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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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2015 - 201820
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Subject: Genetics and Plant Breeding × End date: 2018 × Start date: 2015 × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GENETIC ANALYSIS OF GRAIN YIELD, QUALITY ATTRIBUTES AND INHERITANCE OF BLAST RESISTANCE IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) SREELAKSHMI, CH.; RAMESH BABU), P
    The present experiment entitled was carried out at Agricultural Research Station, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh from 2014 to 2016. Analysis of variance and high estimates of variability estimates for number of unfilled grains per panicle, test weight, grain yield per plant, water uptake, volume expansion ratio, gel consistancy and alkali spreading value indicating that these characters were under the influence of additive gene action and simple selection would be effective for the improvement of these characters. Combining ability analysis indicated the predominance of non-additive gene action for most of the traits. Significant heterosis for most of the traits in BPT 5204 x NLR 34449, RNR 2465 x NLR 145 suggested that genetic potential for yield improvement through pedigree method. For better quality improvement BPT 5204 x IR 36, RNR 2465 x IR 64 found to be good crosses. Association studies indicated that the number of ear bearing tillers per plant, number of filled grains per panicle, days to 50% flowering, harvest index and days to maturity exhibited positive significant association with grain yield, among quality traits, amylose content exhibited high positive significant association with head rice recovery and negative association with kernal L/B ratio. Generation mean analysis for seed yield and quality traits revealed that majority of the traits are under the influence of duplicate epistasis. In the selected crosses, inheritance studies on the rice blast resistance affirmed the dominance of resistance to susceptibility and the role of two gene interactions viz., duplicate (15:1) type of epistasis was observed for RNR 2465 x NLR 145, BPT 5204 x IR 64, RNR 2465 x IR 64 and BPT 5204 x NLR 34449. Two crosses viz., BPT 5204 x IR 36 and WGL 48684 x IR 36 exhibited 3:1 type of phenotypic ratio (R:S) indicated that the resistance is governed by single dominant gene.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GENETIC ANALYSIS OF MOISTURE STRESS TOLERANCE, QUALITY AND YIELD TRAITS IN GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.)
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) RAVI, SAGGILI; MOHAN REDDY, D
    The present experiment entitled “Genetic analysis of moisture stress tolerance, quality and yield traits in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)” was carried out at the Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College Farm, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh from 2014 to 2016. The whole experiment was carried out in two separate experiments. In the Experiment-I, fifteen crosses were generated by crossing six parents viz., Dharani, TCGS 1073, Kadiri 6, Narayani, ICGV 06100 and ICGV 06188 in a diallel fashion and were evaluated during rabi, 2014-15 under irrigated condition and late rabi, 2015 under both irrigated and moisture stress conditions to get the information on their per se performance, combining ability and heterosis for twenty two traits including yield, yield attributing traits, quality and moisture stress tolerance traits. Further, an attempt was made to study the trait associations and best cultivar identification among parents using G×T biplot analysis. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes (parents and F1s) for most of the traits in rabi 2014-15 under irrigated condition and in late rabi, 2015 under both irrigated and moisture stress conditions indicating the existence of sufficient variability in the material for most of the traits under consideration. Based on per se performance among the parents, the parent ICGV-06188 and ICGV-06100 in rabi 2014-15 under irrigated while, in late rabi, 2015 the parents ICGV-06100 and ICGV-06188 under irrigated and ICGV-06100 and TCGS-1073 under moisture stress condition showed high per se performance for most of the traits. Among 15 cross combinations, the cross TCGS-1073 × ICGV-06100 and Dharani × ICGV-06100 in rabi 2014-15 under irrigated condition, while in late rabi, 2015 the cross TCGS-1073 × ICGV-06100 and Narayani × ICGV-06100 under irrigated condition and Narayani × ICGV-06188 and TCGS-1073 × ICGV-06100 under moisture stress condition were found to be the best crosses as they recorded high per se performance for quality, yield attributes and drought related traits. Hence, these parents and crosses could be exploited for development of cultivars with high yield coupled with quality and drought tolerance cultivars. Based on the gca effects, the parents, ICGV-06100, ICGV-06188 and TCGS-1073 during rabi, 2014-15, while during late rabi, 2015 the parents, ICGV-06100, Dharani and TCGS-1073 under irrigated and ICGV-06100, TCGS-1073, ICGV-06188 xx and Narayani under moisture stress condition were identified as best general combiners for most of the traits. Studies on sca effects revealed that the crosses viz., Kadiri-6 × ICGV-06100, Dharani × ICGV-06100, Narayani × ICGV-06100, TCGS-1073 × ICGV-06100 and TCGS-1073 × Narayani during rabi, 2014-15, while during late rabi, 2015 the crosses viz., TCGS-1073 × ICGV-06100, Narayani × ICGV-06100 and Kadiri-6 × ICGV-06100 under irrigated condition and Narayani × ICGV-06188, TCGS-1073 × ICGV-06100 and Dharani × Kadiri-6 under moisture stress condition were identified as best specific cross combinations for most of the traits. Hence, these crosses could be exploited for obtaining transgressive segregants in advanced generations with increased pod yield per plant and drought tolerance ability. Based on estimates of better parent heterosis, the cross Dharani × ICGV-06100 and TCGS-1073 × ICGV-06100 and Kadiri-6 × ICGV-06100 during rabi, 2014-15, while during late rabi, 2015 the cross Narayani × ICGV-06100 and TCGS-1073 × ICGV-06100 under irrigated and Narayani × ICGV-06188 under moisture stress conditions exhibited positive and significant better parent heterosis for most of the traits. Hence, these crosses could be exploited for obtaining transgressive segregants in advanced generations with increased pod yield per plant and drought tolerance ability. Based on traits association analysis using GT biplots, the traits viz., days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, SCMR, number of well filled and mature pods per plant, 100- kernel weight, oil per cent, total carbohydrates and total free amino acids were identified as important traits for yield, quality and drought tolerance improvement in groundnut and these traits would be considered as key components during the selection. Similarly, it was concluded that the genotype ICGV-06188 during rabi and ICGV-06100 during late rabi under both irrigated and moisture stress condition were identified as ideal cultivars. In the Experiment-II, generation mean analysis was done to assess the gene action for yield and drought related traits in four best cross combinations viz., TCGS-1073 × ICGV-06100, Narayani × ICGV-06100, Dharani × ICGV-06100 and TCGS-1073 × Narayani selected based on the performance on various parameters in Experiment-I. Generation mean analysis for yield, quality and drought traits in selected crosses deciphered the importance of epistatic effects besides the major components viz., additive and dominance gene effects for most of the traits in majority of the crosses under both irrigated and moisture stress conditions. Though both additive and non additive gene actions were significant, non additive gene actions played predominant role in the inheritance of the majority of the traits. Majority of the traits are under the influence of duplicate epistasis besides additive type of gene effects for which bi-parental mating or reciprocal recurrent selection may be adopted followed by pedigree method of selection to modify the genetic architecture of groundnut for attaining higher yields with drought tolerance. TCGS-1073 × ICGV-06100 could be exploited for development of desirable segregants in groundnut for pod yield along with drought tolerance. Among four selected crosses, the cross Dharani × ICGV-06100 and TCGS-1073 × Narayani exhibited positive and significant better parent heterosis coupled with significant and low inbreeding depression for most of the characters under both irrigated and moisture stress conditions and could be suggested for exploitation of vigour and transgressive segregants in the latter generations for improvement of groundnut genotypes with high yield coupled with quality and drought tolerance.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GENETIC STUDIES AND IDENTIFICATION OF FAVOURABLE ALLELES IN INBREDS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF SINGLE CROSS HYBRIDS IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.)
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) PARAMESH, M; HARIPRASAD REDDY, K
    The present investigation was carried out with 55 single cross hybrids derived by crossing 11 inbreds in half diallel and their 11 parents under normal (Experiment I) and rice fallow situation (Experiment II) for identification of favourable alleles in inbreds and to get information on combining ability and heterosis for yield and yield components, at Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati. Further generation mean analysis (Experiment III) was carried out to assess the gene action for yield and yield components in five selected cross combinations. In experiment I, based on per se performance the parents viz., BML 2, BML 14, CM 119 and BML 51and hybrids viz., BML 7 × BML 15, BML 6 × BML 7, BML 2 × BML 7, BML 7 × CM 119 and BML 7 × BML 14 were identified as the best parents and hybrids, respectively. The studies on identification of favourable alleles (μG') revealed that for first target hybrid DHM 117 (BML 6 × BML 7), the donors BML 15 and BML 2 and for second target hybrid DHM 113 (BML 2 × BML 7), the donors BML 15 and BML 6 showed highest frequency of favourable alleles (μG') to further improve their yield performance. Similarly, for first superior cross BML 7 × BML 15, the donors BML 14 and CM 119; for second superior cross BML 7 × BML 14, the donors BML 15 and BML 2 were showed highest frequency of favourable alleles (μG'). Hence, utilization of the identified donor inbreds with favourable alleles in the recycling or pedigree breeding programmes may improve the performance of the parents of the target hybrids and thereby utilized in enhancement of the hybrid performance. Combining ability analysis results revealed that yield and yield components displayed non-additive gene action in their inheritance and it could be suggested xx that heterosis breeding can profitably be used for exploitation of hybrid vigour in maize on commercial scale. The parents viz., BML 7, BML 51, CM 119 and BML 2 were identified as best general combiners and the hybrids BML 5 × CML 124, BML 51 × BML 5, BML 6 × BML 7 and BML 7 × BML 14 were identified as best specific cross combinations for yield and yield components. Based on the per se performance, combining ability and heterosis the hybrids viz., BML 7 × BML 15, BML 6 × BML 7, BML 2 × BML 7, BML 7 × CM 119 and BML 7 × BML 14 were identified as the best hybrids. Hence, these crosses could be suggested for use in hybrid breeding programmes or further forwarded to advanced generations in order to isolate desirable transgressive segregants. In experiment II, under rice fallow situation, based on per se performance the parents viz., BML 2, BML 14 and BML 6 and the hybrids viz., BML 7 × BML 15, BML 2 × BML 7, BML 7 × BML 14, BML 6 × BML 7 and BML 7 × CM 118 were identified as the best parents and hybrids, respectively. The results on identification of favourable alleles (μG') under rice fallow situation revealed that for first target hybrid DHM 117, the donor inbreds BML 15 and BML 2 and for second target hybrid DHM 113, the donor inbreds BML 15 and BML 14 showed highest frequency of favourable alleles (μG') to further improve their yield performance. Similarly, for first superior cross BML 7 × BML 15, the donors BML 2 and BML 6; for second superior cross BML 7 × BML 14, the donors BML 15 and BML 2 showed highest frequency of favourable alleles (μG'). Based on mean and gca effects, the inbreds BML 2 and BML 15 were identified as the best parents and based on mean and sca effects the hybrids viz., BML 7 × BML 15, BML 2 × BML 7, BML 7 × BML 14 and BML 7 × CM 118 were identified as promising hybrids for yield and yield components. Heterosis studies revealed that the hybrids viz., BML 7 × BML 15 and BML 2 × BML 7 were identified as best hybrids as they exhibited significant standard heterosis. Hence, these hybrids could be exploited in heterosis breeding programme to improve kernel yield in maize under rice fallow situation. Based on the per se performance, combining ability and heterosis the hybrids viz., BML 7 × BML 15, BML 2 × BML 7, BML 7 × BML 14, BML 6 × BML 7 and BML 7 × CM 118 were identified as the best hybrids under rice fallow situation and suggested for best utilization in rice fallow system. For both normal and rice fallow situations the inbreds viz., BML 7, BML 2 and BML 51 were identified as the best parents. The hybrids viz., BML 7 × BML 15, BML 2 × BML 7, BML 7 × BML 14 and BML 6 × BML 7 exhibited good per se performance, combining ability and heterosis estimates for yield and yield components both in normal and rice fallow situations. Hence, these hybrids could be suggested for effective utilization in both normal and rice fallow situations. xxi In experiment III, generation mean analysis for yield and yield components in five crosses viz., BML 7 × BML 15, BML 6 × BML 7, BML 2 × BML 7, BML 7 × CM 119 and BML 7 × BML 14 deciphered the importance of epistatic effects besides the major components viz., additive and dominance gene effects for all the traits in majority of the crosses. Though both additive and non-additive gene actions were significant, non-additive gene actions played predominant role in the inheritance of the traits. Majority of the traits are under the influence of duplicate epistasis besides non-additive type of gene effects for which bi-parental mating or reciprocal recurrent selection may be adopted followed by pedigree method of selection to modify the genetic architecture of maize for attaining higher yield.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GENETIC ANALYSIS OF YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS AND SCREENING FOR MUNGBEAN YELLOW MOSAIC VIRUS RESISTANCE (MYMV) IN URDBEAN [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) SATEESH BABU, J; RAMANA, M.V.
    The study was under taken with the chief objective to understand the nature of gene action underlying the inheritance of seed yield and yield components. Generation mean analysis of five parameter model was used so that complete understanding of epistasis also obtained. In this process these hundred genotypes were also analyzed for variability, heritability, genetic advance apart from the correlation and estimation direct and indirect effects of different traits viz., days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, days to maturity, leaf area, SCMR (SPAD), chlorophyll content and MYMV incidence on the dependent variable i.e., seed yield per plant. The selected genotypes were used to produce ten different crosses which were also used to analyze the heterosis and inbreeding depression. The analysis of variance indicated significant differences among the hundred genotypes for all the characters studied. The estimates of PCV for all characters were higher than the estimates of GCV indicating the presence of environmental component along with genetic component. High heritability coupled with high GAM was recorded for plant height, number of clusters per plant, numbers of pods per plant, leaf area, SPAD, chlorophyll content and seed yield per plant. This indicates the preponderance of additive gene action and hence phenotypic selection would be more effective for further improvement of these traits. Diversity analysis using Mahalanobis D2 and PCA resulted in 11 different clusters. The intra and inter cluster distances along with their cluster means were used in identifying the superior genotypes which were used as parents in the hybridization programme. The crosses so developed were used to generate different populations for estimating gene action using generation mean analysis. The genotypes, P 1070, MBG 207 and TU 94-2 were found to be best for YMV resistance and hence they are used in majority of the crosses. The correlation and path analysis revealed that number of pods per plant, number of clusters per plant, plant height, 100 seed weight, number of seeds per pod and days to maturity had true relationship by establishing significant positive associations and positive direct effects on seed yield per plant. Considering the nature and magnitude of character association and their direct and indirect effects, it can be inferred that improvement of seed per yield plant is possible through simultaneous selection of these traits. The residual effect is 0.2838 indicating that the characters included in present investigation had contributed around 72 per cent of variability towards the seed yield per plant. Forty seven genotypes found to be resistant having disease score of ‘1-2’. Twenty six genotypes recorded ‘3-4’ on disease reaction scale indicating that they are moderately resistant. Moderately susceptible reaction, disease reaction scale ‘5-6’was observed in seventeen genotypes and six genotypes were found to be susceptible (recorded 7-8 on disease reaction scale). Four genotypes are categorized as highly susceptible genotypes which recorded 9 on the disease reaction scale. Heterosis is desirable negative direction for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and MYMV incidence along with positive heterosis for seed yield per plant was recorded in the crosses LBG 20 x P 1070 and LBG 752 x P 1070. Further, the cross LBG 20 x P 1070 recorded significant positive heterobeltiosis and significant negative inbreeding depression for, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, leaf area and seed yield per plant suggesting the involvement of additive gene action in the inheritance of these traits. The results of the generation mean studies revealed that, the traits days to 50% flowering, pod length, 100 seed weight, days to maturity and chlorophyll content recorded significant and higher ‘d’ values than ‘h’ indicating the role of additive gene effects. Further, it can be observed that the additive x additive (i) component is having higher magnitude than either ‘h’ or ‘l’ and indicating additive x additive type of interactions is playing key role in the inheritance of above traits and the improvement of these traits is possible by obtaining transgressive segregants in F2 and subsequent generations if the positive alleles are dispersed in both the parents of a particular cross. The estimates of ‘h’ are significant and larger than the ‘d’ in magnitude. Further, the magnitude of dominance x dominance (l) kind of non- allelic interaction is also larger than either ‘d’ or ‘i’ for the characters viz., plant height, number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, leaf area, SPAD, MYMV score and seed yield per plant. This clearly indicates that the dominance effects are predominantly governing the inheritance of these traits. In such situations heterosis breeding which results in heterotic hybrids is more suitable for exploiting dominance gene action. Further, the signs of h and l are in opposite direction indicating complementary type of epistasis in majority of the crosses for pod length, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, leaf area, SPAD and chlorophyll content. While the traits viz., days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, days to maturity, MYMV score and seed yield per plant had the signs of h and l in the same direction indicating the presence of duplicate type of epistasis.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    HETEROSIS, COMBINING ABILITY AND STABILITY ANALYSIS FOR YIELD AND QUALITY TRAITS IN HYBRID RICE (Oryza sativa L.)
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) KRISHNA NAIK, R; RAMESH BABU, P
    The present investigation was undertaken to elicit the information on restorers and maintainers reaction of male parents, performance of CMS lines for their out crossing and floral traits and variability, combining ability, heterosis and stability of hybrids for yield and yield components and variability of quality characters of promising hybrids at three locations of Andhra Pradesh. Three superior wild abortive based indica cytosterile lines (IR 58025A, IR 68888A and IR 68897A) and 40 elite indica/indica derivatives were crossed in a line x tester design during kharif, 2014 at Agricultural Research Station, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh. During kharif, 2015, 120 hybrids were evaluated. 18 restorers were identified based on the spikelet fertility per cent (>80%).Out crossing % and floral traits viz., panicle exertion per cent, stigma exertion per cent, angle of floret opening and out crossing per cent were studied for 3 CMS lines during kharif 2015. Three CMS lines were crossed with 18 restorers in LxT matting system) along with their parents and two checks (DRRH-2 and KRH-2) were evaluated at three different locations viz., Nellore, J.M.Puram and near Nandyal for yield and yield contributing characters namely days to 50 % flowering, plant height, number of productive tillers plant-1, panicle length, number of filled grains panicle-1, total number of grains panicle-1, spikelet fertility per cent, test weight and grain yield plant-1. Eleven grain quality traits including L/B ratio, hulling per cent, milling per cent, head rice recovery, kernel elongation ratio, water uptake, volume expansion ratio, alkali spreading value, protein content, gel consistency and amylose content of promising hybrids among selected hybrids in comparison to check KRH-2 which showed higher grain yield per plant when pooled over locations was carried out during kharif, 2016. Characterization of floral traits indicated maximum out crossing per cent in IR 68897A followed by IR 58025 A where panicle exertion per cent was high. out crossing per cent was low in the CMS line IR 68888A followed by IR 58025A and high in IR 68897 A. The analysis of variance of 77 genotypes (three A lines, 18 R lines, 54 hybrids and two checks) revealed significant differences among the lines, testers and hybrids evaluated at different locations for all the characters under study. Variability studies showed that the magnitude of difference between PCV and GCV was relatively low for all the traits except for plant height, no. of productive tillers plant-1 and panicle length. The magnitude of PCV was higher than GCV for all the traits, which revealed the influence of environment on the expression of these traits. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for no. of filled grains per panicle-1, total number of grains panicle -1 and test weight suggested the role of additive gene action in the inheritance of these traits and hence, improvement for this character can be achieved by pure line selection, mass selection, progeny selection and hybridization & selection with pedigree breeding. Pooled combining ability analysis of variance showed significant differences due to locations, parents, hybrids and various interactions indicating the existence of sufficient variation in the material under study. Gca and sca variances indicated that non additive gene action was predominant in the expression of all the yield and yield component traits None of the lines and testers were found to exhibit significant gca effects for all the characters studied. The line, IR-68897A expressed significant gca effects for grain yield plant-1 , test weight (large grain size) and panicle length. The testers NLR 3041 and MTU 1001 recorded significant positive gca effects for grain yield plant-1, total no. of grains panicle-1 and no. of filled grains panicle-1 and significant negative gca effects for test weight (fine grain) for NLR 3041. The crosses that recorded good per se performance, significant sca effects and heterosis for grain yield plant-1 were IR-58025 A x WGL 3962, IR-68897A x JGL 11118, IR-68897A x BPT 5204, IR- 68897A x WGL 13200, IR-68888A x NLR 3010, IR-68897A x NLR 34449 and IR- 58025A x MTU1001. Genotype x environment interaction studies indicated that none of the hybrids were stable for grain yield per plant. The hybrids IR 68888A x NLR 3010, IR 68897A x MTU 1010, IR 68897A x NLR 34449, IR 58025A x NLR 3041 and IR 68897A x WGL 3962 were suitable for unfavourable environments for grain yield per plant. Seven hybrids IR 68897A x WGL 32100, IR 58025A x NLR 3010, IR 68897A x BPT 5204, IR 68897A x NLR 3083, IR 68897A x WGL 283, IR 58025A x NLR 34449 and IR 68897A x MTU 1001 were suitable for favourable environments for grain yield per plant. In AMMI model, G x E interaction was partitioned into one interaction principle component axes (IPCAs) and IPCA 1 is significant for all characters with contribution of > 50 % of total G x E interaction sum of squares. The interaction of fifty four hybrids along with two checks at three locations was best predicted by first interaction principal component. Hybrids viz IR-68888A x NLR 3010, IR-68897A x MTU 1010 and IR-68897A x PS 4 were found stable for grain yield with high mean and zero IPCA score. Results from the use of two stability models indicated that the hybrid IR- 58025A x WGL 283 was stable for days to 50% flowering. For days to maturity IR- 68888A x MTU1001, IR-58025A x WGL 283 and IR-68897A x JGL 11118 were stable. Whereas, IR-68897A x WGL 32100 was stable for total number of grains panicle-1. IR-68888A x JGL 11118 was registered stability for test weight. For grain yield plant-1 IR-68897A x MTU 1010 was registered as stable hybrid. Ten high yielding promising hybrids for grain yield were shortlisted based on average mean performance over locations and subjected to grain quality analysis along with two checks. Among 12 hybrids studied, IR-68897A x BPT 5204, IR- 68897A x WGL 32100, IR-68897A x MTU1001 and IR-68897A x NLR 3083 were suitable for favourable possessed desirable quality characters like hulling per cent, milling per cent, head rice recovery per cent, L/B ratio, gel consistency and amylose content. The magnitude of difference between PCV and GCV was relatively low for all the quality traits suggesting least influence of environment on these traits. Wide variability was observed in the case of alkali spreading value which indicated its amenability towards directional selection. The traits viz., head rice recovery, water uptake and gel consistency recorded moderate variability, while the other traits exhibited low variability. Additive gene action was noticed for head rice recovery, water uptake, volume expansion ratio, alkali spreading value and gel consistency as these characters registered high heritability coupled with high genetic advance. L/B ratio, kernel elongation ratio and amylose content registered high heritability and moderate genetic advance which indicates the involvement of both additive and non-additive gene action. Biparental matting, diallel selective matting system or cyclic hybridization can be used for further improvement of these characters. In the present study, hybrids IR-68897A x WGL 32100, IR-68897A x BPT 5204, IR-68897A x NLR 34449 and IR-68888A x NLR 3010 recorded good per se performance, positive sca effects and standard heterosis for grain yield per plant with desirable grain quality traits over locations. These hybrids were also stable for favourable environments (IR-68897A x WGL 32100 and IR-68897A x BPT 5204) and unfavourable environments (IR-68897A x NLR 34449 and IR-68888A x NLR 3010). These hybrids may be thoroughly tested over large number of environments for further confirmations before it is being exploited commercially.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    HETEROSIS AND COMBINING ABILITY STUDIES OF RATOONING IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) HARI RAM KUMAR, BANDI; SATYANARAYANA, P.V.
    The present investigation was carried out at APRRI and RARS, Maruteru with the prime objective of testing eight selected parents, based on the ratoonability performance in rabi, 2014-15, to elicit information for their combining ability and to know the gene actions involved in the inheritance of different traits related to ratoonability in rice. Apart from combining ability studies other parameters like mean, variability, heritability, expected genetic advance, heterosis, character association and path coefficient analysis were also studied for twenty four characters (yield attributing and quality traits) of both F1 main crop and it's ratoon crop during rabi, 2015-16 and summer, 2016 respectively. Further, in ratoon crop along with number of tillers per plant, number of ear bearing tillers per plant, additionally another 3 characters viz., number of ratoon tillers as percentage of main crop tiller, number of vegetative buds after the harvest of main crop, number of ratoon ear bearing tillers as percentage of main crop ear bearing tillers are considered as traits related to ratoonability. Analysis of variance studies in both main crop and ratoon crop revealed high degree of variability in the material. The genotypic coefficients of variation for all the characters studied were lesser than the phenotypic coefficients of variation indicating the influence of environment on expression of these traits. Wider variability was observed for gel consistency and alkali spreading value both in F1 and it's ratoon crop and moderate variability was observed for traits viz., total number of tillers per plant, number of grains per panicle, LAI at maximum tillering stage, volume expansion ratio, water uptake, amylose content and grain yield per plant in F1 main crop; and number ratoon tillers as percentage of main crop tillers, total number of ear bearing tillers per plant, number of ratoon ear bearing tillers as percentage of ear bearing tillers per plant, number of grains per panicle, water uptake and amylose content in F1 ratoon crop. High heritability and high genetic advance as per cent of means were observed for total number of tillers per plant, number of grains per panicle, leaf area index at maximum tillering stage, water uptake, gel consistency, alkali spreading value, amylose content and grain yield per plant both in F1 main crop and it's ratoon crop, revealed the role of additive gene action. This in turn suggests the feasibility of simple selection procedures for improving these traits. Further the analysis of variance for combining ability for both F1 main crop and it's ratoon crop revealed that parental, crosses and parents vs crosses effects had significant amount of variability with in each of them for majority of the traits studied. Out of the eight parents tested for their combining ability the genotype MTU 1001 found to be good combiner in main crop and as well as ratoon crop for the traits, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), test weight (g), leaf area index at maximum tillering stage, head rice recovery (%), kernel length (mm), kernel linear elongation ratio, alkali spreading value (mm) and grain yield per plant (g), while the general combining ability for ratoonability related traits revealed that the parent MTU 1121 and MTU 1061 recorded as a best general combiner for total number of tillers per plant; MTU 1121, MTU 1140 and MTU 1064 for number of ear bearing tillers per plant and MTU 1140 for number of ratoon ear bearing tillers as percentage of main crop ear bearing tillers. Whereas MTU 1001, MTU 1121 and BPT 3291 as good general combiners for number of vegetative buds and total number of tillers as percentage of main crop tillers. Therefore these lines can be utilized in improvement of the respective traits in any breeding programme where hybridization is involved. Among the 28 cross combinations, the crosses, MTU 1001 × MTU 1061, MTU 1001 × MTU 1140, MCM 100 × MTU 1064 and MCM 100 × MTU 1140 in F1 main crop; and MTU 1001 × MTU 1140, MCM 100 × MTU 1140 and MTU 1140 × MTU 7029 in F1 ratoon crop expressed high sca effects with high per se performance for grain yield per plant. These crosses did not express high sca effects for all the yield attributing traits, revealing that there is no relationship between per se performance of hybrids and gca effects of parents. The gca effects of parents and sca effects of their hybrid combinations indicated that the crosses with high sca effects were resulted due to all possible parental gca combinations i.e., high x high, high x low, low x high and low x low. Therefore, one can afford to include some low general combiners also along with good combiners in breeding programmes where hybridization is involved. Studies on specific combining ability effects for the ratoonability related traits disclose that, crosses MTU 1001 × MTU 1140, BPT 3291 × MTU 1061 and MCM 100 × MTU 7029 exhibited high sca effects for total number of tillers per plant; and MTU 1140 × MTU 7029, MCM 100 × MTU 7029 and MTU 1001 × MTU 1140 for total number of tillers as percentage of main crop tillers; the crosses MTU 1001 × MTU 1140, BPT 3291 × MTU 1121 for the trait total number of vegetative buds after the harvest of main crop; and the trait, total number of ear bearing tillers per plant showed high sca effects for BPT 3291 × MTU 1061; MTU 1001 × MTU 1140, BPT 3291 × MTU 1061. The crosses MTU 1140 × MTU 7029 and MTU 1140 × MTU 7029 showed high sca for number of ear bearing tillers as percentage of main crop ear bearing tillers. Gene action studies for the ratoonability related traits revealed the preponderance of both additive and non-additive gene action in the inheritance of total number of tillers per plant, total number of ear bearing tillers per plant, number of ratoon ear bearing tillers as percentage of main crop ear bearing tillers, which can be exploited by adopting breeding procedures like cyclic hybridization, bi-parental mating and diallel selective mating systems or by recombination breeding with postponement of selection at later generations, while the other two traits, number of ratoon tillers as percentage of main crop tillers and number of vegetative buds after the harvest of F1 main crop) were controlled by non-additive gene action and hence these traits can be improved either by heterosis breeding and recombination breeding with postponement of selection at later generations.. Perusal of relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis, sca effects and per se performance, the cross MTU 1001 × MTU 1140 was identified as a promising hybrid by registering significant relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis, sca effects and better per se performance for the traits total number of tillers per plant, leaf area index at maximum tillering stage, milling per cent, head rice recovery, L/B ratio, gel consistency and grain yield per plant in F1 main crop; and number of tillers per plant, number of vegetative buds after the harvest of main crop, number of ear bearing tillers per plant, milling per cent, head rice recovery, and grain yield in F1 ratoon crop. Genotypic correlations in general are higher than phenotypic correlations studies both in F1 main crop and it's ratoon crop indicating that the apparent associations are largely due to genetic reasons. Considering the nature and magnitude of character association and their direct and indirect effects, it can be inferred that improvement of grain yield per plant with good quality trait is possible through simultaneous manifestation of days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, total number of tillers per plant, total number of ear bearing tillers per plant, panicle length per plant, number of grains per panicle, test weight, leaf area index at maximum tillering stage, milling percentage, head rice recovery, and gel consistency.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GENETIC STUDIES ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND AGRONOMIC TRAITS SUITABLE FOR DIRECT SEEDING IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2017) RAVIKANTH, BENDI; SATYANARAYANA, P.V.
    Rice is commonly grown by transplanting seedlings into puddled soil. Puddling and transplanting require huge amounts of water and labour, both of which are becoming increasingly scarce and expensive, making its production less profitable. Under the situation of water and labour scarcity, farmers are changing their crop establishment method transplanting to direct seeding. This rambles the need of varietal improvement for traits viz., early seedling vigour for weed competitiveness; anaerobic germination and tolerance of early submergence; dense root system for drought resistance and culm thickness for lodging resistance, which are highly essential for good crop establishment in direct seeding conditions. Present investigation was aimed to characterize the elite rice cultivars for the traits related to direct seeding and yield; to work out the genetics of the traits related to direct seeding by using established molecular markers. The genetic variability studies revealed that significant differences among the genotypes for all the 19 characters studied indicating the existence of high degree of variability in the material. The estimates of heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean were high for the characters viz., days to 50% flowering, plant height, leaf area index, number of productive tillers per plant, total number of tillers per m2 , test weight, grain yield per plant, biological yield per plant, seedling root length, seedling shoot length, seedling vigour index and basal culm diamter. Genetic diversity among 48 elite rice cultivars for direct seeding traits was determined using 10 SSR markers (two each for the five direct seeding traits viz., Anaerobic germination, seedling root length, seedling shoot length, rate of germination, culm diameter) and estimated magnitude of genetic diversity for 19 agronomic and physiological traits viz., days to 50% flowering, plant height (cm), leaf area index, number of productive tillers per plant, total number of tillers per m 2 , panicle length (cm) number of filled grains per panicle, number of total grains per panicle, spikelet fertility (%), test weight (g), grain yield per plant (g), biological yield per plant (g), seedling root length (mm), seedling shoot length (mm), vigour index and basal culm diameter (mm) with D2 analysis. All the ten SSR loci were polymorphic and produced 36 alleles. The number of alleles per locus generated by each marker varied from 2 to 5 alleles with an average of 3.6 alleles per locus. Polymorphic information content (PIC) of these markers ranged from 0.305 to 0.797 with an average of 0.628 indicated potentialities of these markers for assessing genetic diversity. Based on molecular diversity and D2 analysis seven parents (MTU 3626, MTU 1010, MTU 1121, MTU 1140, PS-140- 1, AC39416A) were selected and crossed in Griffing’s diallel fashion (Method-2, model-I) during Rabi, 2014-15 to generate 21 F1s. Evaluation of the 21 F1s along with parents was done in kharif, 2015-16. The ANOVA for combining ability revealed that parents and crosses had significant amount of variability for all the characters. The component of variance due to both gca and sca were significant for all the characters studied indicating the role of both additive and non-additive gene actions in governing the inheritance of these traits. Among the seven parents studied for their combining ability pertaining to nineteen different characters, the line, PS-140-1 recorded significant gca effects in desirable direction for majority of the characters followed by AC39416 A, MTU 1121, MTU 1140 and MTU 1156. Heterosis studies revealed that 15 out of 21 crosses registered significant positive heterosis over both mid and better parents for grain yield per plant. The best heterotic combination identified were MTU 3626 × PS-140-1 for important yield contributing traits; MTU 1140 × AC39416 and MTU 1140 × PS-140-1 for direct seeding traits. In the present study, an effort was also made to generate genotyping data of two F2 populations viz., MTU 3626 × PS-140-1 and MTU 1121 × PS-140-1 (100 individuals each) using the 10 SSR markers which were used earlier for screening of genotypes for direct seeding traits. The markers that linked to anaerobic germination (RM341, RM206); seedling root length (RM201, RM234); seedling shoot length (RM17, RM263): rate of germination (RM231) and culm diameter (RM20557, RM5509) were segregated in expected genetic ratio i.e., 1: 2: 1 for which the χ2 values were non significant against table value. The marker RM7, linked to rate of germination showed segregation distortion for the cross MTU 3626 × PS-140-1 progeny by not segregating in the expected genetic ratio 1:2:1 and showed high, significant χ2 value. The results revealed the usefulness of the studied SSR makers in marker assisted selection of direct seeding traits.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON DEFINING HETEROTIC GENE POOLS USING MOLECULAR MARKERS IN PEARL MILLET [Pennisetum glaucum (L.)R. Br.]
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2017) RADHIKA RAMYA, A; Dr. LAL AHAMED M
    Pearl millet inbred lines comprising of 161 B- and 182 R- lines were molecularly profiled using 88 polymorphic SSR markers to study genetic diversity and to define heterotic groups based on genetic distance. Inbred lines were also evaluated using 12 quantitative characters viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, plant height, ear length, ear diameter, productive tillers per plant, head yield per plant, grain yield per plant, panicle harvest index, fresh stover yield per plant, dry matter yield per plant, 1000 grain weight and grain harvest index to study phenotypic diversity and to compare genetic and morphological diversity patterns. The selected inbred lines from heterotic groups were crossed in a line × tester design during Summer, 2015 at RM01B field, ICRISAT, Patancheru. Evaluation of 122 genotypes (9 lines, 11 testers and 99 hybrids with three checks viz., HHB 67 Improved, ICMH 356 and HHB 146- 672) was done based on 12 quantitative characters during Kharif, 2015 over two locations viz., RP 01B field, ICRISAT, Patancheru and Agricultural Research Station, Vizianagaram and at one location during Rabi, 2015 at Agricultural College Farm, Naira to study gene action, combining ability, heterosis for yield and its component traits and to identify the association between genetic distance with F1 mean, heterosis and specific combining ability for grain yield. The SSR markers detected a total of 532 alleles with an average of 6.05 alleles per locus. Of these, 443 and 476 alleles were contributed by B- and R-lines respectively. Of 532 alleles, 60, 276 and 157 were rare, common and most frequent alleles respectively. Thirty nine unique alleles which were specific to a particular accession and useful for germplasm identification were also detected. SSR loci in the present study identified an average gene diversity of 0.55 and mean PIC of 0.50. Of 88 SSR markers, 5 markers Xipes0203, Xipes0098, Xipes0027, Xipes0233 and Xpsmp2070 were found to be highly informative with high average number of alleles, greatest average gene diversity and high average PIC. The unweighted neighborjoining tree based on simple matching dissimilarity matrix of 347 (one control-Tift 23D2B1P1-P5, repeated 5 times) inbred lines of pearl millet classified into three major clusters viz., BI, RI, RII and one undetermined cluster which corresponded well with the pedigree information with minor deviations. The major clusters BI, RI and RII divided into 10 (1BI, 2BI, 3BI, 4BI, 5BI, 6BI, 8BI, 9BI and 10BI), 9 (2RI, 3RI, 4RI, 5RI, 6RI, 7RI, 8RI and 9RI) and 2 (10RII and 11RII) sub-clusters, respectively. The representative entries from heterotic groups (10B, 11R-clusters and one undetermined cluster) defined based on genetic distance were selected for crossing program to assess the degree of heterosis and hybrid performance for yield in the resulting crosses. Mantel test showed positive and significant but low correlation between phenotypic and molecular dissimilarity matrix for both B- and R-lines. Pooled analysis of variance for combining ability of nine lines selected from sub-clusters, 1BI (L1), 2BI (L2), 3BI (L3), 4BI (L4), 5BI (L5), 6BI (L6), 8BI (L8), 9BI (L9) and 10BI (L10), 11 testers selected from sub-clusters, 2RI (T10), 3RI (T11), 4RI (T12), 5RI(T13), 6RI (T14), 7RI (T15), 8RI (T16), 9RI (T17), 10RII (T18), 11RII (T19) and undetermined cluster (T20) and 99 F1s with 3 checks, revealed significant differences among the genotypes for most of the characters studied, indicating a high degree of variability in the material. Based on pooled mean performance, of 9 crosses generated from cross between each line with 11 testers, L1T11, L2T12, L3T13, L4T20, L5T19, L6T11, L7T12, L8T15 and L9T13 had shown higher grain yield per plant compared to their counterparts. Based on pooled data, L9 among lines and T11, T12 and T13 among testers were found as good general combiners for grain yield per plant. Significant positive specific combining ability (sca) effects were observed among seven hybrids viz., L2T12, L3T13, L3T14, L4T20, L5T19, L8T17 and L9T13 for grain yield per plant. Based on per se performance, high sca effects and standard heterosis in pooled analysis, two cross combinations viz., L9T13 and L3T13 were found promising over the best check HHB 146-672 for grain yield per plant. The correlation between genetic distance and F1 performance, SCA and heterosis for grain yield per plant was negative and non-significant. Therefore, the study inferred that genetic distance alone cannot predict heterotic performance of hybrids. However, utilization of markers specific to yield or QTLs of yield related traits would be helpful in development of promising hybrids for grain and stover characters. The F1s generated from cross between representative entries of cluster 3BI, 10BI with representative entry of cluster 5RI resulted in best heterotic combinations for grain yield per plant. Moreover, the cross combination resulted from cluster 10BI and cluster 5RI resulted in best heterotic combinations for most of the characters under study viz., ear length, productive tillers per plant, head yield per plant, grain yield per plant, fresh stover yield per plant and dry matter yield per plant.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON HETEROSIS, GENE ACTION AND STABILITY OF F1 HYBRIDS IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.) FOR YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2017) SURYANARAYANA, LIMMAKA; Dr. M. REDDI SEKHAR
    The present investigation was undertaken to elicit information on combining ability, heterosis and stability of maize hybrids for yield and yield components of promising hybrids over six environments (seasons) and also to identify donor parents having favourable alleles for grain yield and its components for improving the target cross BML 6 × BML 7. During kharif 2013, 30 maize inbred lines were evaluated for genetic divergence using Mahalanobis D2, wards minimum variance and principal component analysis. The analysis of variance revealed the existence of significant differences among the 30 inbred lines for 21 characters indicating the presence of genetic variability in the breeding material. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean recorded for plant height, ear height, ear length, number of kernels per row, 100 kernel weight, grain yield per plant, LAI at 30, 60 and 90 DAS, LAD at 30-60 and 60-90 DAS, SCMR and stover yield per plant indicated the operation of additive gene effects in the genetic variations of these traits. Genetic divergence analysis through Mahalanobis D2, wards minimum variance and principal component analysis classified 30 maize inbred lines in six divergent clusters. In D2 analysis, grain yield per plant, stover yield per plant, number of kernels per row, LAI at 30 DAS, ear height, SCMR and days to 50% tasseling contributed maximum for the divergence. While in PCA the characters viz., LAD at 60-90 DAS, days to maturity, plant height, number of kernel rows per ear, ear height and LAD at 30-60 DAS contributed more towards variability. Forty crosses were generated by involving ten inbred lines and four testers in a Line × Tester fashion during rabi 2013. Divergent inbred lines from divergent clusters were selected as lines and testers for hybridization programme based on Mahalanobis D2 statistics and principal component analysis. The evaluation of crosses for combining ability, heterosis and stability along with their parents and standard checks was done over six environments i.e., kharif 2014 (early kharif, kharif and late kharif) and rabi, 2014 (early rabi, rabi and late rabi) at Agricultural College Farm, Naira. The pooled combining ability analysis of variance showed significant differences due to locations, parents, hybrids and various interactions indicating the existence of sufficient variation in the material under study. The ratio of general combining ability component of variance to specific combining ability component of variance revealed the presence of additive gene action for ear length and ear girth, the traits governed by additive gen action can be improved through hybridization followed by simple selection. Whereas, non-additive gene action was predominant for remaining characters The estimates of gca effects among the lines MRC 185, MRC 139 and testers BML 10 and RSK was significant in desirable direction for grain yield and yield contributing traits and found to be good general combiners for grain yield per plant. The crosses involving good general combiners MRC 185 × BML 10, MRC 139 × BML 10 and MRC 185 × RSK 14 expressed high per se performance and sca effects for grain yield per plant and other yield contributing characters. G × E interaction studies at six environments for yield and yield attributes by Eberhart and Russell model revealed the cross MRC 216 × BML 10 to be stable for grain yield per plant over environments. Whereas, in the AMMI model the crosses viz., MRC 216 × RSK 14, MRC 126 × RSK 14, MRC 163 × MRC 202, MRC 139 × MRC 202, MRC 216 × BML 10 and MRC 186 × RSK 14 were found to be stable for grain yield per plant with mean higher than the grand mean and IPCA score nearer to zero. The identification of unique favourable alleles in donor inbreds for improving the target cross, BML 6 × BML 7 revealed that, the donors, RSK 14, BML 10 and MRC 202 recorded the highest significant positive μG' estimates indicating their worth in transferring favourable alleles in the target cross for ear length, number of kernel rows and grain yield per plant.