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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC DIVERSITY IN CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.)(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2021) MANISHA KUMARI; Kamleshwar KumarChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important Rabi pulses in India which accounts for the 20% of the total pulse production in world and it is member of Fabaceae family. The present investigation was carried out in Rabi 2019-2020 at Western Section of Birsa Agricultural University Research Farm, Kanke, Ranchi. Total twenty six genotypes of chickpea including four checks (BG 372, KWR 108, KPG 59 and Birsa Chana 3) were taken for present investigation. Observations were recorded on eleven quantitative and three qualitative traits under this study. Correlation of different traits with yield and among themselves was also studied. Direct and indirect effects of different traits on yield were estimated at both phenotypic and genotypic level in addition to GCV, PCV, Heritability and Genetic advance. For diversity analysis Mahalanobis D2 statistics was adopted. Genotypes were found significant for all the characters under study except plant height. Phenotypic variance was higher than genotypic variance for all the traits and similar trend was followed for PCV and GCV. High phenotypic and genotypic variance was found for number of seeds per plant. High PCV and GCV was found for 100-seed weight and number of seeds per plant. High heritability in broad sense was recorded for the traits 100-seed weight, days to maturity and days to 50% flowering. High genetic advance as percent of mean was recorded for the traits 100-seed weight followed by number of seeds per plant, yield per plant, wilt incidence per cent and number of seeds per pod. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for 100-seed weight which suggested that selection of this trait may be effective as heritability is most likely due to additive gene effects. Positive significant correlation was recorded with yield per plant number of primary branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and number of seeds per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Plant height, number of seeds per plant and wilt incidence % showed positive correlation and direct effects with yield per plant. Mahalanobis D2 statistics revealed five clusters. Among the five clusters, cluster I (23 genotypes) consisted of maximum genotypes followed by cluster II (4 genotypes) and cluster III, IV, V were mono-genotypic. Based on inter-cluster distances and mean performances of clusters for different traits, the advance breeding line among genotypes belonging to cluster I and IV are expected to produce yield and other yield related traits. On the basis of inter-cluster distance and cluster mean genotypes GNG 1958, GCP 105, JG 14, BAUG 15, BAUG 107, BAUG 108, BAUG 109, BAUG 115, BAUG 121, BAUG 123, BAUG 124 and BAUG 129 were found suitable for further hybridization programme. Trait 100-seed weight showed maximum contribution towards the genetic divergence. The qualitative traits flower colour, seed colour and seed testa texture were able to distinguish chickpea genotypes and thus can be used for germplasm characterization in chickpea as per guidelines of DUS test.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.) GENOTYPES UNDER DIFFERENT GROWING ENVIRONMENTS(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2020) Ajay Kumar Mahto; Kamleshwar KumarThe present study was conducted during Rabi, 2018-2019 at Western section Research Farm of Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand with 35 genotypes of chickpea [Cicer arietinum (L.)] obtained from different geographic regions to study the variability, heritability, genetic advance, path analysis and the stability analysis. The results of the analysis of variance for the fourteen characters in thirty five genotypes of chickpea revealed highly significant differences. High heritability coupled with comparatively high genetic advance observed for days to first flowering, days to 50 % flowering, days to maturity, number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight (g) and protein content (%) indicating the predominance of additive gene action. The character association studies revealed that days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of pods per plant and grain yield per plant exhibited highly significant positive correlation. Hence, the simultaneous selection of these traits will improve the seed yield. The present findings showed the phenotypic stability of thirty five promising selections of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under three different dates of sowing environments viz., 31st October 2018 (E1), 14th November 2018 (E2), and 29th November 2018 (E3) during Rabi 2018-19 have been estimated as per Eberhart and Russell model (1966). The results revealed that, a wide range of variation was observed among the thirty five genotypes with GCV and PCV with respect to number of primary branches per plant, number of seeds per plant, wilt incidence, survival percentage, germination percentage, plant height, infestation of pod borer, protein content, yield per plant, 100-seed weight, number of pods per plant were more variable characters. The characters like studied high genotypic and phenotypic variance were recorded for 100- seed weight, protein content, days to first flowering, days to 50 % flowering, day to maturity, plant height, grain yield per plant, wilt incidence, germination percentage, number of pods per plant and survival percentage. However low phenotypic variance with number of primary branches per plant, number of seeds per pod, and infestation of pod borer whereas, genotypic variance were low for number of primary branches per plant, number of seeds per pod and infestation of pod borer recorded. An estimate of high heritability were recorded for 100-seed weight, days to first flowering, days to 50 % flowering, protein content, days to maturity, grain yield per plant, number of pods per plant. However, it was moderate for germination percentage, plant height, while the same was lowest for number of seeds per pod, survival percentage, wilt incidence and infestation of pod borer. High to moderate genetic advance were recorded for protein content, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight , days to first flowering , days to maturity, days to 50 % flowering, wilt incidence, number of primary branches per plant, grain yield per plant and survival percentage. While it was low for infestation of pod borer, germination percentage and plant height which, may be due to additive gene effect and selection would be rewarding for these traits. The protein recovery was significantly higher (24.06%) in F3-5/F9 than the population mean as well as all the checks over the environments. The protein content recovered from the genotypes at the highest protein content was registered by the genotype PAO2616R-3062. In general protein, recovery was maximum on 31st Oct.2018 and 14th Nov. 2018 in comparison to 29th Nov.2018. Out of thirty five, two genotypes (PAO2716R-3167 and BIRSA CHANA-3) showed resistant reaction against the wilt incidence across the environments and only one genotype resistant to the infestation of pod borer is KWR-108. Considering all three environments PAO3616R-13780, PAO4116R-1036, PAO2616R-3072, BAUG-103 and PAO2616R-3062 are best genotypes over the environments and PAO2616R-3072, 3040, PAO4116R-1036, PAO2616R-3071 and PAO2616R-3062 in the first environment (E1) specific genotypes. In second (E2)) environment specific genotypes are PAO3616R-13780, PAO4116R-1001, GG-02, PAO3216R-9527 and PAO2716R-3167 and third environment (E3) specific genotypes are PAO3616R-13780, BAUG-103, PAO4116R-1036, 1031 and PAO2616R-3072 high yield performance under a wide range of environments. G x E interaction analysis revealed significant differences among the genotypes for most of the characters over the environments. Significant linear component of G x E interaction for all the characters except number of seeds per pod and 100-seed weight under the study suggested that the genotypes differed for their linear response to the environments. Considering all the stability parameters, seven genotypes namely PAO3216R-9559, PAO2616R-3072, PAO2716R-3167, PAO4116R-13898, BIRSA CHANA-3, KWR-108 and F3-5/F9 were identified as stable genotypes with higher GRAIN yield along with most of the yield attributing characters over population mean and both the checks under a wide range of environments. Among these seven stable genotypes, PAO3216R-9559 was identified as the most stable one.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON PRODUCTIVITY STATUS OF CROPS UNDER MICRO DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN RANCHI DISTRICT OF JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2020) Neha Kumari; Supriya SinghA study on productivity status of crops under Micro Drip Irrigation in Ranchi district of Jharkhand was conducted in two blocks of Ranchi namely, Kanke and Ratu to know about the productivity status of crops, to analyse the problems faced by farmer in MDI system and the measures to improve the productivity of crops under MDI system. The study was carried out under JHIMDI (Jharkhand Horticulture Intensification by Micro-Drip Irrigation project) funded by JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) and run by JSLPS (Jharkhand State Livelihood Promotion Society. Kanke and Ratu blocks of Ranchi district were selected purposively for study and collection of primary data like name, place, vegetables grown, market reach of the farmers etc. Thus, altogether 200 farmers were taken under study for data collection and analysis from each block who were involved in vegetable cultivation using Micro-Drip Irrigation (MDI) technique (considering the land holding to be 25 decimal on Micro drip irrigation system for each farmer). Based on the survey results, it was found that 74% of the respondents were literate, annual income of 51% of the farmers ranged between Rs. 30,000-50,000/-, 67% belonged to nuclear family, cost of production among 60% of the respondents ranged between Rs. 5,000 - 10,000/, 72% of the respondents were having vegetables spoilage due to insect pest attack. The study also revealed that during the season, post harvest losses in tomato which is about 59%. It was concluded that cucumber and tomato was considered most profitable vegetables in MDI. Furthermore, proper training and information related to insect pest attack should be provided to the farmers, and also special attention needs to be given on the marketing, which help them in getting better price for their produce and thus the farmer and farming of the state be benefited.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY OF ORGANIZED MARKETING OF FISH IN EAST SINGHBHUM OF JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2021) Adarsh Toppo; Parwaiz AlamThe study entitled “The study of organized marketing of fish in East Singhbhum of Jharkhand” was conducted in the two higher secondary markets in Sakchi and Bistupur of East Singhbhum district with the specific objectives viz. to study the organized marketing of fish, to study the consumer behaviour of residents of different blocks of East Singhbhum and to study the strategy of government supporting fish marketing in the district of East Singhbhum. Five wholesalers from each wholesale market and 5 consumers from each 10 blocks of the district were surveyed for the study. The information like the average weekly purchase and sales of fresh and frozen fishes, area of sales, marketing infrastructure available, quantity of fish purchased at a time, frequency of purchase and factors influencing their purchase decision were collected. The findings revealed that wholesalers of Sakchi and Bistupur fish market imported 77.3% fish from outside the state of the total fish purchased. Andhra Pradesh was the major supplier (88%) of frozen fish and West Bengal was the largest supplier of fresh fishes. The local procurement was only 22.7%. Wholesale fish markets in East Singhbhum district are not organized and lack basic infrastructure like storage and packaging facilities. It was also observed that majority of the consumers (48%) of the East Singhbhum district bought up to 1 kilogram of fish at a time and 38% of the consumers used to buy fish twice a week. Consumers were price sensitive and preferred fresh fish over frozen ones. The Fish Domestic Market Scheme, implemented by the Government of Jharkhand had proved beneficial for the retailers, but did not benefit the wholesalers of the district. The components like the stall, cutting equipments, kiyosk, auto rickshaw and e-rickshaw were distributed among the retailers. Based on the findings, it could be concluded that there is a tremendous scope of local fish production, and with required government support Jharkhand could see blooming blue revolution.ThesisItem Open Access PROJECT REPORT ON STUDY ON FACTORS AFFECTING THE MARKETING OF VEGETABLES GROWN UNDER MICRO-DRIP IRRIGATION IN RANCHI DISTRICT(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2021) Puja Singh; Arvind Kumar SinghA study on factors affecting the marketing of vegetables grown under micro-drip irrigation in Ranchi district of Jharkhand under two blocks namely Kanke and Ratu was undertaken with objectives of identifying the factors affecting the marketing of vegetables, suggesting measures for improvement in marketing of vegetables grown under micro-drip irrigation system and to find the best suited vegetable crops for cultivation under microdrip irrigation system in Ranchi district. Marketing of vegetables is challenging because of the perishability, seasonality, bulkiness and consumption habits of the Indian consumers. The study makes an attempt to examine the functionality of JHIMDI (Jharkhand Horticulture Intensification by Micro-Drip Irrigation project) funded by JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) and run by JSLPS (Jharkhand State Livelihood Promotion Society) with main objective of identification of problems that are faced by the farmers (i.e., the vegetable growers subsidized under the JHIMDI project) in marketing of their produces along with suggesting the relevant solutions to the problems identified in Ranchi district of Jharkhand. Kanke and Ratu blocks of Ranchi district were selected purposively for study and collection of primary data like name, place, vegetables grown, market reach of the farmers etc. Thus, altogether 200 farmers were taken under study for data collection and analysis from each block who were involved in vegetable cultivation using Micro-Drip Irrigation (MDI) technique (considering the land holding to be 25 decimal on Micro drip irrigation system for each farmer). It was found that a number of vegetable crops are being cultivated by the farmers on the fields having MDI set up. Production is reported to be much more in the farming using MDI technique than the conventional farming by the farmers. Almost all the respondents were found to be satisfied with doing farming involving MDI technique. As per the study, the most suited crop for cultivation with MDI system in Ranchi district was found to be Cucumber followed by Bean and Bottle Gourd. Major problem in the marketing of vegetables was found to be related to transportation, post-harvest management of the vegetables and exploitation of farmers in the whole process by different existing intermediaries and traders in the system. To overcome the prevailing problems, private cooperatives or similar self-managed bodies should be made to reduce the transportation problems of the farmers by creating a medium through which they can directly sell their vegetables from their farm to the big businesses and proper storage facilities should be provided to the farmers. Overall experience in farming involving MDI was found to be very satisfactory as well as reliable and farmers are happy utilizing the technique for earning their livelihoods.ThesisItem Open Access INVESTIGATION ON SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT OF SUDHA DAIRY’S PRODUCTS AT BARAUNI(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2021) SNEHA; M. K. BarnwalThe present study entitled “INVESTIGATION ON SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT OF SUDHA DAIRY’S PRODUCTS AT BARAUNI ” was carried out at Begusarai district of Bihar during 2020-2021. A detailed Survey of the study area was conducted involving 20 farmers, 5 retailers and 50 consumers from each block of Barauni and Gadhpura of Begusarai district selected through multistage randomized selection to study the, existing supply chain of Sudha Dairy products along with effect of covid-19 and festivals on sale of Sudha Dairy products. The data were collected by personal interviews of the respondents through a structured interview schedule. Demographic details of the Sudha dairy Samiti comprising details of the farmers’ occupation, association with Sudha dairy, milk produced/day, selling price of milk, number of cows and buffaloes, preference of milk variants among the consumer, choice of milk, quality of Sudha brand, supply of milk, number of customers visiting Sudha outlet and SWOT analysis of Sudha dairy were obtained and analysed. The study indicated that Twenty respondents of Barauni and Gadhpura block were randomly selected from the milk cooperative to know the farmer’s opinion regarding Sudha dairy. Most of the farmers of Barauni block (90%), Gadhpura block (75%) and Begusari district (82.5%) are engaged in both dairy and farming business. Most of the farmers of Barauni block (80%), Gadhpura block (55%), and Begusarai district (67.5%) are associated with Sudha dairy more than 10 years. 40% farmers of Barauni block produce 10-15 liter milk/day and 40% farmers of Gadhpura block produce more than 15 liter milk/day whereas, 37.5% farmers of Begusarai district produce more than 15% liter of milk/day. 40% farmers of Barauni block sell 10-15 liter milk/day, 35% farmers of Gadhpura block sell 10-15 liter and more than 15 liter milk/day each. In Begusarai district, 37.5% farmers sell 10-15 liter milk/day. Highest number of farmers of Barauni block (75%), Gadhpura block (60%), and Begusarai district (67.5%) are selling their milk to cooperative at Rs.32-34 per liter. 55% farmers of Barauni block and 85% farmers of Gadhpura block have cross breed of cow 70% farmers of Begusarai district have cross breed of cow. 40% retailers of Barauni block face more than 300 customers/day, whereas in Gadhpura block, 60% retailers face 0-100 customers/day. In Begusarai district, 40% retailers face 0-100 customers/day at their outlet. Most of the dairy markets at Barauni and Gadhpura blocks and Begusarai district are occupied with Sudha dairy. Maximum retailers (60%) of Barauni block sell about 200-300 liter of milk/day, whereas in Gadhpura block and Begusarai district, Maximum retailers sell upto 100 liter of milk/day. Most of the retailers of Barauni block (80%) prefer to sell Sudha milk due to demand, most of the retailers of Gadhpura block (40%) prefer to sell Sudha milk due to profit margin and demand. In Begusarai district, 60% retailers prefer to sell Sudha milk due to demand. Maximum number of retailers of Barauni block (60%) and Gadhpura block (80%) agree with increased milk demand is taken care by Sudha dairy during festival time. In Begusarai district, 70% retailers agree with increased milk demand is taken care by Sudha dairy during festival. Most of the retailers of Barauni and Gadhpura blocks of Begusarai district feel that existing milk distribution policy of Sudha dairy is very good. Most of the retailers of Barauni block (40%) and Gadhpura block (60%) feel that profit margin given by Sudha dairy is very good. Most of the consumers of Barauni block and Gadhpura block preferred Sudha grade of milk. Among them 24% of Barauni block and 22% of Gadhpura block consumers prefer cow milk grade (Sudha dairy). In Begusarai district, 23% consumers prefer cow milk. Most of the consumers prefer packed milk over loose milk at Barauni block and Gadhpura block of Begusarai district. Highest number of consumers of Barauni block and Gadhpura block and Begusarai district purchased 0-2 liter of milk/day. Maximum number of consumers of Barauni block and Gadhpura block of Begusarai district feel quality of Sudha milk is excellent. Most of the farmers of Barauni and Gadhpura blocks of Begusarai district face financial crisis during covid-19. Farmers of Barauni and Gadhpura blocks of Begusarai district sanitize their utensils for storing milk during covid-19. At the time of festival retailers demand of milk at Barauni and Gadhpura blocks of Begusarai district get increased. Maximum number of retailers of Barauni and Gadhpura blocks of Begusarai district sale of milk at milk parlour/shop was decreased during covid-19. Only in hospital area demand of milk was increased in comparison to market and near railway station during covid-19. All retailers of Barauni and Gadhpura blocks of Begusarai district maintained sanitized condition during covid-19. Highest number of consumers of Barauni block (46%) purchase 2-4 liter of extra milk per day during festival. In Gadhpura block, 46% consumers purchase 0-2 liter of extra milk per day during festival. In Begusarai district, 41% consumers purchase 2-4 liter of extra milk per day during festival. Most of the consumers of Barauni and Gadhpura blocks of Begusarai preferred packed milk during lockdown due to covid-19.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON ADOPTION OF PLASTICULTURE TECHNOLOGIES IN JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2021) Saddam Hussain; Dr. Pramod RaiAgriculture is the backbone of Indian economy and it provides the livelihood to the majority of population but there are many challenges Indian farmers are facing. The major challenge in agriculture are irrigation water, fragmented land holding, industrialization, urbanization etc which is responsible for reduction the farmland. It is very necessary to adopt the modern and improved agriculture technologies by the involvement of corporate sector, government policies and initiatives to increase the production of total food grain. In this project study has been conducted to study the status of adoption of plasticulture technologies in Jharkhand vis-à-vis with other states and suggest the way to improve the adoption of plasticulture technologies in Jharkhand under Centre for Agribusiness Management, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand. The study is based on secondary data and the data was be collected from various popular articles, research papers, books, news articles, internet sources, media reports and some official websites such as Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY), Mission for Integrated development of Horticulture (MIDH) and Ministry of Agriculture & Farmer’s Welfare. Plasticulture applications are considered as the most important indirect agriculture input which results in moisture conservation, water saving, reduction in fertilizer consumption, helps in precise application of input, plant protection and use of innovative packaging solutions to enhance shelf-life and during collection, storage and transportation of fruits & vegetables. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research, State Agricultural Universities and National Committee on Plasticulture Application in Horticulture are promoting research efforts for the encouragement of Plasticulture Technologies. The Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Water Resources and different State government have sponsored promotional activities for Plasticulture Technologies. In year 2019-20 the area covered under micro irrigation is highest in Tamil Nadu is 263494.20 hectares whereas Jammu and Kashmir achieved only 70 hectares. Andhra Pradesh achieved the maximum physical target of protected structure is 17940.06 hectares by achieving 92.81 % of its total target while Madhya Pradesh achieved only 0.15 hectare which is 0.07 % of its total target and the area of Jharkhand covered Micro Irrigation and Protected Structure is 5988.66 and 65.26 hectares respectively.ThesisItem Open Access ANALYTICAL STUDY ON IRRIGATION PATCH DEVELOPED AREA IN RAMGARH DISTRICT OF JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2021) Kujur, Nidhi; Mahato, C.S.Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the growing of agriculture crops, revegetation of distributed soil in the dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfalls. The solar- powered irrigation system provided by the JSLPS through JOHAR Project called irrigation patch which provide a cost-effective solution to the traditional irrigation method. In Ramgarh district most of the farmers are marginal farmers irrigation patch is a scheme launched by government which constitute 10-15 beneficiaries for one irrigation patch which results all beneficiaries collectively do cultivation and the productivity occurs in very high quantity because one irrigation patch covers 10 acre of land area. The study was conducted at Patratu, Gola and Mandu block of Ramgarh to know the analytical study on irrigation patch developed area in Ramgarh district of Jharkhand. Total 60 respondents were selected 10 respondents each block. The data was collected through field survey and interaction with beneficiaries in structured questionnaire. Based on the survey result, it was found that 100 per cent beneficiaries were female. From the collected data crop calendar were framed and calculated the approximately productivity in kg/ha of the beneficiaries of irrigation patch of crops grown in all three seasons. The comparison of all three blocks were based on the total productivity which results out of three Gola has the higher potential of marketing business. And with crops like tomato and followed by bottle gourd business were great throughout the Ramgarh district in all season. Majority purchase and selling by the respondents of input materials (seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides) and output (farm produce) are from direct market. Majority of the respondents used motor cycle as a means of transport. The study findings reveals that beneficiaries earn money through irrigation patch. From the above discussion it may be concluded that in Ramgarh the maximum area is covered by irrigation patch and among the cultivated crops the maximum area is covered by tomato, bottle gourd and because it is considered as higher producing crops in all three seasons.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MAIZE PRODUCTION IN GOLA AND PATRATU BLOCK OF RAMGARH DISTRICT(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2021) Jyotishi, Jayshree; Ansari, Irfan AhmadA study on economic analysis of maize production in Gola and Patratu block of Ramgarh district was carried out to know the production cost, marketing channels and constraints of maize production. For the study, 60 maize growers were equally selected from both the blocks. The primary data were collected from farmers of each block in the year 2021. The average cost of maize production per acre was found to be Rs. 12780.00 and Rs. 12670.00 for Gola block and Patratu block respectively. The average gross return from maize production per acre was found to be Rs. 44848.80 and Rs. 41012.50 for Gola and Patratu block respectively. The average net return per acre was found to be Rs. 32068.80 and Rs. 28342.50 for Gola and Patratu block respectively. The B:C ratio was the highest in Gola block (2.5:1) followed by Patratu block (2.23:1) respectively. Based on survey data, it was found that maximum number of farmers of Gola block sell their produce to middlemen (33.33%), followed by directly to consumer (26.67%), wholesale market (20%), traders (16.67%) and village level mill (3.33%). In Patratu block, majority of the farmers sold their produce directly to the consumer (36.67%), followed by middlemen (33.33%), wholesale market (13.33%), traders (6.67%) and village level mill (10%). The major constraints faced by maize growers in Gola block were adverse climatic condition (11.89%), quality seed available (10.66%), lack of technical input (10.24%), lack of quality seed availability (9.43%), plant protection (9.42%), lack of scientific knowledge (9.42%), bird damage (8.61%), capital availability (8.2%), water lodging (6.56%), availability of labour (6.15%), timely land preparation (6.14%), intercultural operation (2.87%) and irrigation facility (0.41%). In Patratu block, major constraints faced by maize growers were adverse climatic condition (11.89%), lack of technical input (11.48%), bird damage (11.46%), quality seed availability (11.07%), lack of quality seed availability (10.65%), plant protection (10.25%), capital availability (9.43%), lack of scientific knowledge (9.01%), timely land preparation (4.92%), water lodging (4.1%), availability of labour (3.28%), intercultural operation (1.64%) and irrigation facility (0.82%). The finding revealed that the farmer of Gola block earned more profit than Patratu block. The study also highlighted some constraints of maize growers and some recommendations were given for them to improve maize production with a view to increase employment opportunities and household income.
