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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi

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End date: 2018 × Start date: 2018 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    WEED MANAGEMENT IN WET DIRECT SEEDED RICE
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2018) PRINCE KUMAR GUPTA; Sheela Barla
    Direct seeded rice coupled with early maturing variety has received much attention because of its low-input demand, encouraged many farmers in India to switch from transplanted rice to direct seeded rice culture. Weeds are considered to be limiting factor in harnessing full yield potentiality of rice. Hence present investigation was undertaken during kharif season of 2017 to evaluate the competing ability of different high yielding rice cultivar and methods of weed control to increase rice production. The present experiment was conducted in the Agronomical Research Farm of Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand during kharif season of 2017.The experimental soil was clay loam in texture with low organic carbon (3.6 g/kg), moderately acidic (pH 5.7), having low available nitrogen (190.76 kg/ha), high phosphorus (31.33 kg/ha) and medium potassium (182.27 kg/ha). The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with 4 weed management viz, weed free up to 15 days, weed free up to 30 days, weed free up to 45 days and weedy check. and 5 rice cultivar in sub plot i.e. DRR Dhan 44, DRR Dhan 45, DRR Dhan 46, RP Bio 226 and Swarna Shreya, altogether comprising 20 treatment combinations replicated three times. The crop was sown on 17 July 2017 with RDF 80:40:20 kg N:P2O5:K2O/ha and seed rate `60kg/ha. Weed free up to 45 days was found most effective in reducing weed density and weed dry weight, as it recorded 86.44% and 80.58 % lower than weedy check (210.44) resulting maximum weed control efficiency i.e. 80.53 per cent at maturity. Weed free up to 45 days recorded higher crop dry weight, grains/panicle, grain yield and harvest index to the tune of 58.32, 35.89, 60.70 and 8.65 percent higher as compared to their respective values under weedy check. Consequently recorded maximum net return (`61746/ha) and B: C ratio(1.63) and was 73.07% and 73.00% higher as compare to values under weedy check and also 15.64% and 15.33% higher as compared weed free upto 30 days. Rice cultivar DRR Dhan 46 recorded 38.28 and 20.40% reduced weed density and weed dry weight compared to cultivar Swarna Shreya resulting in maximum weed control efficiency i.e. 53.04 per cent at maturity. DRR Dhan 46 recorded higher crop dry weight ,grains/panicle, grain yield and harvest index to the extent of 29.84%, 16.37% , 30.26% and 3.25% as compare to Swarna Shreya i.e. 874.49 g/m2, 93.23, 3.41 t/ha, and 36.56% respectively consequently recorded higher net return (`59332 /ha) and B:C ratio(1.57). The combination of DRR Dhan 46 with weed free up 45 days recorded reduced weed dry weight to the extent of 88.96% as compared to lowest recorded with Swarna Shreya under weedy check, consequently maximum grains/panicle (138.17), 1000 grain weight (28.83g), yield (6.30t/ha), net return (`78082/ha) as well as B:C ratio (2.06). From the above findings it may be concluded that keeping Weed free up to 45 days in rice cultivar DRR Dhan 46 was found most suitable for obtaining maximum yield as well as profit in DSR method of cultivation.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GPS ENABLED STUDY ON MICRO AND SECONDARY NUTRIENT STATUS IN INTENSIVELY VEGETABLES GROWING AREAS OF RANCHI DISTRICT
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2018) Kumar, Prem Ranjan; Kumar, Arvind
    To study the impact of micro and secondary nutrients in soil, water, plant and human continuum, 116 soil, 29 water and 63 plant samples were collected from Kanke, Burmu Ratu, Mander, Ormanji, Angara, Piska Nagri and Tamar blocks of Ranchi district. [Lat. N 23o01.838’ – N 23o32.529’, Long . E 85o05.580’ – E 85o43.155’, Alt. 231 – 716 (Meter)]. Soil of Ranchi district was acidic in nature and found 78% soil < 5.5 pH. Organic carbon status (5.0-7.5 g kg-1) were found medium in 52% soil samples. DTPA extractable Fe, Cu and Mn were observed more than its critical limit 4.5. 0.2, 2.0 mg kg-1 respectively in 100% soil samples, while Zn availability was found 1.72% < 0.5 mg kg-1, 35% in between 0.5 to 1.0 mg kg-1 and 65% > 1.0 mg kg-1. It was found that 78% soil samples of study area were found low in 0.1 M salicylic acid extractable Boron. Among all three secondary nutrients (Ca, Mg and S), Sulphur status in soil is at alarming stage with 77.59% soil under low (<10.0 mg kg-1) category, where as 22.41% soil in medium category (10.0-20.0 mg kg-1). Calcium and magnesium status was also found in low to medium status. Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni) and Cobalt (Co) content in soil of Ranchi district were found 1.52, 2.22 and 1.46 mg kg-1 (mean value) respectively. Borewell water observed low in pH (5.95) as well as low in EC (0.365 dS m-1). Mean Iron (Fe) content in river water was found higher 0.225 mg L-1 than that of Mn (0.061 mg L-1), Cu (0.095 mg L-1) and Zn (0.046 mg L-1), while B content was found 0.323 mg L-1 and is safe for irrigation purpose (<1.0 mg L-1). Calcium (6.40 mg L-1) and Magnesium (2.20 mg L-1) content in well water were found higher than others sources of water. Calculated Mg ratio Ca also found <1.0 in all water resources indicates its suitability for irrigation. As per maximum recommended concentration of Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Pb in irrigation water found suitable for irrigation purpose (Siddiqui, 1995). Nickel and Cobalt content in water were found slightly in higher range to its permissible limits. Interestingly among analyzed edible part of plants S, Ca, Mg, B, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ni and Co content were found maximum in mustard (Brassica juncea) than other crops. As per maximum permissible concentration of heavy metals in different food material given by (Sastry, 2000), most of the analyzed heavy metal were found below the permissible limit in edible part of crops. On the basis of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn analysis mean value in edible part of vegetables and spices, It was calculated that if farmers of study areas intake 200 g fresh mixed vegetable and spices in their diet per day, that not fulfill the requirement as per prescribed for a healthy human.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON TREE-SOIL INTERACTION ON DIFFERENT SPECIES IN ARBORETUM
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2018) Runda, Anju; Singh, S.K.
    The present experiment entitled “Studies on tree-soil interaction on different species in Arboretum of Faculty of Forestry, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi planted in the year 2006. The experiment is planned with the objectives such as to study the physicochemical properties of soil in the selected tree species, growth parameter of different tree species, and to know the interrelationship between soil properties and tree growth. The plantation in the arboretum is about 11 years old planted in block. Since the blocks are not equal, random sampling method has been adopted to conduct the experiment. The five tree species like Mahogany (Swietenia mahogoni), Sheesham (Dalbergia sisso), Gamhar (Gmelina arborea), Jamun (Syzygium cumini) and Ber (Ziziphus jujube) have been selected in the present studies. The physical properties of the soil like soil texture, bulk density, soil porosity, water holding capacity and particle density has been taken into consideration; whereas the chemical properties such as soil pH, soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, available phosphorous and available potassium have been analysed. Besides these, the growth parameter such as height, diameter and crown width have been recorded to find out the growth performance of the concerned trees. The maximum value (1.66 gm cm-3) of Bulk Density has been found in Ziziphus jujube followed by Gmelina arborea, Syzygium cumini, Dalbergia sisso and minimum (1.55 gm cm-3) Swietenia mahogoni; whereas in case of Particle Density, the maximum value (2.68 gm cm-3) was observed in Syzygium cumini followed by Swietenia mahogoni, Dalbergia sisso, Gmelina arborea and minimum (2.56 gm cm-3) in Ziziphus jujube. In Soil Porosity, the maximum value (43.50%) has been shown in Dalbergia sisoo followed by Swietenia mahogoni, Gmelina arborea, Syzygium cumini and minimum (35.42%) in Ziziphus jujube; while the maximum value (34.39ml/100cm3) of water holding capacity was recorded in Dalbergia sissoo followed by Gmelina arborea, Ziziphus jujube, Syzygium cumini, and minimum (21.30ml/100cm3) in Swietenia mahogoni. Percentage of sand has been found maximally (54.67%) in Syzigium cumini followed by Gmelina arborea, Dalbergia sissoo, Swietenia mahogoni and minimum (51.31%) in Ziziphus jujube; whereas the maximum value (25.3%) of silt has been found in Swietenia mahogoni followed by Dalbergia sisso, Syzygium cumini, Gmelina arborea and minimum (22.7%) in Ziziphus jujube; while percentage of clay has been found maximum (26.61%) in Zizyphus jujube followed by Gmelina arborea, Dalbergia sisso, Swietenia mahogoni, and minimum (22.74%) in Syzygium cumini. Statistically bulk density has been shown significantly higher in Gmelina arborea followed by Syzygium cumini, Swietenia mahogoni, Ziziphus jujube and non-significant in Dalbergia sisso; whereas particle density has been observed significantly higher in Syzygium cumini followed by Swietenia mahogoni, Dalbergia sisso, Gmelina arborea and Ziziphus jujube has been found nonsignificant. The soil porosity has been found significantly higher in Syzigium cumini followed by Gmelina arborea, Swietenia mahogoni, Ziziphus jujube and Dalbergia sissoo; while the water holding capacity has been observed significantly higher in Gmelina arborea followed by Dalbergia sisso, Ziziphus jujube, Syzygium cumini and Swietenia mahogoni; whereas in case of percentage of sand, silt and clay it has been found non-significant in all the species. Thus, it indicates that the physical properties of the soil have been found improved in planted area. The findings of the experiment indicated that Soil pH, Organic Carbon (OC), Available Nitrogen (N), Available Potassium (K) increased in planted areas than non planted areas while Available Phosphorous (P) has been found higher in unplanted areas than planted area. The maximum value (6.07) of soil pH has been observed higher in Dalbergia sisso followed by Gmelina arborea, Swietenia mahogoni, Syzygium cumini and minimum (5.32) in Ziziphus jujube. The maximum value (0.45) in soil organic carbon has been found higher in Gmelina arborea followed by Dalbergia sisso, Swietenia mahogoni, Syzygium cumini and minimum (0.40) in Ziziphus jujube. The maximum value (496.64) of available nitrogen has been recorded in Dalbergia sisso followed by Syzygium cumini, Ziziphus jujube, Gmelina arborea and minimum (419.54) in Swietenia mahogoni; whereas maximum value (760.62) of available potassium has been shown in Swietenia mahogoni followed by Syzygium cumini, Gmelina arborea, Ziziphus jujube and minimum (714.38) in Dalbergia sisso. On contrary unplanted area has been found maximum value (15.22kg/ha) of available phosphorous in Dalbergia sisso followed by Swietenia mahogoni, Ziziphus jujube, Gmelina arborea, and minimum (14.5kg/ha) in Syzygium cumini. Overall, the nutrient status in all the species has been found in the sequential order as K>N>P. As per statistical analysis the soil pH, has been found significantly higher in Dalbergia sisso followed by Syzygium cumini, Ziziphus jujube, Gmelina arborea and Swietenia mahogoni; whereas soil organic carbon depicts significantly higher in Syzigium cumini followed by Gmelina arborea, Swietenia mahogoni, Dalbergia sisso, and Ziziphus jujube. Available nitrogen has been observed significantly higher in Syzygium cumini followed by Gmelina arborea, Ziziphus jujube, Dalbergia sisso and Swietenia mahogoni; while Available phosphorous has been shown significantly higher in Swietenia mahogoni followed by Syzigium cumini, Dalbergia sisso, Gmelina arborea, and Ziziphus jujube. The Available potassium has been found significantly higher in Syzygium cumini followed by Zizyphus jujube, Swietenia mahogoni, Dalbergia sisso and Gmelina arborea. As per the growth parameter of the tree is concerned, the both diameter and height have been found maximum (13.33 cm & 10.55 m respectively) in Sweitenia mahogoni, which is a fast growing species. But, in case of diameter, it has been followed by Gmelina arborea, Dalbergia sisso, Syzygium cumini and minimally (9.23 cm) Ziziphus jujube; while in case of height it has been followed by Gmelina arborea, Dalbergia sisso, Syzigium cumini, and minimum (7.62 m) in Ziziphus jujube. The crown width has been recorded maximum (5.62m) growth in Swietenia mahogoni followed by Dalbergia sisso, Syzygium cumini, Ziziphus jujube and minimum (3.67m) in Gmelina arborea. Therefore it may be concluded from the present investigation that physical properties of soils was improved considerably in planted area than that of unplanted area; the Soil pH, Soil Organic Carbon (OC), available nitrogen (N) and available Potassium (K) were found significantly higher in planted area compared to unplanted area . On contrast, the available Phosphorous (P) showed reverse finding being significantly higher in unplanted area. The finding of the results show an increasing tendency in the soil pH which indicates conducive for the tree growth.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    AGROCLIMATIC CHARACTERIZATION OF GUMLA DISTRICT FOR CROP PLANNING
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2018) Ekka, Abhijeet Pankaj; Kumari, Pragyan
    Agriculture is one of the most climate-sensitive sector among all the economic sectors. Despite ongoing improvements in technology and crop varieties, weather and climate remain uncontrollable factors affecting the quantity and quality of agricultural production. The timely onset of monsoon rain and its distribution during June and July decides the area coverage of rainfed crops. Indian agriculture, with 80% of farmers being smallholders (less than 0.5 ha), is monsoon-dependent, rainfed agriculture (58%) and about 30% of population is undernourished, malnourished, migrates from rural to urban regions. Agriculture has become more vulnerable to changed climate or variability situations, huge population is dependent on agriculture. Reduced food grain productivity, loss to vegetable and fruit crops, fodder scarcity, shortage of drinking water to animals during summer, forced migration, severe loss to poultry and fishery sectors have been registered and are threatening the livelihoods of rural poor. In order to minimize these risks, an attempt to study the agroclimate of Gumla district has been carried out for proper crop planning at block level. Of all the climatic factors, rainfall is of greatest concern to population in rainfed agriculture. The variation of monsoonal and annual rainfall in space and time are well known and this inter-annual variability of monsoonal rainfall has considerable impact on agricultural production, water management, energy generation and economic growth. Analysis of annual, seasonal and monthly rainfall of a region is useful to design water harvesting structure. Similarly weekly rainfall analysis give more useful information in crop planning .The cropping patterns are basically dependent on assured rainfall, length of growing period and Moisture Availability Index (MAI). The mean annual rainfall for Gumla is 1096.5 mm and the annual rainfall showed an increasing trend of 6.35 mm/year whereas the maximum rainfall distribution is observed during July and August. Lowest and highest rainfall receiving blocks are Basia (732.1mm) and Raidih (1502.9mm) with 35% and 37% CV, respectively. An increasing trend of maximum temperatures has been observed with stable sunshine hours whereas minimum temperature and relative humidity showed a decreasing trend. Gumla district is prone to mild drought (40.5%) which is maximum at Ghaghra followed by moderate drought observed maximum at Kamdara. Severe drought is observed in Basia and Raidih once in 17 years. Occurrence of Agricultural drought was mostly during early and late season. Sisai block faced maximum early drought, maximum mid season drought at Bishunpur and Gumla affected by late season drought. Initial probability of getting 10, 20 and 50 mm rainfall, above 50%, varies from 16 weeks, 13 weeks and 6 weeks, respectively for different blocks of the district. Most of the blocks come under dry to slightly moist and moist climatic type depending on the land situation whereas Basia and Kamdara come under semi slightly dry climatic condition. Water surplus in Basia and Kamdara are almost negligible in Upland and Don III and very little water can be harvested from Don II and Done I. Water surplus was observed in Raidih followed by Palkot and can be harvested more from all land situations. Productivity of Rice, Maize, Ragi, Wheat and Potato are increasing in Gumla district and is a potential area for Ragi and Potato. For doubling the farmer’s income under available moisture status of different block of the districts there is need to change the cropping pattern and introduce Maize-Potato in cropping system. Short duration varieties are recommended for major crops in the district such as Sahbhagi, Naveen and Anjali for Rice, Birsa makka-1 and Suwan for Miaze, Birsa marua-2, A- 404 for Ragi, K-9107, HDR-77 for wheat, Kufri lima, Kufri surya for potato and Birsa shivam, Shiwani for oilseeds which are of short duration(60 to 90 days) to avoid moisture stress. Gumla has greater chance for water surplus during rainy season thus offer opportunity for water harvesting and supplemented irrigation to mitigate drought. It can prove beneficial for successive rabi crops also.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT IN TARO [Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum (L.) Schott.]
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2018) KUMAR, ASHISH; Sengupta, S.
    Taro [Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum (L.)Schott.] is one of the important tuberous vegetable of the world and known as "Great leaved Caladium" or "Elephant ear "in English, "Dasheen" in USA, "cocoyam" in West Africa. In India, taro is extensively grown in Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Assam and Orissa. It is also popular in North eastern states of India and successfully grown throughout the region due to its adaptability to a wide range of soil and climatic conditions. Colocasia being kharif crop is liable to be highly infested with weeds which is extremely hazardous both in terms of crop health as well as productivity. It has been well established that the yield loss due to weeds is quite higher (60-70%). Even though taro is having much economic importance, but there is very little information available regarding the Integrated weed management practices for its maximum quality and quantity. An investigation to study the “Integrated weed management in Taro [Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum (L.) Schott.]” was carried out in the experimental farm of Department of Horticulture, Ranchi Agriculture College, Birsa Agricultural University during kharif season of 2017 with an objective to identify the different weed flora, to evaluate the response of different herbicides and cultural methods of weed control, growth, yield and the attributing traits of taro and to determine the economics of different integrated weed control methods in taro. The treatments consisted of 13 different weed control methods, viz. Pre emergence herbicide Atrazine @ 1kg a.i. ha-1 at 2 DAS (T1), Pre emergence herbicide Oxyflourfen @ 200g a.i. ha-1 at 2DAS (T2), Post emergence herbicide Paraquat @ 0.5kg a.i. ha-1 at 30 DAS (T3), Handweeding at 3 and 8 WAS (T4), Pre emergence herbicide Atrazine @ 1kg a.i. ha-1 at 2DAS+ Handweeding at 12 WAS (T5), Pre emergence herbicide Oxyflourfen @ 200g a.i. ha-1 at 2DAS+ Handweeding at 12 WAS (T6), Post emergence herbicide Paraquat @ 0.5kg a.i. ha-1 at 30 DAS+ Handweeding at 12 WAS (T7), Sesbania @ 50kg ha-1 broadcasted at the time of sowing and incorporated at 60 DAS (T8), Straw mulch @ 7 tonnes ha-1 at the time of sowing (T9), Transparent plastic mulch @ 40kg ha-1 at the time of sowing (T10), Black plastic mulch @ 40 kg ha-1 at the time of sowing (T11), Weedfree check -Manual Handweeding at fortnightly interval (T12), Weedy check (T13) were laid out in Randomized Block Design with 3 replications. Results revealed that among all the categories, broad leaved weeds dominated the field followed by narrow leaved and sedges weeds. Weed density and dry weight were significantly reduced by different weed management methods. The lowest weed density (0.00 weed m-2 at 45 DAS, 32.00 weeds m-2 at 90 DAS and 117.33 weeds m-2 at 135 DAS) and lowest weed dry matter (0.00 gm-2 at 45 DAS, 13.72 gm-2 at 90 DAS and 34.65 g m-2 at 135 DAS) were recorded under (Black plastic mulch) T11. Maximum weed control efficiency (100.00 %, 98.08 % and 93.65 %) at 45, 90 and 135DAS was found in Black plastic mulch (T11). Minimum weed index 0.00 % was found in Black plastic mulch (T11). All weed management practices significantly improved the yield of tuber over weedy check. Maximum height of plant was recorded in Sesbania incorporated at 60 DAS (T8), followed by Black plastic mulch (T11). Maximum Girth of stem, Length and breadth of leaves, Number of leaves per plant, Leaf area index, Length and girth of mother corms and cormels, Number of mother corms and cormels per plant were recorded in Black plastic mulch (T11). Minimum incidence of Phytophthora leaf blight was recorded in Black plastic mulch (T11) followed by Weed free check (T12). Highest TSS (5.73°Bricks) was recorded under Weedy check (T13) in which no weeding was done while highest Ascorbic acid 13.06 mg 100g-1 was recorded under Oxyflourfen (T6). The maximum tuber yield (16.62 t ha-1) were recorded under Black plastic mulch (T11) followed by Weed free check (T12) 16.24 t ha-1. Highest net return (Rs 196677.00 ha-1), highest Marginal return per rupee (B:C ratio) [2.45] were recorded in Black plastic mulch (T11). However, the lowest Marginal return per rupee (B:C ratio) [1.68] was recorded in the Weedy check (T13). Highest weed population, weed dry matter and lowest tuber yield, net return and Marginal return per rupee (B:C ratio) were recorded under weedy check (T13). Thus, on the basis of results obtained in one year investigation (2017-18) it can be concluded that mulches, herbicides and hand weeding have potential of effective weed management in taro. After analysing the data it is concluded that the best treatments were black plastic mulch followed by Weed free check. Hence, black plastic mulch was found as the most promising treatment in order to get better vegetative growth higher productivity and profitability of taro owing to better weed control. However, as these results are based on one year data, it needs verification for at least one more year for making definite recommendation to the growers.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Identification and characterization of “Landmark Protein” from Rhizobium isolates of Cicer arietinum from acidic soil of Jharkhand
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2018) Kumari, Neha; Dubey, Himanshu
    The soil pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity in soils. Soil pH is considered as an important factor of soils as it controls many chemical processes that take place in plants and microorganisms that live in soil. Nitrogen is the most common deficient nutrient in many soils around the world and supply of nitrogen through fertilizers has severe environmental concerns. Nitrogen cannot be absorbed by plants directly from atmosphere, but only in the form of salts of nitrogen. Rhizobia are soil bacteria and are gram negative, motile, non sporulating rods that fix nitrogen i.e. convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia (ammonia acts as a natural fertilizer for the plant) after becoming established inside root nodules of legumes (Fabaceae). The plant in turn provides the bacteria with organic compounds made by photosynthesis. The symbiotic relationship implies a signal exchange between both partners. There are various environmental factors like soil pH, temperature etc. which affects the survival of Rhizobia as well as the nodulation process and thus the N2 fixation. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the important pulses cultivated in India during winter season. It is a good source of carbohydrates and proteins which together constitute about 80% of the total dry seed mass and the protein quality is considered to be better than other pulses. It has significant amounts of all the essential amino acids except sulfur containing types. It is cholesterol free and is a good source of dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals. Proteomics is a large scale study of proteins. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-D electrophoresis) is a powerful and widely used method for the analysis of complex protein mixtures extracted from cells, tissues, or other biological samples. This technique sorts proteins according to two independent properties in two discrete steps: the first-dimension step, isoelectric focusing (IEF), separates proteins according to their Isoelectric Points (pI); the second-dimension step, SDSpolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), separates proteins according to their molecular weights. Each spot on the resulting two-dimensional array corresponds to a single protein species in the sample. Thousands of different proteins can thus be separated, and information such as the protein pI, the apparent molecular weight, and the amount of each protein is obtained. The aim of my work is to identify and characterize of “Landmark Protein” from Rhizobium isolates of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) collected from various soil regimes of Jharkhand.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Genetic divergence and traits association studies in Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. Ex Kurz (Sarpgandha)
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2018) BAKHLA, RASHMI; Kumar, Jai
    Keeping in view the importance of divergence study, a systematic research trial was undertaken to quantify extent of divergence of different Sarpgandha germplasm through its qualitative and quantitative traits at AICRP (M&APs) farm, BAU, Ranchi with the following objectives. 1. To estimate the extent of genetic divergence and clustering pattern among selected germplasm of Sarpgandha 2. To screen out superior germplasm of Sarpgandha on the basis of quantitative traits 3. To find out percentage contribution of quantitative traits towards its genetic divergence 4. To study trait association pattern with regards to yield to facilitate selection of traits 5. To determine heritability and genetic advance of quantitative traits useful for improvement. Research was laid out in RBD with 25 treatments replicated thrice. Experimental material consisted of 25 germplasm of Sarpgandha (BRS1 to BRS25) collected from different districts of Jharkhand. Different qualitative and quantitative parameters were measured as per NBPGR guidelines. The replicated data of all the 25 germplasm for quantitative traits was subjected to genetic divergence analysis, analysis of variance, correlation matrix, path value analysis and principal component analysis. 15 germplasm of Sarpgandha showed semi-erect plant growth habit, while 10 had erect. Three types of leaf arrangement were found namely verticilite (16), alternate (5) and opposite (4). The root colour of 17 germplasm was pale brown while 8 germplasm had grayish brown root colour. Two type of inflorescence were found namely corymbose (14) and umbellate (11). Flower colour of 11 germplasm was pink and rest 14 germplasm were white. The fruit shape of six germplasm was globose, 9 were ovoid and 10 were sub-globose. Two type of fruit colour were noticed, and out of 25 germplasm, 19 had dark purple colour and six had brownish colour. Seed shape of 13 germplasm was elliptical and 12 were obovate. Significant differences were noticed in the plant height and maximum value was recorded for BRS2 (67.66cm) and minimum by BRS20 (37.33). Significant differences were noticed in stem diameter and maximum value was noticed for BRS15 (11.63mm), and minimum for BRS4 (7.30mm). In case of number of primary branches/plant, maximum value was noticed for BRS1 (7.00), and minimum for BRS7 (2.33). Significant differences were observed for number of leaves/plant and its maximum value was recorded for BRS23 (69.33) and least by BRS20 (24.33). Significant difference was also observed for number of nodes/plant and maximum value was recorded for BRS2 (13.66) and minimum for BRS12 (7.66). Significant differences were observed in case of length of inter-nodes and its maximum value for recorded BRS8 (10.85cm) and minimum in BRS7 (6.42cm). Maximum crown spread in N-S and E-W directions was recorded for BRS7 (33cm and 30.66cm) respectively and its minimum value observed for BRS25 (19.16cm and 20.16cm) respectively. Significant differences were also observed in case of inflorescence length and maximum value observed for BRS16 (10.31cm) and minimum value BRS21 (6.24cm). Maximum leaf length was recorded for BRS25 (13.17cm) which varied significantly from its minimum value recorded for BRS6 (9.50cm). In case of leaf width significant difference was observed with its maximum value for BRS10 (4.65 cm) and minimum for BRS7 (3.06 cm). Significant difference was observed in the number of inflorescence/plant and its maximum value was recorded for BRS2 (13.66) and minimum for BRS6 (2.33). Number of flower/inflorescence was also varied significantly and its maximum value was recorded for BRS18 (94.66) and minimum for BRS7 (17.66). In case of number of fruits/inflorescence, significant differences were observed with its maximum value BRS18 (88.66) and minimum for BRS7 (12.66). Number of seeds/fruit was also varied significantly with its maximum value BRS2 (1.72) and minimum for BRS11 and BRS22 (1.05). Maximum root length was recorded for BRS2 (88.16 cm) which varied significantly with its minimum value of BRS20 (68.03 cm). Significant differences were observed in root diameter with its maximum value in BRS4 (17.31 mm) and minimum in BRS18 (13.05 mm). As regards to dry root yield/plant, maximum value was recorded for BRS9 (83.32 g) which varied significantly with minimum value recorded for BRS20 (42.85 g). In case of seed yield/plant, maximum value recorded for BRS23 (21.89 g) which varied significantly with its minimum value recorded for BRS5 (1.51 g). Among the sources of genetic diversity in Sarpgandha germplasm, maximum percentage of contribution was shown by seed yield/plant (51.33%) followed by inflorescence length (19.33%) and number of flower/inflorescence (11.67%). Seven clusters were formed through genetic divergence analysis, out of which cluster I contains maximum 9 number of germplasm. Maximum inter cluster distance was observed between cluster III and cluster VI (13.59) followed by cluster II and cluster III (12.46). Correlation matrix of different plant characters showed plant height had highly significantly positively correlated with dry root yield/plant (0.594) and significant positive correlation between root length and dry root yield/plant (0.414). Path analysis of different growth parameter affecting seed yield/plant indicated maximum direct positive impact by no. of flowers/ inflorescence (0.658) and maximum direct negative impact by no. of fruits/inflorescence (-0.486). In case of dry root yield/plant, maximum direct positive effect was shown by plant height (0.590) and maximum direct negative effect was by root diameter (- 0.472). Maximum heritability was shown by seed yield/plant (97.34%) followed by inflorescence length (88.42%). However, maximum genetic advance was also shown by seed yield/plant (129.13%) followed by no. of fruits/inflorescence (79.59%). So to conclude, as regards to estimate the extent of genetic divergence and clustering pattern among selected germplasm of Sarpgandha, seven clusters were formed, out of which cluster I consisted of 9 germplasm, followed by cluster II (8 germplasm) and cluster III (4 germplasm). Maximum inter cluster divergence was found between cluster III and cluster VI (13.59) followed by cluster II and cluster III (12.46) and cluster III and VII (10.44). So parents may be selected for hybridization program from these clusters i.e. cluster (III & VI), (II & III) and (III & VII). The extent of genetic divergence was ranged between 3 to 30% which may be considered as low genetic divergence. As regards to screen out superior germplasm of Sarpgandha on the basis of quantitative traits, on the basis of dry root yield/plant, three germplasm namely BRS9 followed by BRS23 & BRS5 may be selected as superior germplasm because they produced maximum 83.32, 78.25 & 77.97 g dry root yield/plant respectively, which was significantly superior to rest of the germplasm. On the basis of seed yield /plant, three germplasm namely BRS23 followed by BRS21 & BRS12 may be selected as superior germplasm because they produced maximum 21.89, 21.06 & 20.79 g seed yield/plant respectively, which was significantly superior to rest of the germplasm. As regards to find out percentage contribution of quantitative traits towards its genetic divergence, maximum genetic divergence was shown by seed yield/plant (51.33 %), inflorescence length (19.33%) & number of flowers /inflorescences (11.67 %). As regards to study trait association pattern with regards to yield to facilitate selection of traits, plant height showed high significant positive correlation with dry root yield/plant (0.594) & significantly positively correlated with root length (0.414). Again maximum direct positive effect on dry root yield/plant was shown by plant height (0.590), followed by number of leaves/plant (0.224) & root length (0.135). So plant height & root length may be selected as suitable traits for improving dry root yield/plant in Sarpgandha. As regards to determine heritability and genetic advance of quantitative traits useful for improvement, maximum heritability was shown by seed yield/plant (97.34%) followed by inflorescence length (88.42%) & number of fruits/inflorescence (83.28%). Maximum genetic advance was shown by seed yield/plant (129.13%) followed by number of fruits/inflorescences (75.59%).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Performance of Rice and Wheat Varieties for Higher Productivity in Rice-wheat System Under Organic Farming
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2018) Kumar, Manoj; Singh, C.S.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Characterization of “Land mark Protein” from Rhizobium isolate of Pigeon pea collected from the acidic soil regimes of the State Of Jharkhand
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2018) Mahto, Priyanka; Dubey, Himanshu
    Agriculture sector is the backbone of Indian economy however; agricultural productivity is very low in some countries. The low productivity is due to decreasing soil fertility many factors responsible for decreasing soil fertility such as soil acidity, soil erosion, and continuous cropping. Soil acidity occurs when there is a buildup of acid forming element. Acidic soil in Jharkhand occupies approximately 90 percent area of the land. Most leguminous plant requires neutral or slightly acidic soil for growth, especially when depending on symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Pigeon pea is a legume, improves soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation. It is reported to contribute approximately 40 kg N ha-1 soil acidity is one of the serious problem which affect growth of rhizobia in the soil of Jharkhand Rhizobium is a gram negative bacteria, soil living bacteria. Rhizobium provides organic nitrogenous compound to the plant and plant provide organic compound made by photosynthesis, this relation is known as symbiosis. Proteomics is a large scale study of proteins. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis is commonly used to analyse proteins. In 2-D gel electrophoresis proteins are separated in two dimensions on the basis of two independent properties i.e. Isoelectric point [pI] (1st Dimension (Isoelectric focusing (IEF)) and Molecular weight [MW] (2nd Dimension (SDS-PAGE)) In this study we perform 2-DE electrophoresis to establish the spots reproducibility of the protein In our present study we find that protein changes between isolates from normal pH and acidic pH intervals. Lot of proteins change in form of prominent spots which were altered across the various isolates collected from various pH regimes. Such changes reflect the adaptative changes which are under play at protein level for helping the bacteria survive under harsh acidic pH regimes. On the other hand, it is also a possibility that such changes reflect many other protein changes which arise out of processes, such as post-translational modification and the presence of isoforms. Reproducible land mark protein spots were observed in the gels by 2D electrophoresis by utilizing 2-DE approach subsequently protein which might be implicated to play crucial roles in imparting acid soil-tolerance to Rhizobium isolates of pigeon pea were identified from the isolates collected acid soils of the state of Jharkhand, various spots of Rhizobium isolates were analyzed Protein play a major role to cope with abiotic stress.