“PRODUCTIVITY AND SOIL PHYSICO-CHEMICAL STUDIES IN RICE (Oryza sativa)-WHEAT (Triticum aestivum) CROPPING SYSTEM AS INFLUENCED BY PLANTING, TILLAGE AND WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES.”
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Date
2005
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Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Raipur
Abstract
The experiment was conducted during the kharif and rabi seasons of 2002-03 and 2003-04 at Instructional Farm, IGAU, Raipur to investigate the effect of rice planting methods, tillage and weed management practices of wheat on the productivity and physico-chemical properties of soil under rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system. The major objectives were to assess the productivity and changes in soil physical properties due to different planting methods adopted in rice and its residual effect on tillage operations and weed occurrence in wheat. The soil was clay loam (Alfisols) neutral in pH and having medium organic carbon and available nitrogen, medium in phosphorus and high in potassium. During kharif, three methods of rice planting viz. beushening system of rice planting without GM (Rice BS), transplanting of rice without GM (Rice TP) and transplanting of rice after GM incorporation (Rice TP+ GM) were tried in randomized block design with three replications. While, in rabi, split-split plot design was adopted to take these three rice planting methods as residuals in main plots, four tillage practices viz. conventional tillage (Wheat CT), reduced tillage (Wheat RT), zero tillage (Wheat ZT) and seeding after one harrowing and planking (Wheat HP) in sub plots and ultimately three weed management viz. weedy check (Wheat NC), post emergence application of sulfosulfuron @ 25 g a.i. ha-1 (Wheat CWS) and post emergence application of metsulfuron-methyl @ 4 g a.i. ha-1 (Wheat CWM) under sub-sub plots. The rice planting methods followed during the kharif season had significant direct and residual effect on growth and yield of rice and wheat and soil physico-chemical properties. Rice TP+GM produced the highest grain yield (61.36 and 63.79 q ha-1) of rice and net return (Rs. 23,050 and 23,374 ha-1) during 2002 and 2003. The increase in yield was mainly associated with significantly increase in leaf area index, dry weight and number of effective tillers over beushening system of rice planting. Rice TP also gave significantly higher grain yield of rice than that of Rice BS. The reduction in grain yield under Rice BS was mainly associated with the deduction in effective tillers due to
reduced plant population. Rice TP+GM favourably contributed to improve the soil properties in terms of bulk density. Rice TP+GM significantly increased the
organic carbon content and available N, P and K of the soil and its residual effect was found beneficial for growth and yield of wheat especially during second year of experimentation. The grain yield of wheat under residual of Rice TP+GM was 11.3 per cent higher than that of Rice TP. The residual of Rice BS produced the grain yield of wheat comparable to that of Rice TP. The wheat yield significantly increased due to Wheat CT (30.76 and 30.64 q ha-1) as compared to zero tillage (22.43 and 27.25 q ha-1) and seeding after one harrowing and planking (22.04 and 24.79 q ha-1). The increase in grain yield was positively correlated with significant increase in LAI, dry weight and effective tillers. The uptake of N, P and K also increased due to Wheat CT as compared to other tillage practices during both the years. As regards to status of these nutrients, Wheat ZT left significantly higher N, P and K content in the soil. Reduction in bulk density was observed under Wheat CT and Wheat ZT. Increased hydraulic conductivity and infiltration rate of 0-7 cm soil depth was measured under Wheat CT of wheat. The wheat field was mainly dominated by Melilotus indica, Chenopodium album among broadleaf weeds and Echinochloa colona and Cynodon dactylon among the grasses. Application of both herbicides i.e. sulfosulfuron @ 25 g a.i. ha-1 and metsulfuron-methyl @ 4 g a.i. ha-1 reduced weed density, weed dry weight, relative weed density and relative dry weight significantly over weedy check. Weed control efficiency of metsulfuron-methyl was comprehensively higher (86.94 and 87.96 per cent) than that of sulfosulfuron (55.57 and 66.47 per cent), respectively during 2002-03 and 2003-04. Growth characters such as plant height, dry weight m-2, leaf area index, crop growth rate and relative growth rate and yield components viz. effective tillers, length of ear, grains ear-1 N, P and K uptake and grain and straw yield were significantly influenced by weed management practices at 60 DAS and at harvest, during both the years. To conclude the system, it was revealed that transplanting of rice with GM incorporation followed by conventional tillage and post emergence application of sulfosulfuron in wheat produced the highest net return (Rs. 52,104/-) and energy output (319.61 MJx103ha-1) of the whole system. It was closely followed by same set of rice planting and tillage management in wheat with post emergence application of metsulfuron-methyl (net return of Rs. 51,124/- and energy output of 318.55 MJx103ha-1).
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210 p.