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Agriculture University, Jodhpur
Agriculture University, Jodhpur was established on 14th September, 2013 by Government of Rajasthan under Agriculture University, Jodhpur Act 21 of 2013 to focus on holistic development of arid and semi-arid regions of the state covering 6 districts (Jodhpur, Barmer, Nagaur, Pali, Jalore and Sirohi), constituting 28% of total geographical area which is sustaining 20.8% human and 28.4% animal population of the state. The districts under jurisdiction of the university cover 3 agro-ecological zones of the state. These are Arid Western Plain Zone Ia (Jodhpur and Barmer districts), Transitional plain of Luni Basin Zone IIb (Jalore, Pali, and Sirohi districts) and part of Transitional Plain of Inland Drainage Zone IIa (Nagaur district). The university has 1 institute of diploma and 3 colleges to produce highly competent educated human resources in agriculture and allied sciences besides 2 agricultural research stations, one each in zone Ia & IIb and 3 agricultural research sub stations, one in each zone to prepare, plan and perform highly need based research in this acute water scarce but naturally rich bio-diversified zone of the country. The third most important part in tri-pillar (Teaching, Research & Extension) of agricultural development, the extension for transfer of technologies are reached to doorsteps of the farming community by 6 Krishi Vigyan Kendras (K-V-Ks), 2 in Nagaur district and 1 each in Jodhpur, Barmer, Jalore & Sirohi districts under the umbrella of the university. The different units of teaching, research and extension are coordinating to systematically run by the headquarter situated at Mandor, Jodhpur.
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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Seed Priming, Plant Bioregulators and Boron on Qualitative and Quantitative Performance of Bottle Gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.](Agriculture University, Jodhpur, 2024-04-06) Anupama; Moond, S.K.The present experiment entitled “Effect of seed priming, plant bioregulators and boron on qualitative and quantitative performance of Bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.]” was conducted under Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications using cultivar Pusa Naveen at the Instructional Farm and Laboratory of the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Jodhpur during summer seasons of 2020 and 2021. The research was conducted into two sub experiments. In the first experiment, the seeds of bottle gourd cultivar Pusa Naveen were primed with 7 different priming agents with 2 different soaking periods (12 and 24 hours) keeping unprimed seeds as control which consisted fifteen treatments i.e. Osmopriming with PEG 6000 @ -0.5 MPa for 12 and 24 hrs, Harmonal priming with GA3 @ 100 ppm for 12 and 24 hrs, Halopriming with Na2HPO4 @ 1% for 12 and 24 hrs, KH2PO4 @ 1% for 12 and 24 hrs, KNO3 @ 2% for 12 and 24 hrs and CaCl2 @ 2% for 12 and 24 hrs and Hydropriming with distilled water for 12 and 24 hrs and a control (untreated). It was found that seeds primed with GA3 @100 ppm for 24 hrs (T11) exhibited best results in terms of germination percentage (95.86%), speed of germination (7.25 days), field emergence (86.68%), speed of field emergence (5.22 days), seedling root length (12.04 cm), shoot length (19.74 cm), seedling length (31.78 cm), seedling dry weight (1.17 g), vigour index-I (2755) and vigour index- II (101.87) which was closely followed by PEG 6000 @-0.5MPa for 24hrs (T10) on the basis of pooled analysis. In the field study parameters, treatment of seeds with GA3 @100 ppm for 24 hrs proved to be the best treatment for characters like days to first female flower anthesis (57.46 days), 50 per cent flowering (58.23 days), vine length (5.56 m), number of primary branches (9.87), days to first picking (69.58 days), number of fruits per vine (8.63), fruit length (27.29 cm), fruit diameter (6.67 cm), fruit weight (682 g) and fruit yield per vine (6.07 kg/ha) and yield per ha (270.29 q) with maximum net returns (Rs.1,96,053) and B:C ratio (3.64). Amongst the various seed priming treatments, Bottle gourd seeds were primed with GA3 @100 ppm for 24 hours was rated as the most cost-effective treatment which produced the maximum fruit yield per hectare, net returns and B:C ratio. The second experiment consisted 21 treatment combinations i.e three plant bioregulators (Ethrel, NAA and GA3) with two different concentration and two levels of boron applied at 2 to 4 true leaf stage and 30 days after first spray during both the years. The results showed that borax 0.05% + ethrel 500 ppm (T11) significantly increased the plant growth, yield and quality parameters as compared to control treatment. On the basis of pooled analysis, the longest vine length (5.83 m) was recorded with the treatment borax 0.05% + GA3 50 ppm. The minimum number of days to first male flower anthesis (43.83 days), minimum days to first female flower anthesis (45.40 days), minimum days to 50 per cent flowering (46.05 days), minimum days to first picking (58.37 days), lowest number of node on which first female flower appeared (14.04), highest number of primary branches per vine (11.73), highest number of nodes on main vine (54.86), maximum number of fruits per vine (9.07), maximum fruit yield per vine (6.43 kg) and per hectare (286.15q/ha), maximum TSS (3.47 ᵒBrix) and ascorbic acid content (7.59 mg/100g) were recorded with borax 0.05% + ethrel 500 ppm (T11) which was statistically at par with the treatments borax 0.05% + NAA 100 ppm and borax 0.05% + NAA 200 ppm on pooled basis. The longest fruit (27.88 cm) with maximum diameter (6.95 cm) and the heaviest fruit weight (720 g) were recorded under the treatment borax @ 0.05% + NAA 200 ppm (T15) on pooled basis. Based on economics, borax @ 0.05% + ethrel 500 ppm was found to be more profitable in terms of net returns (Rs. 2,16,451 per ha) with highest B:C ratio (4.11) followed by foliar spray of NAA @100 and 200 ppm with borax @ 0.05%. On the basis of experimental findings, it is concluded that bottle gourd cv. Pusa Naveen sprayed with borax 0.05% + ethrel 500 ppm (T11) at 2 to 4 true leaf stage and 30 days after first spray provided the maximum income with a cost benefit ratio.ThesisItem Open Access Heterosis and Combining Ability Studies for Yield and Component Characters in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) Over Different Seasons(Agriculture University, Jodhpur, 2022-03-12) Kherwa, Radhe Shyam; Bhardwaj, Raju LalAn investigation was undertaken with a view to evaluate the magnitude of heterosis, combining ability, G x E interactions and stability parameters for fruit yield and its component characters following Line × Tester design involving (4 females and 8 males) varieties/genotypes of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). These twelve parents and their 32 F1s with Pusa Uttam as standard check were tested for sixteen characters under three growing transplanting season. viz., E1: Summer Season – April, E2: Kharif Season – July, E3: Early Winter Season – October, in the year of 2020-2021, at Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Jodhpur, in randomized block design with three replications. The analysis of variance for all the traits revealed presence of considerable genetic variability in the genotypes studied. Appreciable influence of environment which showed the genotype × environment interaction was significant for all the characters. While the mean squares due to G × E interactions were significant for most of the traits. The most heterotic crosses over mid parent, better parent and standard check for fruit yield and other contributing characters were PR-5 × BCB-71-1, PR-5 × Swarna Mani, PLR-1 × Swarna Mani, PLR-1 × BCB-71-1, PLR-1 × BCB-464, PR-5 × BCB-464, VR-2 × CO-2, IIHR- 563 × BCB-71-1 and IIHR- 563 × BCB-464. These crosses were considered promising for their use for improvement of yield characters with earliness and quality traits in brinjal. The environment wise combining ability analysis revealed significant differences for gca and sca variances for all the characters indicating importance of both additive and non-additive gene effects in the genetic control of all the characters studied. The mean sum of squares due to females × environments (seasons) were significant for fruit yield which indicated that gca variance of females were influenced by the environments. The combining ability studies indicated that among female parents, PR-5, PLR-1 and VR-2, whereas among male parents BCB-464, BCB-71-1, Swarna Mani and CO-2 were emerged as good general combiners for fruit yield and most of the contributing characters. Whereas, the crosses viz., PR-5 × BCB-71-1, PR-5 × BCB 464, PLR-1 × BCB-71-1, PLR-1 × Swarna Mani, VR-2 × CO-2, IIHR- 563 × BCB 464 and VR-2 × Swarna Mani were exhibited high sca effect for fruit yield and most of the contributing characters. These crosses could be of immense potential in brinjal improvement programme. The analysis of variance of phenotypic stability indicated highly significant G × E interaction for most of the traits indicating differential response of genotypes to varied environments. The mean sum of squares due to pooled deviation (non-linear) were also significant for most of the characters indicating role of unpredictable causes affecting stability and the prediction of these attributes would be difficult. Joint consideration of mean performance and stability parameters revealed that parents BCB-464, BCB-71-1, PR-5, IIHR- 563, Swarna Mani and PLR-1 was more responsive for fruit yield and associated characters, therefore these were considered suitable for better environment. The crosses PR-5 × BCB-464, PR-5 × BCB-71-1, PLR-1 × BCB-71-1, PLR-1 × Swarna Mani, IIHR- 563 × BCB-71-1 and PLR-1 × BCB-464 was stable over wide range of environments for most of fruit yield traits with earliness and quality attributes, showing their suitability for variable environments. Overall, on the basis of high per se performance, significant gca effects for fruit yield with earliness as well as quality characters and stability, the parents PR-5, BCB-464, BCB-71-1, PLR-1 and Swarna Mani were found superior. Out of 32 crosses studied, PR-5 × BCB-464, PR-5 × BCB-71-1, PLR-1 × BCB-71-1, PLR-1 × BCB-464 and PLR-1 × Swarna Mani were found to have superior on the basis of high per se performance, sca effects, significant heterotic effect in desirable direction and good stability in all three environments as well as poled over environments for fruit yield and most of the associated traits like earliness and quality traits, offer good opportunity for future brinjal improvement programme.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Water Regimes, Land Configurations and Mulching on Growth, Yield and Quality of Onion (Allium cepa L.)(Agriculture University, Jodhpur, 2023-09-25) Jat, Asha; Moond, S.K.The present experiment entitled “Effect of Water Regimes, Land Configurations and Mulching on Growth, Yield and Quality of Onion (Allium cepa L.)” was conducted at Instructional farm, College of Agriculture, Jodhpur during rabi season of 2020-2021 and 2021-2022. The experiment had 24 treatments in Split-Split Plot Design including three factors i.e., A) one main factor: water regime having three levels (I1 - 1.0 IW/CPE, I2 - 0.8 IW/CPE and I3 - 0.6 IW/CPE) and two sub factors B) land configuration having two levels (B1 - flat bed and B2 - raised bed) and C) mulching having four levels (M1 - no mulch, M2 - black mulch, M3 - silver-black mulch and M4 - white-black mulch). The 0.8 IW/CPE water regime substantially enhanced growth, yield and quality attributes of onion viz., plant height (50.26 cm), leaf length (45.01 cm), leaf diameter (18.93 mm), neck length (5.25 cm), number of leaves per plant (13.32), neck diameter (21.28 mm), time taken to maturity (114.77 days), bolting (1.68%), leaf chlorophyll content (19.25 µg/100g), leaf N content (173.68 mg/100g), leaf P content (42.09 mg/100g), leaf K content (224.54 mg/100g), leaf S content (0.44%), weight of fresh bulb (80.75 g), weight of cured bulb (72.15 g), polar diameter of bulb (5.32 cm), equatorial diameter of bulb (5.99 cm), number of bulb scales (11.49), thickness of bulb scale (2.58 mm), bulb yield (33.37 t/ha), dry matter content (17.35%), double bulb (1.90%), sulphur content (0.49%), allyl propyl disulphide content (6.92 µmol/g), weight loss (6.00%, 14.71% and 34.52% at 30, 60, 90 DOS, respectively) and bulb rotting (2.49% and 5.42% at 60 and 90 DOS, respectively) over 0.6 IW/CPE on the basis of pooled analysis. Additionally, significantly higher net returns (` 3,51,684 per ha) and B:C ratio (3.36) were also recorded with 0.8 IW/CPE. This treatment remained at par with 1.0 IW/CPE. However the maximum water use efficiency (67.98 kg/ha-mm) was recorded with 0.6 IW/CPE. The raised bed land configuration significantly improved growth, yield and quality attributes of onion viz., plant height (51.03 cm), leaf length (45.71 cm), leaf diameter (19.28 mm), neck length (5.32 cm), number of leaves per plant (13.49), neck diameter (22.04 mm), time taken to maturity (115.30 days), bolting (1.74%), leaf chlorophyll content (19.68 µg/100g), leaf N content (175.46 mg/100g), leaf P content (42.73 mg/100g), leaf K content (226.78 mg/100g), leaf S content (0.44%), weight of fresh bulb (82.04 g), weight of cured bulb (74.40 g), polar diameter of bulb (5.41 cm), equatorial diameter of bulb (6.13 cm), number of bulb scales (11.67), thickness of bulb scale (2.58 mm), bulb yield (34.14 t/ha), dry matter content (17.59%), double bulb (2.03%), sulphur content (0.49%), allyl propyl disulphide content (6.96 µmol/g), net returns (` 3,62,804 per ha), B:C ratio (3.43) and water use efficiency (63.31 kg/ha-mm) over the flat bed land configuration on pooled basis. The application of black mulch considerably enhanced the growth, yield and quality attributes viz., plant height (52.50 cm), leaf length (46.99 cm), leaf diameter (19.68 mm), neck length (5.51 cm), number of leaves per plant (13.79), neck diameter (22.15 mm), time taken to maturity (116.36 days), bolting (1.86%), leaf chlorophyll content (19.80 µg/100g), leaf N content (177.78 mg/100g), leaf P content (43.17 mg/100g), leaf K content (229.56 mg/100g), leaf S content (0.44%) weight of fresh bulb (82.64 g), weight of cured bulb (75.58 g), polar diameter of bulb (5.44 cm), equatorial diameter of bulb (6.29 cm), number of bulb scales (11.75), thickness of bulb scale (2.66 mm), bulb yield (34.47 t/ha), dry matter content (17.94%), double bulb (2.08%), sulphur content (0.49%), allyl propyl disulphide content (7.00 µmol/g), weight loss (6.08%, 15.12% and 35.48% at 30, 60, 90 DOS, respectively) and bulb rotting (2.58% and 5.59% at 60 and 90 DOS, respectively) over white-mulch and no mulch on the basis of pooled data, but remained at par with silver-black mulch. Moreover, significantly enhanced net returns (` 3,67,291 per ha), B:C ratio (3.45) and water use efficiency (63.91 kg/ha-mm) were also recorded with black mulch. The most profound interaction effect with the maximum neck diameter (24.89 mm), weight of fresh bulb (94.26 g), weight of cured bulb (85.23 g), polar diameter of bulb (6.24 cm), number of bulb scales (12.52), bulb yield (39.25 t/ha), net returns (` 4,38,927 per ha) and B: C ratio (3.93) was found with I1×B2 on pooled basis. Similarly, the most improved weight of fresh bulb (96.13 g), polar diameter (6.29 cm), bulb yield (39.99 t/ha), net returns (` 4,49,581 per ha) and B:C ratio (3.99) were observed with I1×M2 (being at par with I1×M3). The maximum weight of fresh bulb (90.35 g), weight of cured bulb (81.58 g), bulb yield (37.79 t/ha), net returns (` 416746 per ha), B:C ratio (3.77) and water use efficiency (69.37 kg/ha-mm) were observed in B2×M2 (being at par with B2×M3). The maximum weight of fresh bulb (110.83 g), bulb yield (46.59 t/ha) and net returns (` 5,48,071 per ha) were recorded under I1×B2×M2. Thus, based on pooled data analysis, it may be concluded that the application of 0.8 IW/CPE, raised bed land configuration and black mulch may be recommended for rabi onion cultivation under Agro-Climatic Zone IA (Arid Western Plains Zone) for higher yield of onion.ThesisItem Open Access Heterosis, Combining ability and Stability study in Castor (Ricinus communis L.)(Agriculture University, Jodhpur, 2023-09-25) Sharma, Versha; Kumhar, Sita RamThe present experiment “Heterosis, Combining ability and Stability study in Castor (Ricinus communis L.)” was conducted in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications under three different environmental conditions viz., Kharif, 2020 at Agricultural Research Station, Mandor, Jodhpur (E1); Kharif, 2021 at Agricultural Research Station, Mandor, Jodhpur (E2) and Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Jodhpur (E3). Experimental material was consisted of 44 entries comprising of 30 crosses, developed from three lines (MCP-1-1, SKP-84 and DPC-15) and ten testers (MP-2-17, MP-12-17, MP-27-17, MP-32-17, MP-34-17, MP-35- 17, MP-36-17, MP-39-17, MP-41-17 and MP-42-17) using line × tester along with one check, GCH-8. The crop in E1 was sown on 1st week of August (Kharif, 2020), E2 on 4th week of August and E3 on 2nd week of September (Kharif, 2021). The observations were recorded for 12 characters viz., days to emergence of primary raceme, days to maturity of primary raceme, height up to primary raceme (cm), number of nodes to primary raceme, number of effective raceme per plant, effective primary raceme length (cm), number of capsules per primary raceme, 100-seed weight, volume weight (g/100 ml), seed yield at 120, 150, 180 and 210 days after sowing (g/plant), oil content (%) and ricinoleic acid content (%). Analysis of pooled data for experimental design indicated that genotypes exhibited significant differences for all the traits in individual as well as in pooled analysis. Environmental influence was observed on all the traits studied as the significant differences were observed for all the characters except days to maturity of primary raceme. Genotype × environment exhibited significant differences for all the traits except days to maturity of primary raceme and 100-seed weight. Pooled analysis of variance due to lines and testers was also significant for all the traits except seed yield at 210 days after sowing in lines. Parents and hybrids were also significant for most of the traits under individual as well as pooled over environments. Mean squares due to lines vs. testers indicated predominance of variation for most of the traits except 100-seed weight, seed yield at 120 and 210 days after sowing; and ricinoleic acid content. The magnitude of 2gca was greater than 2sca for days to emergence of primary raceme, days to maturity of primary raceme, height up to primary raceme, number of nodes to primary raceme, effective primary raceme length and 100-seed weight over environments; whereas 2 sca was higher than that of 2 gca for seed volume weight. For traits viz., number of effective raceme per plant, number of capsules per primary raceme, seed yield at 120, 150, 180 and 210 days after sowing both additive and dominance gene action found to be involved. Oil content and ricinoleic acid content showed negative ratio of variance due to gca to variance due to sca (-2gca/-2sca) which indicated that the environmental influence were higher for these two traits. GCA effects indicated that among lines, MCP-1-1 found good general combiner for seed yield at 120, 150, 180 and 210 days after sowing and; for other yield contributing traits. Parent DPC-15 considered as good general combiner for earliness, on the contrary, two testers viz., MP-12-17 and MP-27-17 were found superior for overall seed yield at final harvest (at 210 days after sowing) and also for some yield governing traits. For both high oil content and ricinoleic acid content MP36-17 considered as desirable. Hybrids, SKP-84 × MP-36-17, MCP-1-1 × MP-12-17 and DPC-15 × MP-34-17 for overall seed yield and MCP-1-1 × MP-2-17, SKP-84 × MP-34-17 and DPC-15 × MP-12-17 for earliness were the best specific combiners. On the basis of heterosis, the best hybrids for seed yield were MCP-1-1 × MP-12-17, MCP-1-1 × MP-42-17 which were also good performer for oil content. For earliness, DPC-15 × MP-12-17 and DPC-15 × MP-2-17; and for oil content and ricinoleic acid content MCP-1-1 × MP-35-17 and MCP-1-1 × MP-36-17 considered as better hybrids. On the basis of stability analysis most of the traits showed stable performance as the genotype × environment interaction was significant only for three characters viz., number of capsules per primary raceme, seed yield at 120 days after sowing and ricinoleic acid content. Among lines, MCP-1-1 found stable for overall seed yield at final harvest. Tester, MP-34-17 was average stabile for five traits viz., seed yield at 180 days after sowing, days to emergence of primary raceme, height up to primary raceme, oil content and ricinoleic acid content whereas MP-12-17 was having average stablility for four characters viz., number of nodes to primary raceme, number of effective raceme per plant, 100-seed weight and oil content. Hybrids, MCP-1-1 × MP-35-17, MCP-1-1 × MP-27-17 and MCP-1-1 × MP-39-17 were considered to be the best as these hybrids showed average stability for overall seed yield and maximum number of traits over others. For oil content and ricinoleic acid content two hybrids found average stable viz., MCP-1-1 × MP-12-17 and DPC-15 × MP-32-17. On overall basis, female parent (line) MCP-1-1 and male parent MP-12-17 (tester) was identified as good performer on the basis of significant gca effects and stability analysis for seed yield. Hybrid MCP-1-1 × MP-12-17 had high sca effects, maximum heterosis as well as average stability for seed yield, therefore, considered as the best among all the hybrids.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Nano Fertilizers on Productivity of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(Agriculture University, Jodhpur, 2024-03-16) Borana, Hitesh; Singh, IshwarA field experiment was carried out to study the “Effect of nano fertilizers on productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)” at Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Jodhpur (Agriculture University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan) during Rabi seasons of 2021-22 and 2022-23. The field experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with fourteen treatments replicated thrice. The treatments comprised of T1-100% RDF + two foliar spray of nano N at 35 & 55 DAS, T2-100% RDF + foliar spray of nano P at 35 DAS, T3-100% RDF + ST with nano P at 5 ml/kg seed and two foliar spray of nano N at 35 & 55 DAS, T4-75% RDF + two foliar spray of nano N at 35 & 55 DAS, T5-75% RDF + foliar spray of nano P at 35 DAS, T6- 100% RDF + ST with nano P at 5 ml/kg seed and two foliar spray of nano N at 35 & 55 DAS, T7-50% RDF + two foliar spray of nano N at 35 & 55 DAS, T8-50% RDF + foliar spray of nano P at 35 DAS, T9-50% RDF + ST with nano P at 5 ml/kg seed and two foliar spray of nano N at 35 & 55 DAS, T10-Foliar spray of nano P at 35 DAS + two foliar spray of nano N at 35 & 55 DAS, T11-ST with nano P at 5 ml/kg seed + foliar spray of nano P at 35 DAS + two foliar spray of nano N at 35 & 55 DAS, T12- ST with nano P at 5 ml/kg seed + two foliar spray of nano N at 35 & 55 DAS, T13- 100% RDF through conventional fertilizers and T14-Control. Findings based on pooled analysis indicate that the highest plant height (93.5 cm) and dry matter accumulation (1004.7 g/m2 ) at harvest stage were recorded with the application of 100% RDF + ST with nano P and two foliar spray of nano N at 35 & 55 DAS which was statistically at par with 100% RDF + two foliar spray of nano N at 35 & 55 DAS. Similarly, the highest values of CGR between 40-80 DAS (16.40 g/m2/day) and 80 DAS-at harvest (3.86 g/m2/day) were also recorded with application of 100% RDF + ST with nano P and two foliar spray of nano N at 35 & 55 DAS, on pooled basis. Application of 100% RDF + ST with nano P and two foliar spray of nano N at 35 & 55 DAS substantially improved yield attributing characters viz., number of tillers/m2 (431), no. of spikes/m2 (414), spike length (17.03 cm), no. of grains/spike (45.24) and test weight (46.32 g) over control. Application of 100% RDF + ST with nano P and two foliar spray of nano N at 35 & 55 DAS recorded significantly higher grain yield (4,399 kg/ha), straw yield (5,525 kg/ha) and biological yield (9,923 kg/ha) and crude protein content (10.45%) over control on pooled basis. Considerably higher N (25.97 & 83.10 kg/ha) and P (4.39 & 19.81 kg/ha) uptake by wheat plant at 40 & 80 DAS were recorded under application of 100% RDF + ST with nano P and two foliar spray of nano N at 35 & 55 DAS over control, respectively. However, it remained at par with 100% RDF + two foliar spray of nano N at 35 & 55 DAS. Significantly higher nitrogen and phosphorus uptake by grain (80.63 & 15.39 kg/ha) and straw (27.99 & 10.47 kg/ha) were recorded by 100% RDF + ST with nano P and two foliar spray of nano N at 35 & 55 DAS over control, on pooled basis. Post-harvest soil fertility analysis of wheat crop revealed that application of 100% RDF + ST with nano P and two foliar spray of nano N at 35 & 55 DAS significantly enhanced available nitrogen (182.49 kg/ha), phosphorus (24.14 kg/ha) and potassium (323.23 kg/ha) recorded in soil after harvest of wheat over 50% of RDF in combination with nano fertilizers and control, on pooled basis. The microbial population of bacteria (55.55 × 107 CFU/g of soil) and fungi (29.07 × 104 CFU/g of soil) recorded at post-harvest stage were the highest with application of 100% RDF + ST with nano P and two foliar spray of nano N at 35 & 55 DAS which was on par with 100% RDF + two foliar spray of nano N at 35 & 55 DAS. Economic analysis predict, that application of 100% RDF + ST with nano P and two foliar spray of nano N at 35 & 55 DAS gave maximum grain yield (4,399 kg/ha), net return (₹ 79,814/ha) and B: C ratio (2.94). Thus, based on the data of two years, it can be concluded that wheat grown under the agro-climatic condition of Zone-Ia, can be fertilized with 100% RDF (90 kg N/ha, 40 kg P2O5 and 20 kg K2O/ha) along with seed treatment with nano P @ 5 ml/kg of seed and two foliar spray of nano N @ 4 ml/L of water at 35 & 55 DAS for higher production and net return from wheat.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Planting Methods, Mulches and Drip Irrigation Scheduling on Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)(Agriculture University, Jodhpur, 2024-01-30) Kumar, Sunil; Mehriya, M. L.; Mehriya, M. L.A field investigation was undertaken to study the effect of planting methods, mulches and drip irrigation scheduling on fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) at Instructional Farm of College of Agriculture, Agriculture University, Jodhpur during the Rabi seasons of 2020-21 and 2021-22. The field experiment was comprised of four levels of drip irrigation (1.0, 0.8, 0.6 and 0.4 PEF) in main plots, two planting methods (Direct sowing and Transplanting) in sub plots and three mulches (No mulch, Straw mulch and Plastic mulch) in sub-sub plots. The trial was laid out in split plot design with three replications and 24 treatment combinations. The results revealed that progressive increase in levels of drip irrigation from 0.4 to 1.0 PEF significantly improved growth parameters, yield attributes and yield, N, P and K absorption by the crop. Plant height, dry matter accumulation, total chlorophyll content and relative water content at 70, 105 DAS and at harvest, number of branches/plant at 70 DAS and at harvest were significantly higher with drip irrigation at 1.0 PEF on pooled basis. However, significantly higher root growth parameters viz. root length, root volume and root dry matter were recorded with drip irrigation at 0.6 PEF in both the seasons as well as on pooled basis. Drip irrigation applied at 1.0 PEF produced seed yield of 2482 kg/ha, which was significantly higher by 13.23, 32.09 and 79.85 percent over 0.8 (2192 kg/ha), 0.6 (1879 kg/ha) and 0.4 PEF (1380 kg/ha), respectively. The volatile oil yield (34.84 kg/ha) and protein yield (252.23 kg/ha) were significantly higher at this level of drip irrigation compared to its lower levels. The gross monetary returns (2,62,013 ₹/ha), net monetary returns (1,96,058 ₹/ha) and benefit cost ratio (3.99) were also highest under this treatment. The maximum consumptive use of water (590.1 mm) was computed with highest drip irrigation volume (1.0 PEF), whereas water use efficiency (5.24 kg/m3 ) and water productivity (557.32 ₹/m3 ) was maximum with lowest level of drip irrigation (0.4 PEF). Further, transplanting method consistently outperformed direct sowing resulting to enhanced growth parameters viz. plant height, dry matter accumulation, total chlorophyll content, root volume and root dry matter at 35, 70, 105 DAS and number of branches/plant at 70 DAS and at harvest and yield attributes viz. number of umbels/plant (16.0), number of umbellets/umbel (14.1), number of seeds/umbellet (18.3), number of seeds/plant (4177), test weight (7.20 g), seed yield/plant (26.15 g/plant) and seed yield (2141 kg/ha), stalk yield (4954 kg/ha) and biological yield (7095 kg/ha) on pooled basis. Additionally, N, P and K absorption as well as their uptakes by crops, volatile oil content (1.60 percent) and its yield (33.62 kg/ha), protein content (9.34 percent) and respective yield (204.58 kg/ha) were also significantly higher with transplanting method compared to direct sowing. In terms of economic returns, transplanting gave maximum gross monetary returns (2,25,778 ₹/ha), net monetary returns (1,58,294 ₹/ha) and benefit cost ratio (3.35). Moreover, consumptive use of water was not significantly varied due to planting methods. However, maximum water use efficiency (5.00 kg/m3 ) and water productivity (529.89 ₹/ha) were highest under transplanting method. Among mulches, straw and plastic mulches recorded significantly higher growth and yield attributes over no mulch in both the seasons. However, the use of straw mulch recorded significantly improved growth attributes, yield attributes and yield, NPK content and their uptake by fennel, volatile oil yield and protein yield compared to plastic mulch and no mulch in both the seasons of experimentation. The significantly higher seed yield (2233 kg/ha), stalk yield (5216 kg/ha), biological yield (7449 kg/ha), volatile oil content (1.59 percent) and yield (34.98 kg/ha), protein content (9.35 percent) and protein yield (213.01 kg/ha) were recorded with the application of straw mulch. The maximum consumptive use of water was computed under no mulch (451.5 mm). Whereas, maximum water use efficiency (5.16 kg/m3 ) and water productivity (542.70 ₹/m3 ) were calculated with the use of straw mulch. Further, the highest gross monetary returns (2,35,790 ₹/ha), net monetary returns (2,07,060 ₹/ha) and benefit cost ratio (3.65) were recorded with straw mulch. The interaction effect between levels of drip irrigation and planting methods, levels of drip irrigation and mulches, planting methods and mulches were found significant in both the seasons as well as on pooled basis. Drip irrigation at 1.0 PEF superimposed with transplanting recorded significantly higher plant height and dry matter accumulation at 105 DAS and harvest, yield attributes viz. number of umbels/plant (19.7), number of umbellets/umbel (17.0), number of seeds/umbellet (20.8), number of seeds/plant (5429), seed yield/plant (31.20 g/plant) and seed yield (2685 kg/ha), stalk yield (5776 kg/ha), biological yield (8461 kg/ha), volatile oil yield (38.29 kg/ha), protein yield (278.31 kg/ha) over rest of the combination. NPK uptakes by seed (44.59, 14.24 and 8.92 kg/ha) and stalk (47.02, 12.12 and 86.45 kg/ha) of fennel, respectively were also significantly enhanced with this combination. Among the interaction between the combination of levels of drip irrigation and mulches, drip irrigation at 1.0 PEF and straw mulch recorded significantly higher yield attributes viz. number of umbels/plant (19.0), number of umbellets/umbel (16.8), number of seeds/umbellet (19.7), number of seeds/plant (5133), seed yield/plant (33.22 g/plant) and seed yield (2796 kg/ha), stalk yield (6123 kg/ha) and biological yield (8919 kg/ha). This combination also enhanced volatile oil yield (40.18 kg/ha) and protein yield (290.41 kg/ha) as well as NPK uptake by seed (46.47, 15.06 and 9.29 kg/ha) and stalk (50.42, 13.09 and 91.79 kg/ha) of fennel, respectively. Likewise, when transplanting combined with straw mulch, it also significantly improved seed yield (2348 kg/ha), stalk yield (5338 kg/ha), biological yield (7687kg/ha). Moreover, volatile oil yield (37.34 kg/ha), protein yield (228.11 kg/ha) and uptake of NPK by crop were also significantly higher with this combination over rest of the treatment combinations.ThesisItem Open Access Agronomic Evaluation of Straight and Customized Fertilizer Formulation in Different Pearl Millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. emend Stuntz] Hybrids(Agriculture University, Jodhpur, 2021-07-04) Kumar, Manoj; Singh, Ummed; Singh, Ishwar; Parewa, Hanuman Prasad; Verma, J.R.A field experiment was conducted at ICAR-All India Coordinated Research Project on Pearl Millet, Research Farm, Agricultural Research Station, Mandor, Jodhpur (Agriculture University, Jodhpur) during kharif seasons of 2019 and 2020. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) and replicated thrice. The experiment consisted of three fertility levels (Control, Nutrient supply through straight fertilizers and Nutrient supply through customized fertilizer) and seven different pearl millet hybrids (‘MPMH 21’, ‘MPMH 17’, ‘RHB 177’, ‘RHB 173’, ‘HHB 67 (Improved)’, ‘HHB 197’ and ‘HHB 272’). Findings based on pooled analysis of data exhibited that application of customized fertilizer substantially enhanced growth attributes viz., plant height (192.2 cm), days to 50% flowering (45.7 days), days to maturity (85.3 days), dry matter accumulation (72.72 g/plant) and total number of tillers/metre row length (24.0) over control. Interaction effect between fertility levels and hybrids on dry matter accumulation was found significantly positive. Hybrid ‘RHB 173’ attained maximum dry matter accumulation (76.42 g/plant) with the application of customized fertilizer on pooled basis. Further, addition of customized fertilizer substantially improved yield attributing characters viz., number of effective tillers/metre row length (22.6), ear head length (23.10 cm), ear head girth (26.66 mm) and 1,000 grains weight (9.53 g) over control. Application of customized fertilizer recorded markedly higher grain yield (2,010 kg/ha), straw yield (3,417 kg/ha), biological yield (5,426 kg/ha) and harvest index (37.02%) over control and straight fertilizer. Marked variations in N, P, K and Zn content in different plant parts have been noticed with the application of customized fertilizer. Application of customized fertilizer recorded markedly higher N (0.105, 0.105 and 0.099%), P (0.332, 0.281 and 0.261%), K (0.705, 0.585 and 1.235%) and Zn (45.27, 46.54 and 47.29 mg/kg) content in root, shoot and leaf of pearl millet over control. Additionally, significant improvement in crude protein content (11.34%) and protein yield (228.9 kg/ha) were also recorded with application of customized fertilizer over control on pooled basis. Application of customized fertilizer recorded markedly higher N (1.814 and 0.580%), P (0.263 and 0.125%), K (0.687 and 1.987%) and Zn (56.42 and 30.03 mg/kg) content in grain and straw of pearl millet over control. Interaction effect between fertility levels and hybrids on N, P and K content in grain and straw was found statistically significant. Hybrid ‘RHB 173’ recorded maximum N, P and K content in grain and straw by application of customized fertilizer on pooled basis. Albeit, hybrid ‘HHB 67 Improved’ recorded greater Zn content in grain and hybrid ‘HHB 197’ recorded maximum Zn content in straw with the application of customized fertilizer.Marked improvement in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and zinc uptake by grain (36.62, 5.28, 13.82 kg/ha and 113.64 g/ha) and straw (19.86, 4.04, 67.96 kg/ha and 102.65 g/ha) was recorded with the application of customized fertilizer over control and straight fertilizers. Application of customized fertilizer substantially enhanced nutrient use indices of N, P, K and Zn viz., agronomic use efficiency (12.4, 24.9, 74.7 and 149.3), recovery efficiency (42.2, 13.3, 358.6 and 1.64%) and nutrient harvest index (64.7, 55.2, 16.9 and 52.4%) over control. Hybrid ‘MPMH 17’ substantially enhanced growth attributes viz., dry matter accumulation (66.85 g/plant) and total number of tillers/metre row length (22.4) over control. Further, the pearl millet hybrid ‘MPMH 17’ also recorded marked improvement in yield attributes viz., number of effective tillers/metre row length (21.2) and grain (1,958 kg/ha), straw (3,466 kg/ha) and biological (5,424 kg/ha) yields over rest of the hybrids. Marked variations in N, P, K and Zn content in different plant parts have been noticed among various pearl millet hybrids. Markedly higher N (0.106, 0.105 and 0.097) content in root, shoot and leaf of pearl millet was recorded by the hybrids MPMH 17’. Hybrid ‘RHB 173’ recorded significantly higher N (1.771 and 0.563%), P (0.250 and 0.122%) and K (0.638 and 1.842%) content in grain and straw of pearl millet over rest of the hybrids. Substantially higher nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and zinc uptake by grain (34.60, 4.92, 12.65 kg/ha and 120.20 g/ha) and straw (19.47, 4.17, 65.23 kg/ha and 102.11 g/ha) was recorded by hybrid, ‘MPMH 17’ on pooled basis. Hybrid ‘RHB 173’ recorded marked improvement in nutrient use indices of N, P, K and Zn viz., agronomic use efficiency and (8.8, 17.7, 53.0 and 106.1), recovery efficiency (31.1, 9.3, 246.7 and 1.16%) on pooled basis. Post-harvest soil fertility analysis after pearl millet significantly improved available nitrogen (175.9 kg/ha), phosphorus (17.68 kg/ha), potassium (311.0 kg/ha) and zinc (0.53 mg/kg) with the application of customized fertilizer on pooled basis. Moreover, hybrid ‘MPMH 21’ significantly enhanced available nitrogen (168.7 kg/ha), phosphorus (16.37 kg/ha) and potassium (299.4 kg/ha) in the experimental soil after harvest of pearl millet on pooled basis. Economic analysis envisages, application of customized fertilizer fetched significantly higher gross return (`58,700/ha), net return (`36,307/ha) and B: C ratio (2.62) over control. Likewise, markedly higher gross return (`57,874/ha), net return (`37,711/ha) and B: C ratio (2.86) was obtained by hybrid, ‘MPMH 17’ on pooled basis. Thus, based on the findings of the present investigation, it may be inferred that fertilization of pearl millet hybrid ‘MPMH 17’ with customized fertilizer fetched higher productivity (2,391 kg grain/ha) and proved most remunerative (`47,031/ha net return and 3.10; B: C ratio) on pooled basis, respectively in Arid western plain zone of Rajasthan.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Fertility Levels and Different Herbicides on the Productivity of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(Agriculture University, Jodhpur, 2021-07-04) Sarita; Singh, Ishwar; Mehriya, Moti Lal; Parewa, Hanuman Prasad; Chandawat, M.S.A field experiment was conducted at Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture-Jodhpur, Rajasthan (Agriculture University, Jodhpur) during Rabi seasons of 2018-19 and 2019-20. The experiment consisted of three fertility levels [75% RDF (90-30 kg N-P2O5/ha), 100% RDF (120-40 kg N-P2O5/ha) and 125% RDF (150-50 kg N-P2O5/ha)] and seven herbicidal treatments (trisulfuron @ 15 g/ha 35 DAS; sulfosulfuron 75% + metsulfuron methyl 5% @ 32 g/ha 35 DAS; clodinafop propargyl 15% + metsulfuron methyl 1% @ 64 g/ha 35 DAS; carfentrazon @ 20 g/ha 35 DAS; metsulfuron methyl @ 4 g/ha 35 DAS; weedy check and weed free check). The experiment was laid out in Split Plot Design (SPD) with RDF in main and herbicides in sub plot replicated three times. Findings based on pooled analysis indicate that the lowest total weed dry weight at harvest was recorded with application of 75% RDF (24.72 g/m2 ). The N, P and K depletion by weed at 50 DAS and at harvest were increased significantly with increasing level of fertility upto 125% RDF. The plant height (89.14 cm) and crop dry matter (300.8 g/meter row length) at harvest stage were increased significantly up to 100% RDF on pooled basis. The LAI at 50 (3.06) & 75 DAS (4.01), CGR between 50-75 (17.08 g/m2 /day) and NAR (5.57 g/m2 leaf area/day) between 50-75 DAS were also responded significantly with application of fertilizer up to 100% RDF on pooled basis. Further, application of 100% RDF levels substantially improved yield attributing characters viz., number of total tillers/meter row length (147), spikes/meter row (143), spike length (13.36 cm), grains/spike (41.52) and test weight (45.44 g) over 75% RDF. Application of 100% RDF recorded significantly higher grain yield (4083 kg/ha), straw yield (5019 kg/ha), biological yield (9103 kg/ha) and harvest index (44.82%) over 75% RDF on pooled basis. Application of 100% RDF recorded higher N (54.59 kg/ha), P (5.05 kg/ha) and K (45.20 kg/ha) uptake in wheat plant over 75% RDF. N and K uptake by crop at 50 DAS was significantly increased upto 100% RDF whereas, uptake of phosphorus was significantly enhanced with each graded level of fertility up to 125% RDF on pooled basis. At harvest, application of 100% RDF significantly improved total N, P and K uptake of wheat by 28.04, 25.7 and 21.0% over 75% RDF, respectively. Additionally, significant improvement in crude protein content (10.10%) and protein yield (415.4 kg/ha) were also recorded with application of 100% RDF over 75% RDF on pooled basis. Application of 100% RDF recorded markedly higher N (72.98 and 25.93 kg/ha), P (13.25 and 8.73 kg/ha) and K (19.45 and 82.90 kg/ha) uptake in grain and straw of wheat over 75% RDF, respectively. Interaction effect between fertility levels and herbicides on N and P uptake in grain was found statistically significant. Herbicides ‘clodinafop-propargyl 15% + metsulfuron methyl @ 64 g/ha’ recorded higher N (86.11 and 32.79 kg/ha) and P uptake in grain with the application of 100% RDF over 75% RDF on pooled basisThe results on pooled basis reveal that clodinafop-propargyl 15% + metsulfuron methyl @ 64 g/ha gave the lowest total weed density (7.06/m2 ) and weed dry weight at harvest (9.52 g/m2 ). The higher weed control efficiency (91.30%), weed index (1.91), herbicide efficiency index (0.221) and crop resistance index at 50 DAS (9.68), 75 DAS (10.81) and at harvest (17.65) were recorded with clodinafop propargyl 15% + metsulfuron methyl @ 64 g/ha. On pooled basis, application of clodinafop-propargyl 15% + metsulfuron methyl 1% @ 64 g/ha and weed free check plots were on par and gave significantly minimum removal of N, P and K by weed at 50 DAS (1.13, 0.109 and 0.940 kg/ha) and at harvest (1.608, 0.165 &1.335 kg/ha), respectively. These treatments also remained at par with sulfosulfuron 75% + metsulfuron methyl 5% @ 32 g/ha. Herbicide ‘clodinafop-propargyl 15% + metsulfuron methyl @ 64 g/ha’ substantially enhanced growth attributes viz., plant height at harvest (92.33 cm), crop dry matter (325.5 g/meter row length), tillers/meter row length (156), leaf area index at 50 DAS (3.15) at 75 DAS (4.05), net assimilation rate between 50-75 DAS (5.30 g/m2 leaf area/day) and crop growth rate between 50-75 DAS (16.49 g/m2 /day) over weedy check. Further, the herbicide ‘clodinafop-propargyl 15% + metsulfuron methyl @ 64 g/ha at 35 DAS’ also recorded marked improvement in yield attributes viz., spikes/meter row length (153), spike length (14.28 cm), grains/spike (44.52), test weight (46.27g), grain yield (4374 kg/ha), straw yield (5381 kg/ha) and biological yield (9755 kg/ha) over weedy check, on pooled basis Considerably higher N (56.95 kg/ha), P (5.83 kg/ha) and K (49.39) uptake in wheat plant at 50 DAS was recorded under application of clodinafop-propargyl 15% + metsulfuron methyl 1% @ 64 g/ha over rest of the treatments However it was at par with sulfosulfuron 75% + metsulfuron methyl 5% @ 32 g/ha. Substantially higher nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake by grain (80.70, 14.78 & 21.98 kg/ha) and straw (28.62, 10.09 & 92.38 kg/ha) were recorded by clodinafop-propargyl 15% + metsulfuron methyl 1% @ 64 g/ha on pooled basis. Post-harvest soil fertility analysis of wheat crop reveal significant improvement in available nitrogen (173.97 kg/ha) and phosphorus (22.57 kg/ha) with the application of 100 and 125% RDF over 75% RDF on pooled basis. Moreover, application of clodinafop-propargyl 15% + metsulfuron methyl 1% @ 64 g/ha and sulfosulfuron 75% + metsulfuron methyl 5% @ 32 g/ha significantly enhanced available nitrogen (174.84 & 174.83 kg/ha), phosphorus (23.67 & 23.65 kg/ha) and potassium (325.36 & 325.10 kg/ha) recorded in soil after harvest of wheat over rest of treatments on pooled basis. Economic analysis predict, that application of 100% RDF along with clodinafop-propargyl 15% + metsulfuron methyl 1% @ 64 g/ha recorded significantly higher grain yield (4662 kg/ha), net return (`88,370/ha) and B: C ratio (3.16). Thus, based on the data of two years, it can be concluded that wheat grown under the agro-climatic condition of Zone-I a, can be fertilized with 100% RDF (120 kg nitrogen & 40 kg phosphorus/ha) along with application of clodinafop-propargyl 15% + metsulfuron methyl 1% @ 64 g/ha for management of weeds.
