height, but which however didn‟t influence yield significantly. The variety Dujai produced the highest grain yield (36qha-1) and generated maximum net return (Rs. 41,989 ha-1) which was comparable with yield obtained in CR Sugandha dhan-907(36.02 qha-1), Dubraj (35.79 qha-1) and Karigilas (35.06 qha-1). However higher value of harvest index was seen in CR Sugandha dhan-907 (42.1%) followed by Indira Sugandhit dhan, both these varieties are improved ones. The maximum test weight value was recorded in Karigilas (37.5g) and least was found in for Badshahbhog (12.18g). Maximum L: B ratio both for paddy and kernel was observed in Sugandhmati (5.4 & 4.0 respectively). Gopalbhog was registered for higest value of hulling (82%) however milling % was highest in Dubraj (77.6%). Highest head rice recovery % was observed in Badshahbhog (69.3%). 11 varieties were considered in the category of strongly scented group. Elongation ratio was higher in Badshahbhog (1.9), however volume expansion ratio was found highest for Indira Sugandhit dhan (3.9). Highest amylose % was observed in Shyamajeera (23%). In terms of gel consistency most of the rice varieties fell in the category having soft kernel.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT TRADITIONAL SCENTED RICE VARIETIES TO ORGANIC FARMING.(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2016) Lodh, Banashri; Chitale, ShrikantThesisItem Open Access BIOEFFICACY OF NEW POST EMERGENCE HERBICIDE MIXTURE BAS 835 UBH IN SOYBEAN [GLYCINE MAX (L.) MERRILL](Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur, 2017) Krishna Kumar; Chitale, Shrikant; Lakpale, Rajendra; Tripathi, V.K.; Saxena, R.R.The present investigation entitled “Bioefficacy of new post emergence herbicide mixture BAS 835 UBH in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]” was carried out during kharif season of 2016 at Instructional cum Research Farm, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, with the objective to find out suitable weed management practices for growing soybean under the agro-climatic condition of Chhattisgarh plain. The soil of experimental field was clayey in texture, low in nitrogen, medium in phosphorus and high in potassium contents with neutral pH. The experiment was laid in randomized block design having the combination of nine different herbicide treatments replicated thrice. The soybean variety ‘JS 97-52’ was grown as test crop. The results of the experiment indicated that the growth characters like plant height, number of branches, number and dry weight of nodules, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, seed yield (22.89 q ha-1) and stover yield were increased with hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS and comparable with herbicide application of imazethapyr @ 100 g a.i. ha-1(22.22 q ha-1) and imazamox @ 42 g a.i. ha-1 (21.39 q ha-1). The herbicide mixture treatments BAS 835UBH (imazethapyr 23 g l-1 + imazamox 23 g l-1 + bentazone 460 g l-1) @ 800 g a.i. ha-1 was found superior to rest of the mixture treatment. In the experiment field, the major weeds were Echinochloa colonum, Cynodon dactylon, Alternanthera sessilis, Euphorbia geniculata, Phyllanthus niruri, Digitaria sanguinalis, Cyperus rotundus, Commelina benghalensis and some other weeds were dominat and observed the crop growth period. As regard to weed management practices, lowest density and dry matter of weeds and higher weed control efficiency were recorded under hand weeding twice closely followed by imazethapyr @ 100 g a.i. ha-1, imazamox @ 42 g a.i. ha-1 and herbicide mixture applied treatment, BAS 835UBH (imazethapyr 23 g l-1 + imazamox 23 g l-1+ bentazone 460 g l-1) @ 800 g a.i. ha-1. The minimum weed growth rate was recorded under hand weeding twice, which was followed by imazethapyr @ 100 g a.i. ha-1, imazamox @ 42 g a.i. ha-1. Net returns (Rs 45,741 ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.01) were maximum under imazethapyr @ 100 g a.i. ha-1, followed by imazamox @ 42 g a.i. ha-1, and hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS. The herbicide mixture applied treatment, BAS 835UBH (imazethapyr 23 g l-1 + imazamox 23 g l-1 + bentazone 460 g l-1) @ 800 g a.i. ha-1, generated highest net returns and B:C ratio among the herbicide mixture treatments. The lowest net returns and B:C ratio was observed under untreated check.ThesisItem Open Access BUSINESS PERFORMANCE OF JAI SATNAM SELF HELP GROUP (SHG): A CASE STUDY OF BEMETARA DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH(INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA RAIPUR (Chhattisgarh), 2021) Soni, Vijya Laxmi; Pathak, Hulas; Chaudhary, V.K.; Chitale, Shrikant; Shukla, S.SHGs are voluntary small group structures for mutual help and fulfillment of same targets. As a rule; they are formed by people of the same age who have united to provide mutual assistance in meeting a common need. To study about the business performance of Jai Satnam Self Help Group village Bijabhat, Block Bemetara, District Bemetara of Chhattisgarh was selected for present study with the objectives (1) To study the organizational setup and document the product(s) made by Jai Satnam Self Help Group of Bemetara district.(2) To work out the costs and returns of sanitary pads produced by Jai Satnam SHG of Bemetara district.(3) To analyze the marketing pattern of sanitary pads produced by Jai Satnam SHG of Bemetara district.(4) To find out the constraints in production & marketing of sanitary pads produced by Jai Satnam SHG of Bemetara district & suggest some suitable measures to overcome them. The Jai Satnam SHG was established on September 23, 2008. This SHG is a NRLM SHG, supported by Government under National Rural Livelihood Mission. This SHG have 10 members, who contribute to produce sanitary pads. Sanitary pads are the product made by this SHG. About 5040 packets of sanitary pads are produce by this SHG annually. This SHG is organized in three levels, which are president, secretary and members. All members of SHG contribute in production work with their specific work. Half respondents are between the age group of 30-40 and remaining half are of 40-50 years age group. All members are married. Literacy and illiteracy rates are 80 % and 20% respectively. All the members belong to scheduled cast. Jai Satnam Self Help Group produces sanitary pads with use of Raw Materials, costs for Rs.15.00/ packet, packaging material, costs for Rs.05.00/ packet, Labor cost, costs for Rs.02.75/ packet, other cost, costs for Rs.01.25/ packet. Total cost for per packet is Rs.29.52/ packet. Per packet sold in Rs.36.00 with the net income of Rs.06.48 per packet. 5040 packets of sanitary pads are produce per year. The marketing pattern of the sanitary pads, product of the SHG under study can be depicted as a system in which they directly produce & sale their product to the consumer and other Self Help Group. Major constraints in production level found for the selected SHG were wastage of raw materials, lack of proper storage, high packaging cost and timely unavailability of the raw material, ranked first, second, third and fourth respectively by using Garret ranking method. Same as major constraints in marketing found were lack of advertisement, lack of marketing skill, lack of company tie-up, lack of Government support and competition with branded companies ranked first, second, third, fourth and fifth respectively by using Garret ranking method. Based on findings of the study, it is suggested that SHGs should be encouraged to develop a platform, an application for the customer and seller both, SHGs should tie up with e-commerce Company, SHGs should try towards decrease packaging cost and should take training to learn proper technique of making of the sanitary pads, so wastage of raw materials could be decreased, SHG should connect itself to local supermarkets / e-commerce to improve self presence, social awareness and social marketing should be adopted, and setting up self-service kiosks will enhance the sales of products and educate them about the health benefits of the products.ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMICS OF VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS OF MAIZE: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2018) Karmakar, Sumit; Gauraha, A.K.; Choudhary, V. K.; Chitale, Shrikant; Shukla, Sindhu; Joshi, Sanjay KumarAn attempt has been made in this study to examine the economics of value added products of maize: an exploratory study. The specific objectives of the study were to find out the various process of value added products of maize, to estimate the cost and returns of value added products of maize, to find out the constraints in marketing of value added products of maize and suggest suitable measures to overcome them. The present study was conducted in Raipur and Rajnandgaon district of Chhattisgarh state. In which the Raipur city different sample was collect in randomly way. Out of the more than 50 established vendors, total 10 vendors were selected. Street vendors only select the corn related food vendors and collect the sample data from 20 street food vendors was selected out of all vendors. For manufactures value added products of maize the Rajaram maize product industries of Rajnandgaon was selected. The primary data was collected through pre-tested structured interview schedule. Simple average and percentage methods was used for analyzing the data. The major findings of this study revealed that the total variable cost for making of 125gm American masala corn was to be Rs. 23.15. The benefit – cost ratio was observed to be 1:1.16. and input – output ratio was 1:2.16. The total variable cost for making of 55gm popcorn was to be Rs. 28.41. The benefit – cost ratio was observed to be 1:1.81. and input – output ratio was 1:2.81. The total variable cost for making of 161.46gm sweet corn soup was to be Rs. 59.07. The benefit – cost ratio was observed to be 1:0.69 and input – output ratio was 1:1.69. The total variable cost for making of 160gm baby corn chilli was to be Rs. 47.46. The benefit – cost ratio was observed to be 1:1.74 and input – output ratio was 1:2.74. The total variable cost for making of 275.26gm corn tikka was to be Rs. 27.56. The benefit – cost ratio was observed to be 1:2.26 and input – output ratio was 1:3.26. The total variable cost for making of 295.01gm corn tikka was to be Rs. 24.03. The benefit – cost ratio was observed to be 1:2.75 and input – output ratio was 1:3.75. The total variable cost for making of 114.6gm masala sweet corn was to be Rs. 16.02. The benefit – cost ratio was observed to be 1:0.87 and input – output ratio was 1:1.87. The total variable cost for making of 24gm popcorn was to be Rs. 9.55. The benefit – cost ratio was observed to be 1:3.18 and input – output ratio was 1:4.18. The total variable cost for making of 50 kg bag corn starch was to be Rs. 979.70. The benefit – cost ratio was observed to be 1:0.22 and input – output ratio was 1:1.22. The total variable cost for making of 300 kg drum maize liquid glucose was to be Rs. 5825.05. The benefit – cost ratio was observed to be 1:0.55 and input – output ratio was 1:1.55. The total variable cost for making of 300 kg drum maize sorbitol was to be Rs. 5727.63. The benefit – cost ratio was observed to be 1:0.75 and input – output ratio was 1:1.75. The total variable cost for making of 50 kg drum maize Dextrose Monohydrate was to be Rs. 1153.02. The benefit – cost ratio was observed to be 1:0.39 and input – output ratio was 1:1.39. The total variable cost for making of 25 kg drum maize Maltodextrin was to be Rs. 571.38. The benefit – cost ratio was observed to be 1:0.66 and input – output was 1:1.66. The Food Park aims at providing a mechanism to link agricultural production to the market by bringing together farmers processors and retailers so as to ensure maximizing value addition, minimizing wastage, increasing farmer’s income and creating employment opportunities particularly in rural sector. Efforts need to be taken by the government for organizing training programmes at village level to create awareness among the farmers about value addition and its benefits.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF CROP ESTABLISHMENT METHODS AND FOLIAR NUTRITION ON PRODUCTIVITY OF LENTIL (Lens culinaris Medikus) UNDER RICE FALLOW OF EASTERN INDIA(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2019) Deepika; Pandey, N.; Mishra, J. S.; Chitale, Shrikant; Kumar, Rakesh; Tripathi, V. K.; Saxena, R. R.In order to find out suitable crop establishment method and effect of seed priming and foliar nutrition on productivity, quality, profitability and energy requirement of lentil cultivation in rice-fallows of Eastern India, an experiment entitled “Effect of crop establishment method and foliar nutrition on productivity of lentil under rice fallow of Eastern India” was carried out during rabi season of 2018-19 at ICAR- RCER, Patna. The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam with neutral in reaction (pH 7.5) having low nitrogen (100.35 kg ha-1) and phosphorus (11.35 kg ha-1) and medium in potassium (192.41 kg ha-1). The climate of the region was humid sub-tropic. The experiment was laid out in Split Plot Design with three replications having three crop establishment methods as main plot treatment and six seed priming and foliar nutrition as sub plot treatment. The three Crop establishment methods were utera, zero tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT). The six seed priming (SP) and foliar nutrition (FS) treatment were control, seed priming + foliar spray of 2% urea at flowering and pod formation (SP+ 2 % FSU at F + PF), seed priming + foliar spray of 2% DAP at flowering and pot formation(SP+2% FSD at F+ PF), seed priming + foliar spray of 2% KNO3 at flowering and pod formation (SP+0.5% FSK at F + PF), seed priming + foliar spray of 0.5% 19:19:19 N P K at flowering and pod formation (SP+ 0.5% FS NPK at F + PF), seed priming + microbial treatment + foliar spray of 2% urea at branching + foliar spray of 2% DAP at flowering + foliar spray of 0.5% KNO3 at pod (SP+ MT+ 2%FSU at B + 2% FSD at F + 0.5% FSK at PF). Lentil variety HUL-57 was used as test crop. Among the three establishment methods, conventional tillage produced the highest seed (24.93 q ha-1), protein yield (582.13 kg ha-1) and stover yield (33.07 q ha-1). Whereas ZT produced the highest harvest index (44.5 %). The increase in seed yield mainly due to higher dry matter accumulation, number of pods plant-1, pod weight plant-1, seeds pod-1and seed weight plant-1. The root volume, dry weight and number of effective nodules at all growth stages were found higher under CT method of establishment. While, ZT witnessed the highest root length. Moreover, the comparable performance of ZT and utera was observed for seed yield. The highest gross and net return and energy output: input ratio have been observed under utera method of establishment. Initial soil moisture was the highest in utera method of establishment, which was followed by CT and ZT. While final soil moisture was highest in ZT followed by utera and CT. The study of weed density revealed that the highest weed density was observed under ZT (41 %) followed by CT (37%) and utera (22%) respectively. Foliar nutrition along with seed priming gave considerable effect on growth attributes, yield components and yield of the crop. The treatment of seed priming + microbial treatment + 2% urea at branching + 2% DAP at flowering + 0.5% KNO3 at pod formation stages gave higher seed yield, stover yield and protein yield along with higher harvest index and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash. The increased in seed yield attributed to significant increase in seed weight and number of pods plant-1. The highest gross as well as net return was observed under above treatment. The treatment comprising seed priming along with foliar spray by NPK had higher energy output: input ratio. The interaction effect of crop establishment method with seed priming and foliar nutrition indicated that seed priming + microbial treatment with rhizobium leguminosarum, PSB and Trichoderma viridae + foliar spray of 2% urea at branching, 2% DAP at flowering and 0.5% KNO3 at pod formation stages may be adopted to obtain comparable performance under either method (utera/zero tillage/conventional tillage) of crop establishment.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ORGANIC WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF SWEET CORN(INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALYA RAIPUR (C.G.), 2021) Painkra, Jeevan Lal; Chitale, Shrikant; Tiwari, Nitish; Chowdhury, Tapas; Saxena, R.R.; Sonboir, H.L.Experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2020-21 at the Instructional cum Research Farm IGKV, Raipur, Chhattisgarh to study the “Effect of different organic weed management practices on growth and yield of sweet corn” with the objective to study the growth and yield of sweet corn under different organic weed management practices. The field experiment was worked out under randomized block design with three replications having eight different weed management treatments namely.T1-Hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS, T2- Black polythene mulch (20 micron thickness), T3- Paddy straw mulch 5 tonne ha-1, T4- Stale seed bed +25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS, T5-Hand hoe twice at 20 and 40 DAS, T6- Live mulching with green gram (incorporation 30 DAS), T7- Live mulching with green gram (incorporation 30 DAS) + one intra row hand weeding at 30 DAS and T8-Weed mulching 20 DAS (in-situ mulching of weeds in between rows) + one hand weeding at 40 DAS. The soil of experimental field was clayey in texture, neutral in reaction having 0.65 % of carbon, low in available N (120 kg ha-1), medium P2O5 (17.42 kg-1) and high K2O content (319.0 kg ha-1). The sweet corn variety Sugar 75 was sown on 31 December 2020 with a spacing of 40 × 30 cm except in treatment of stale seed bed + 25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS, where the spacing was maintained at 32 × 30 cm. The recommended dose (80: 50: 30 NPK kg ha-1) was applied through organic sources i.e. 50 % N through FYM, 25 % N through vermicompost and 25 % N through poultry manure. The entire quantity of FYM and poultry manure was applied as basal, while 50 % vermicompost was applied in two equal splits each at Knee-high and pre-tasseling stage of sweet corn. The weed flora present in experimental site was Medicago denticulata, Chenopodium album, Echinochloa colona, Alternanthera sessilis, Cyperus spp and Cynodon dactylon. Among all the different weed management practices, black polythene mulch (T2) was found superior owing to the lowest weed count and weed dry weight. At 20 DAS, the lowest count of weeds was recoded under black polythene mulch (T2) followed by stale seed bed +25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS (T4) was next in order which was followed by paddy straw mulch 5 t ha-1 (T3). The higher density of weed was recorded under weed mulching 20 DAS (in-situ mulching of weeds in between rows) + one hand weeding at 40 DAS. At 40 and 60 DAS and at harvest, black polythene mulch (T2) treatment was found superior over all the treatment as there were lowest weeds count in this treatment. The weed control efficiency was worked out in comparison to T6 (live mulching with green gram incorporation at 30 DAS) treated as control. The highest weed control efficiency (84.55 %) was found at 60 DAS in black polythene mulch (20 micron thickness) and it was followed by stale seed bed + 25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS (70.68 %), paddy straw mulch 5 t ha-1 (70.04 %) and hand weeding twice 20 and 40 DAS (60.76 %). The lowest WCE% (30.24%) live mulching with green gram (incorporation 30 DAS) + one intra row hand weeding at 30 DAS (T7) plots. All the growth parameter viz. plant dry matter accumulation, plant height number of leaves plant-1, and CGR were found significantly superior under black polythene mulch (20 micron thickness) (T2) followed by stale seed bed + 25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS (T4) as compared to rest of the treatments. The maximum yield attribute characters like no. of cobs plant-1, no. of grains cob-1, green cob yield and stover yield 7.42 and 16.17 t ha-1 were also registered significantly higher in black polythene mulch (20 micron thickness) (T2) followed by stale seed bed +25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS (T4), paddy straw mulch 5 t ha-1, and hand weeding twice 20 and 40 DAS. The gross returns (Rs.254833 ha-1), net returns (Rs.189302 ha-1) and B:C ratio (3.89) was the maximum under the black polythene mulch (20 micron thickness) (T2) followed by stale seed bed + 25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS (T4).ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ORGANIC WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF SWEET CORN (Zea mays L. saccharata)(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2021) Painkra, Jeevan Lal; Chitale, Shrikant; Tiwari, Nitish; Chowdhury, Tapas; Saxena, R.R.; Sonboir, H.L.Experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2020-21 at the Instructional cum Research Farm IGKV, Raipur, Chhattisgarh to study the “Effect of different organic weed management practices on growth and yield of sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata)” with the objective to study the growth and yield of sweet corn under different organic weed management practices. The field experiment was worked out under randomized block design with three replications having eight different weed management treatments namely.T1-Hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS, T2- Black polythene mulch (20 micron thickness), T3- Paddy straw mulch 5 tonne ha-1, T4- Stale seed bed +25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS, T5-Hand hoe twice at 20 and 40 DAS, T6- Live mulching with green gram (incorporation 30 DAS), T7- Live mulching with green gram (incorporation 30 DAS) + one intra row hand weeding at 30 DAS and T8-Weed mulching 20 DAS (in-situ mulching of weeds in between rows) + one hand weeding at 40 DAS. The soil of experimental field was clayey in texture, neutral in reaction having 0.65 % of carbon, low in available N (120 kg ha-1), medium P2O5 (17.42 kg-1) and high K2O content (319.0 kg ha-1). The sweet corn variety Sugar 75 was sown on 31 December 2020 with a spacing of 40 × 30 cm except in treatment of stale seed bed + 25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS, where the spacing was maintained at 32 × 30 cm. The recommended dose (80: 50: 30 NPK kg ha-1) was applied through organic sources i.e. 50 % N through FYM, 25 % N through vermicompost and 25 % N through poultry manure. The entire quantity of FYM and poultry manure was applied as basal, while 50 % vermicompost was applied in two equal splits each at Knee-high and pre-tasseling stage of sweet corn. The weed flora present in experimental site was Medicago denticulata, Chenopodium album, Echinochloacolona, Alternanthera sessilis,Cyperus spp and Cynodondactylon. Among all the different weed management practices, black polythene mulch (T2) was found superior owing to the lowest weed count and weed dry weight. At 20 DAS, the lowest count of weeds was recoded under black polythene mulch (T2) followed by stale seed bed +25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS (T4) was next in order which was followed by paddy straw mulch 5 t ha-1 (T3). The higher density of weed was recorded under weed mulching 20 DAS (in-situ mulching of weeds in between rows) + one hand weeding at 40 DAS. At 40 and 60 DAS and at harvest, black polythene mulch (T2) treatment was found superior over all the treatment as there were lowest weeds count in this treatment. The weed control efficiency was worked out in comparison to T6 (live mulching with green gram incorporation at 30 DAS) treated as control. The highest weed control efficiency (84.55 %) was found at 60 DAS in black polythene mulch (20 micron thickness) and it was followed by stale seed bed + 25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS (70.68 %), paddy straw mulch 5 t ha-1 (70.04 %) and hand weeding twice 20 and 40 DAS (60.76 %). The lowest WCE% (30.24%) live mulching with green gram (incorporation 30 DAS) + one intra row hand weeding at 30 DAS (T7) plots. All the growth parameter viz. plant dry matter accumulation, plant height number of leaves plant-1, and CGR were found significantly superior under black polythene mulch (20 micron thickness) (T2) followed by stale seed bed + 25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS (T4) as compared to rest of the treatments. The maximum yield attribute characters like no. of cobs plant-1, no. of grains cob-1, green cob yield and stover yield 7.42 and 16.17 t ha-1 were also registered significantly higher in black polythene mulch (20 micron thickness) (T2) followed by stale seed bed +25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS (T4), paddy straw mulch 5 t ha-1, and hand weeding twice 20 and 40 DAS. The gross returns (Rs.254833 ha-1), net returns (Rs.189302 ha-1) and B:C ratio (3.89) was the maximum under the black polythene mulch (20 micron thickness) (T2) followed by stale seed bed + 25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS (T4).ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ORGANIC WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF SWEET CORN (Zea mays L. saccharata)(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2021) Painkra, Jeevan Lal; Chitale, Shrikant; Tiwari, Nitish; Chowdhury, Tapas; Saxena, R.R.; Sonboir, H.L.Experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2020-21 at the Instructional cum Research Farm IGKV, Raipur, Chhattisgarh to study the “Effect of different organic weed management practices on growth and yield of sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata)” with the objective to study the growth and yield of sweet corn under different organic weed management practices. The field experiment was worked out under randomized block design with three replications having eight different weed management treatments namely.T1-Hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS, T2- Black polythene mulch (20 micron thickness), T3- Paddy straw mulch 5 tonne ha-1, T4- Stale seed bed +25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS, T5-Hand hoe twice at 20 and 40 DAS, T6- Live mulching with green gram (incorporation 30 DAS), T7- Live mulching with green gram (incorporation 30 DAS) + one intra row hand weeding at 30 DAS and T8-Weed mulching 20 DAS (in-situ mulching of weeds in between rows) + one hand weeding at 40 DAS. The soil of experimental field was clayey in texture, neutral in reaction having 0.65 % of carbon, low in available N (120 kg ha-1), medium P2O5 (17.42 kg-1) and high K2O content (319.0 kg ha-1). The sweet corn variety Sugar 75 was sown on 31 December 2020 with a spacing of 40 × 30 cm except in treatment of stale seed bed + 25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS, where the spacing was maintained at 32 × 30 cm. The recommended dose (80: 50: 30 NPK kg ha-1) was applied through organic sources i.e. 50 % N through FYM, 25 % N through vermicompost and 25 % N through poultry manure. The entire quantity of FYM and poultry manure was applied as basal, while 50 % vermicompost was applied in two equal splits each at Knee-high and pre-tasseling stage of sweet corn. The weed flora present in experimental site was Medicago denticulata, Chenopodium album, Echinochloacolona, Alternanthera sessilis,Cyperus spp and Cynodondactylon. Among all the different weed management practices, black polythene mulch (T2) was found superior owing to the lowest weed count and weed dry weight. At 20 DAS, the lowest count of weeds was recoded under black polythene mulch (T2) followed by stale seed bed +25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS (T4) was next in order which was followed by paddy straw mulch 5 t ha-1 (T3). The higher density of weed was recorded under weed mulching 20 DAS (in-situ mulching of weeds in between rows) + one hand weeding at 40 DAS. At 40 and 60 DAS and at harvest, black polythene mulch (T2) treatment was found superior over all the treatment as there were lowest weeds count in this treatment. The weed control efficiency was worked out in comparison to T6 (live mulching with green gram incorporation at 30 DAS) treated as control. The highest weed control efficiency (84.55 %) was found at 60 DAS in black polythene mulch (20 micron thickness) and it was followed by stale seed bed + 25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS (70.68 %), paddy straw mulch 5 t ha-1 (70.04 %) and hand weeding twice 20 and 40 DAS (60.76 %). The lowest WCE% (30.24%) live mulching with green gram (incorporation 30 DAS) + one intra row hand weeding at 30 DAS (T7) plots. All the growth parameter viz. plant dry matter accumulation, plant height number of leaves plant-1, and CGR were found significantly superior under black polythene mulch (20 micron thickness) (T2) followed by stale seed bed + 25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS (T4) as compared to rest of the treatments. The maximum yield attribute characters like no. of cobs plant-1, no. of grains cob-1, green cob yield and stover yield 7.42 and 16.17 t ha-1 were also registered significantly higher in black polythene mulch (20 micron thickness) (T2) followed by stale seed bed +25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS (T4), paddy straw mulch 5 t ha-1, and hand weeding twice 20 and 40 DAS. The gross returns (Rs.254833 ha-1), net returns (Rs.189302 ha-1) and B:C ratio (3.89) was the maximum under the black polythene mulch (20 micron thickness) (T2) followed by stale seed bed + 25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS (T4).ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ORGANIC WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF SWEET CORN (Zea mays L. saccharata)(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2021) Painkra, Jeevan Lal; Chitale, Shrikant; Tiwari, Nitish; Chowdhury, Tapas; Saxena, R.R.; Sonboir, H.L.Experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2020-21 at the Instructional cum Research Farm IGKV, Raipur, Chhattisgarh to study the “Effect of different organic weed management practices on growth and yield of sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata)” with the objective to study the growth and yield of sweet corn under different organic weed management practices. The field experiment was worked out under randomized block design with three replications having eight different weed management treatments namely.T1-Hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS, T2- Black polythene mulch (20 micron thickness), T3- Paddy straw mulch 5 tonne ha-1, T4- Stale seed bed +25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS, T5-Hand hoe twice at 20 and 40 DAS, T6- Live mulching with green gram (incorporation 30 DAS), T7- Live mulching with green gram (incorporation 30 DAS) + one intra row hand weeding at 30 DAS and T8-Weed mulching 20 DAS (in-situ mulching of weeds in between rows) + one hand weeding at 40 DAS. The soil of experimental field was clayey in texture, neutral in reaction having 0.65 % of carbon, low in available N (120 kg ha-1), medium P2O5 (17.42 kg-1) and high K2O content (319.0 kg ha-1). The sweet corn variety Sugar 75 was sown on 31 December 2020 with a spacing of 40 × 30 cm except in treatment of stale seed bed + 25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS, where the spacing was maintained at 32 × 30 cm. The recommended dose (80: 50: 30 NPK kg ha-1) was applied through organic sources i.e. 50 % N through FYM, 25 % N through vermicompost and 25 % N through poultry manure. The entire quantity of FYM and poultry manure was applied as basal, while 50 % vermicompost was applied in two equal splits each at Knee-high and pre-tasseling stage of sweet corn. The weed flora present in experimental site was Medicago denticulata, Chenopodium album, Echinochloacolona, Alternanthera sessilis,Cyperus spp and Cynodondactylon. Among all the different weed management practices, black polythene mulch (T2) was found superior owing to the lowest weed count and weed dry weight. At 20 DAS, the lowest count of weeds was recoded under black polythene mulch (T2) followed by stale seed bed +25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS (T4) was next in order which was followed by paddy straw mulch 5 t ha-1 (T3). The higher density of weed was recorded under weed mulching 20 DAS (in-situ mulching of weeds in between rows) + one hand weeding at 40 DAS. At 40 and 60 DAS and at harvest, black polythene mulch (T2) treatment was found superior over all the treatment as there were lowest weeds count in this treatment. The weed control efficiency was worked out in comparison to T6 (live mulching with green gram incorporation at 30 DAS) treated as control. The highest weed control efficiency (84.55 %) was found at 60 DAS in black polythene mulch (20 micron thickness) and it was followed by stale seed bed + 25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS (70.68 %), paddy straw mulch 5 t ha-1 (70.04 %) and hand weeding twice 20 and 40 DAS (60.76 %). The lowest WCE% (30.24%) live mulching with green gram (incorporation 30 DAS) + one intra row hand weeding at 30 DAS (T7) plots. All the growth parameter viz. plant dry matter accumulation, plant height number of leaves plant-1, and CGR were found significantly superior under black polythene mulch (20 micron thickness) (T2) followed by stale seed bed + 25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS (T4) as compared to rest of the treatments. The maximum yield attribute characters like no. of cobs plant-1, no. of grains cob-1, green cob yield and stover yield 7.42 and 16.17 t ha-1 were also registered significantly higher in black polythene mulch (20 micron thickness) (T2) followed by stale seed bed +25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS (T4), paddy straw mulch 5 t ha-1, and hand weeding twice 20 and 40 DAS. The gross returns (Rs.254833 ha-1), net returns (Rs.189302 ha-1) and B:C ratio (3.89) was the maximum under the black polythene mulch (20 micron thickness) (T2) followed by stale seed bed + 25% higher plant density + mulching with paddy straw + one hand weeding at 30 DAS (T4).ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF HERBIGATION ON WEED CONTROL IN SOYBEAN UNDER RAISED BED CONDITION(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2017) Dineshwar; Lakpale, Rajendra; Khajanji, S.N.; Chitale, Shrikant; Nag, Sunil; Saxena, R.R.A field experiment was conducted during Kharif season of 2015 at the Research cum Instructional Farm, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur to evaluate the effect of herbigation on weed control in soybean under raised bed condition [Glycine max (L.) Merril] under Vertisols of Chhattisgarh plains. The soil was clayey in nature, neutral in pH and had low nitrogen, medium phosphorus and high in potassium content. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The five treatments consisted of various combination of herbigation Diclosulam 31g/ha/ PE through drip, Diclosulam 31g/ha PE followed by repeat after 30 DAS through drip, Imazethapyr 300ml/ha as PE through drip, Imazethapyr 300ml/ha as PE followed by repeat after 30 DAS through drip, and five treatments consisted of foliar application Diclosulam 31g/ha PE spray, Diclosulam 31g/ha as PE repeat after 30 DAS foliar spray, Imazethapyr 300ml/ha as PE spray, Imazethapyr 300ml/ha as PE followed by repeat after 30 DAS foliar spray, Diclosulam 31g/ha PE followed by Imazethapyr 700ml/ha as POE after 20 DAS foliar spray and two treatments consisted of weed free check and weedy check. The treatments were allotted in field follow the random methods. The results revealed that application of Diclosulam 31g/ha sequential application followed by Imazethapyr 300ml/ha as POE after 20 DAS through drip resulted significantly higher plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf area index, number of pods-1 (61), (3.02) higher grain yield (1888 kg ha-1). The herbigation of Diclosulam 31g/ha sequential application followed by Imazethapyr 300ml/ha as POE after 20 DAS through drip recorded significantly higher yield and also net return of Rs 31046 with. B: C ratio of 1.72.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF NUTRIENT AND WEED CONTROL OPTIONS ON PRODUCTIVITY AND PROFITABILITY OF ORGANICALLY GROWN SWEET CORN (Zea mays L. saccharata)(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2019) Minz, Nainsi Akancha; Chitale, Shrikant; Urkurkur, J.S.The present experiment entitled “Effect of nutrient and weed control options on productivity and profitability of organically grown sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata)”was conducted at Instructional cum Research Farm, Indira Gandhi KrishiVishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.) during rabi2018. The soil of experimental field was sandy clay loam in texture with low nitrogen, medium phosphorus and high potassium. It was slightly alkaline in reaction with 7.2 pH.Sweet corn was sown on 21stJanuary 2019 keeping the planting distance of 60 × 20 cm and harvested on 15thApril 2019. The recommended dose of 80:60:40 kg N: P2O5: K2O ha-1 was applied at the time of sowing through organic sources of FYM, poultry manure and vermicompost.The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three organic nutrient management options in main plots and seven weed control options in sub plots. The treatments consisted of50% N (FYM) + 50% N (vermicompost); 50% N (FYM) + 50% N (poultry manure); 50% N (FYM) + 25% N (vermicompost) + 25% N (poultry manure) and weed control options hand weeding twice (20 and 40 DAS);black polythene mulch, straw mulch @ 5 tonne ha-1; mechanical weeding twice ( 20 and 40 DAS); live mulch (in-situ incorporation of green gram at 30 DAS); atrazine 1.0 kgha-1as pre-emergence and weedy check. Sweet corn “Sugar 75”was taken as test crop. The results of experiment on response of effect of organic nutrient and weed control options revealed that all the growth parameters like plant population, plant height, number of leaves plant-1, leaf area, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation and crop growth rate, yield attributes i.e. number of cobs plant-1,weight cob-1(cm), cob length (cm),number of row cob-1,number of grain row-1, number of grains cob-1, green cob yieldand stover yield, gross income (Rs.1,61,845 ha-1), net incomeand B:C ratio were significantly higher under 50% N (FYM) + 50% N (poultry manure). Significantly lowest values were obtained in50% N (FYM) + 50% N (vermicompost). Similarly all these parameters and yield attributes, green cob yield (4.03 t ha-1), gross income (Rs.1,84,398 ha-1), were also superior under black polythene mulch except net income (Rs. 116500 ha-1) and B : C ratio (2.93)which was obtained higher under atrazine @ 1.0 kg ha-1. The major weeds were Medicagodenticulata, Chenopodium albumand Echinichloacolona during crop growth period. As regard to weed control options, lowest density and dry weight of weeds,weed growth rate, relative dry weight of weeds,weed index and highest weed control efficiency were recorded underblack polythene mulchfollowed by atrazine @ 1.0 kg ha-1. Interaction effect of organic nutrient and weed control options was found significantly higher for green cob yield of sweet corn in 50% N (FYM) + 50% N (poultry manure)X black polythene mulch.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF ORGANIC NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON SOIL PROPERTIES, PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF SCENTED RICE (Oryza sativa L.) VARIETIES(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2014) Sahu, Prem Lal; Chitale, Shrikant; Pali, G. P.; Tiwari, Alok; Saxena, R. R.; Bhandarkar, SandeepThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF PLANTING METHODS AND ORGANIC MANURE LEVELS ON PERFORMANCE OF GEL, HERBAGE YIELD AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ALOE VERA (Aloe barbadensis Mill.) IN CHHATTISGARH PLAINS(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur, 2015) Marapi, Dinesh Kumar; Dewangan, Y.K.; Sonboir, H.L.; Samadhiya, V.K.; Saxena, R.R.; Chitale, ShrikantINFLUENCE OF PLANTING METHODS AND ORGANIC MANURE LEVELS ON PERFORMANCE OF GEL, HERBAGE YIELD AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ALOE VERA (Aloe barbadensis Mill.) IN CHHATTISGARH PLAINS : The maximum herbage and gel yields (21.11 t ha-1 and 13.09 t ha-1, respectively) were recorded with raised bed planting followed by ridge and furrow planting. Among organic manure levels, the maximum herbage yield (21.20 t ha-1) and gel yield (12.88 t ha-1) were recorded with application of vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 followed by application of vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1. The highest herbage (22.70 t ha-1) and gel yield (14.70 t ha-1) were recorded with the raised bed planting at same level of application vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1. The highest ash content (15.90 %), crude protein (7.25 %), crude fiber (8.90 %) and crude fat (3.10 %) in gel were recorded with the raised bed planting was found statistically superior over flat bed planting at the same level of application of vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1. The highest net return (Rs. 149745 ha-1) was recorded with raised bed planting with vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 followed by raised bed planting with vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 (Rs. 145415 ha-1).ThesisItem Open Access MANAGEMENT OF Alternanthera spp. IN RICE (Oryza sativa) THROUGH DIFFERENT PRE AND POST EMERGENCE HERBICIDES(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Manisha; Chitale, Shrikant; Kumar, Sunil; Tiwari, Alok; Saxena, R.R.; Tripathi, VivekThe present investigation entitled “Management of Alternanthera spp. in rice (Oryza sativa) through different pre and post emergence herbicides” was conducted during the Kharif 2019 “at Research cum Instructional Farm, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur,” Chhattisgarh. The experiment was consisted ten treatments and replicated three times in randomized block design (RBD) viz. pretilachlor 750 g/ha, bispyribac Na 25 gram per hactare, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 56.25 gram per hactare, cyhalofop-butyl 80 gram per hactare, penoxsulam 1.02 + cyhalofop butyl 5.1, 135 gram per hactare, penoxsulam 22.5 gram per hactare, metsulfuronmethyl 4 gram per hactare, 4-D ethyl Ester 750 gram per hactare, weed free (HW) at 20, 40 and 60 days after sowing and weedy check. The test rice variety was “Indira Rajeshwari (IGKV R 1)” was line sown with 20 cm distance of a row to row on 8th July, 2019 and harvested on 17th November, 2019.” The results of experiment revealed that highest value of growth parameters of rice and yield attributed were significantly observed in the 3HW treatment, among the weed management treatments. The application of penoxsulam+cyhalofop –butyl 135 gram per hactare, penoxsulam 22.5 gram per hactare and bispyribac Na 25 gram per hactare, 2,4-D ethyl 750 gram per hactare, metsulfuronmethyl 4 gram per hactare “increased the grain yield of rice” and significantly over the weedy check. “The effects of the treatment remained non-significant in plant population, test weight and harvest index. Among the herbicides, the application of penoxsulam+cyhalofop-butyl 135 gram per hectare allowed the lowest weed density, relative weed density, weed dry matter, weed index. The weed control efficiency was also highest under the application of penoxsulam+cyhalop 135 gram per hactare which was at par with the weed free treatment.” The most dominant weed in experimental field was Alternanthera sessilis based on the weed data collected on different growth species. The maximum net return was noted under penoxsulam + cyhalofop-butyl 135 g/ha followed by penoxsulam 22.5 gram per hactare, bispyribac Na 25 gram per hactare and 2,4-D ethyl ester 750 gram per hactare and the minimum net return under weedy check treatment. The highest B:C ratio was observed under the application of under penoxsulam 22.5 g gram per hactare and bispyribac Na 25 gram per hactare followed by penoxsulam+cyhalofop–butyl 135 gram per hactare.ThesisItem Open Access “PRODUCTIVITY AND SOIL PHYSICO-CHEMICAL STUDIES IN RICE (Oryza sativa)-WHEAT (Triticum aestivum) CROPPING SYSTEM AS INFLUENCED BY PLANTING, TILLAGE AND WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES.”(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Raipur, 2005) Chitale, Shrikant; Pandey, Narendra; Chandarkar, B.L.; Urkurkar, J.S.; Bajpai, R.K.The experiment was conducted during the kharif and rabi seasons of 2002-03 and 2003-04 at Instructional Farm, IGAU, Raipur to investigate the effect of rice planting methods, tillage and weed management practices of wheat on the productivity and physico-chemical properties of soil under rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system. The major objectives were to assess the productivity and changes in soil physical properties due to different planting methods adopted in rice and its residual effect on tillage operations and weed occurrence in wheat. The soil was clay loam (Alfisols) neutral in pH and having medium organic carbon and available nitrogen, medium in phosphorus and high in potassium. During kharif, three methods of rice planting viz. beushening system of rice planting without GM (Rice BS), transplanting of rice without GM (Rice TP) and transplanting of rice after GM incorporation (Rice TP+ GM) were tried in randomized block design with three replications. While, in rabi, split-split plot design was adopted to take these three rice planting methods as residuals in main plots, four tillage practices viz. conventional tillage (Wheat CT), reduced tillage (Wheat RT), zero tillage (Wheat ZT) and seeding after one harrowing and planking (Wheat HP) in sub plots and ultimately three weed management viz. weedy check (Wheat NC), post emergence application of sulfosulfuron @ 25 g a.i. ha-1 (Wheat CWS) and post emergence application of metsulfuron-methyl @ 4 g a.i. ha-1 (Wheat CWM) under sub-sub plots. The rice planting methods followed during the kharif season had significant direct and residual effect on growth and yield of rice and wheat and soil physico-chemical properties. Rice TP+GM produced the highest grain yield (61.36 and 63.79 q ha-1) of rice and net return (Rs. 23,050 and 23,374 ha-1) during 2002 and 2003. The increase in yield was mainly associated with significantly increase in leaf area index, dry weight and number of effective tillers over beushening system of rice planting. Rice TP also gave significantly higher grain yield of rice than that of Rice BS. The reduction in grain yield under Rice BS was mainly associated with the deduction in effective tillers due to reduced plant population. Rice TP+GM favourably contributed to improve the soil properties in terms of bulk density. Rice TP+GM significantly increased the organic carbon content and available N, P and K of the soil and its residual effect was found beneficial for growth and yield of wheat especially during second year of experimentation. The grain yield of wheat under residual of Rice TP+GM was 11.3 per cent higher than that of Rice TP. The residual of Rice BS produced the grain yield of wheat comparable to that of Rice TP. The wheat yield significantly increased due to Wheat CT (30.76 and 30.64 q ha-1) as compared to zero tillage (22.43 and 27.25 q ha-1) and seeding after one harrowing and planking (22.04 and 24.79 q ha-1). The increase in grain yield was positively correlated with significant increase in LAI, dry weight and effective tillers. The uptake of N, P and K also increased due to Wheat CT as compared to other tillage practices during both the years. As regards to status of these nutrients, Wheat ZT left significantly higher N, P and K content in the soil. Reduction in bulk density was observed under Wheat CT and Wheat ZT. Increased hydraulic conductivity and infiltration rate of 0-7 cm soil depth was measured under Wheat CT of wheat. The wheat field was mainly dominated by Melilotus indica, Chenopodium album among broadleaf weeds and Echinochloa colona and Cynodon dactylon among the grasses. Application of both herbicides i.e. sulfosulfuron @ 25 g a.i. ha-1 and metsulfuron-methyl @ 4 g a.i. ha-1 reduced weed density, weed dry weight, relative weed density and relative dry weight significantly over weedy check. Weed control efficiency of metsulfuron-methyl was comprehensively higher (86.94 and 87.96 per cent) than that of sulfosulfuron (55.57 and 66.47 per cent), respectively during 2002-03 and 2003-04. Growth characters such as plant height, dry weight m-2, leaf area index, crop growth rate and relative growth rate and yield components viz. effective tillers, length of ear, grains ear-1 N, P and K uptake and grain and straw yield were significantly influenced by weed management practices at 60 DAS and at harvest, during both the years. To conclude the system, it was revealed that transplanting of rice with GM incorporation followed by conventional tillage and post emergence application of sulfosulfuron in wheat produced the highest net return (Rs. 52,104/-) and energy output (319.61 MJx103ha-1) of the whole system. It was closely followed by same set of rice planting and tillage management in wheat with post emergence application of metsulfuron-methyl (net return of Rs. 51,124/- and energy output of 318.55 MJx103ha-1).ThesisItem Open Access RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF MAJOR INSECT PESTS AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES IN DIFFERENT RICE ECOSYSTEM DURING KHARIF SEASON(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2014) Nirala, Yaspal Singh; Chandrakar, Gajendra; Sharma, Sanjay; Singh, Vikas; Chitale, Shrikant; Saxena, Ravi R.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SULPHUR AND NITROGEN USING INM APPROACH UNDER RICE CROP IN A VERTISOL(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Verma, Paramanand; Tiwari, Alok; Singh, R.N.; Chitale, Shrikant; Lakhera, M.L.The field experiment was carried out in rice crop on a Vertisol at Research and Instructional farm, Department of SSAC, COA, IGKV,“Raipur, during kharif”2019. In the on-going“long term fertilizer experiment initiated” in kharif 1999“on rice-wheat cropping system,”in Chhattisgarh plain in order to studies on sulphur and nitrogen using INM approach under rice crop in a Vertisol. The ten treatments for this experiment“comprised of no fertilizer control,”“50% NPK,”“100% NPK,”“150% NPK,”“100% NPK”+“ZnSO4@ 10kg”ha-1,”100% NP, “100% N,”“100% NPK + FYM” @“5t ha-1”, “50% NPK+BGA”@ “10kg ha-1” and “50% NPK + GM” @“40kg h-1”,“laid“out at randomized complete block design with four replications.” The continues application of fertilizers and manures significantly influenced the physico-chemical properties viz. highest OC, available N, P and K in 100% NPK + FYM.” However,{the highest available S}content was recorded in 150% NPK as compared to other treatments in surface (0-15 cm) soil. The increase in major as well as secondary nutrient availability in soil before transplanting of rice“was at par in 100% NPK + FYM and 150% NPK.”However,“available N”and S were decreased with the increase in depth (0-15 to 15-30 cm) in 150% NPK as well as other nutrient combination. Forms of nitrogen in soil revealed that the significantly highest ammonical and nitrate N were recorded in 150% NPK followed by 100% NPK + FYM over the control. Various forms of sulphur (i.e. sulphate sulphur, organic sulphur, heat soluble sulphur and water soluble sulphur) revealed that the significantly highest forms of sulphur were recorded in super optimal dose of NPK i.e. “150% NPK followed by 100% NPK”+ Zn @ 10 kg ha-1 and significantly superior over the sole application of nitrogenous fertilizer{and control.} The different forms of sulphur were significantly and highly correlated with grain yield of rice amongst continues“application of inorganic fertilizers and manures.”The highest positive correlation was observed in heat soluble sulphur with yield of rice. The relationship between nitrogen and sulphur fractions and their combined effects on yield of rice under INM approach revealed that the interaction between nitrogen and sulphur fractions with rice yield was significantly influenced by inorganic fertilizers and organic manures over control. Various forms of nitrogen viz. ammonical and nitrate nitrogen were also positively and significantly correlated with yield of rice and revealed that the ammonical nitrogen was highly correlated with yield of rice as compared to nitrate nitrogen amongst continues application of inorganic fertilizers and manures. The study additionally recommended that“use of a FYM and GM enhanced the rice”crop yield when applied with balanced fertilizers either in optimal (100% NPK) or sub optimal (50% NPK) level.