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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC DIVERSITY STUDIES IN DOLICHOS BEAN (Lablab purpureus L.)(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Deepika Kiro; Sanyat MisraThe genetic diversity among 45 genotypess of Dolichos bean (Lablab purpureus L.) was assessed for twenty-one quantitative and qualitative traits including disease-pest incidence. The experiment was conducted during the Kharif season 2021-2022 at the Experimental farm of Department of Horticulture, Ranchi Agriculture College, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, India with four check entries [Swarna Uttakrisht (C-1), Swarna Rituvar (C-2), LC-1 (C-3) and LC-2(C-4)] in an augmented design using three blocks. A substantial variability among the accessions for quantitative traits, and bruchid and pod borer infestations, except for the number of branches per plant, was documented. The estimates of heritability were high for all the traits studied. The phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation, which reflect the average interaccession differences, were moderate. However, these are useful statistics to understand variability among the accessions. The germplasm was grouped into seven clusters following Wards minimum variance clustering approach with significant deviations among clusters. The intra-cluster distance was lower compared to inter-cluster distance. Some of the accessions were superior to the check HA-4. The results could be used to adopt suitable strategies for breeding Dolichos bean aiming at improved productivity. Dolichos bean (Lablab purpureus L.) 2n=2x=22, 24 is an important leguminous vegetable crop grown throughout the country and is commonly known as Sem and it is member of Fabaceae family. The present investigation was carried out during the Kharif season 2021-2022 at the Experimental farm of Department of Horticulture, Ranchi Agriculture College, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi. Total forty-five genotypes of dolichos bean and four checks [Swarna Uttakrisht (C-1), Swarna Rituvar (C- 2), LC-1 (C-3) and LC-2(C-4)] were taken for present investigation. Observations were recorded on twenty-one quantitative and qualitative traits including disease-pest incidence under this study in an augmented design using three blocks. Correlation of different traits with yield and among themselves was also studied. Direct and indirect effects of different traits on yield were estimated at phenotypic level in addition to GCV, PCV, Heritability and Genetic advance. For diversity cluster analysis statistics was adopted. Genotypes were found significant for all the characters under study except days to first picking. Phenotypic variance was higher than genotypic variance for all the traits and similar trend was followed for PCV and GCV. High PCV and GCV was found for 10 pod weight and number of pods per plant. High heritability in broad sense was recorded for the traits no. of pods per plant, 10 pod weight and yield per hectare. High genetic advance as percent of mean was recorded for the traits yield per plant followed by number of pods per plant and yield per hectare. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for number of flower per cluster suggested that selection of this trait may be effective as heritability is most likely due to additive gene effects. Yield per plant was negatively correlated and highly significant with number of pods per plant. It was also found that the yield per plant was positively correlated and highly significant with dry seed weight. Mahalanobis D2 statistics revealed five clusters. Among the four clusters, cluster IV (25 genotypes) consisted of maximum genotypes followed by cluster II (11 genotypes) and cluster IV and I were mono-genotypic. Trait 100-seed weight showed maximum contribution towards the genetic divergence. The qualitative traits flower colour, seed colour and seed testa texture were able to distinguish dolichos bean genotypes and thus can be used for germplasm characterization in chickpea as per guidelines of DUS test.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of Different Genotypes of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Nisha Rani Chiranjivi; S. SenguptaThe present study entitled “Evaluation of Different Genotypes of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)” has been carried out in the year 2021-22 at Vegetable Research Unit, Department of Horticulture Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi. The experiment consisting of eight genotypes of different varieties of brinjal under Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The observations regarding morphological characters of eight genotypes of brinjal, in which two genotypes have dark green leaves colour, four genotypes have purplish green in stem colour, six genotypes have purple flower colour, three genotypes have light green fruit colour, six genotypes have oblong fruit shape, four genotypes have purplish green epicalyx colour, while all genotypes have absence of prickles on leaves and only two genotypes have presence of prickles on stem and prickles on epicalyx. The growth and yield parameters was found significant in the genotype CB-1 (Birsa Chianki Baigan-1), in respect of plant height (93.67 cm), number of leaves per plant (73.33), maximum number of primary branches per plant (10.67), leaf area (281.88 cm2), leaf area index (0.09), minimum days to first flowering (52.33 days), minimum days to first picking (76.33 days), fruit length (12.43 cm), fruit diameter (6.90 cm), number of fruit per plant (13.33), average fruit weight (152.81 g), yield per plant (2.03 kg), yield per hectare (451.47 q), marketable yield per hectare (432.02 q) and number of picking (7.67) whereas, minimum growth and yield parameters was recorded in the genotype LC -1. The diseases and pest incidence parameters like the infestation of fruit and shoot borer (%) (14.43%), incidence of phomopsis blight (%) (8.07 %) and the wilt incidence (%) (5.55%) were found significantly superior in genotype CB-1 and maximum was recorded in genotype LC -1 and Pusa Upkar. The highest value of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) was observed in Leaf area (cm2) (22.449) and Leaf area index (20.684) characters. And highest value of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was observed in Leaf area (cm2) (25.433), Leaf area index (25.333), Marketable yield per hectare (q) (20.558), Yield per plant (kg) (20.212), Yield per hectare (q) (20.240). On the basis of above findings, variety CB-1 stand could be better performance first in position and variety CB-41 stand in second order of preference. However, variety Swarna Pratibha (Check) came next in order. Therefore, it may be concluded that variety CB-1 may be prefer for higher growth and yield in brinjal.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of different plant growth regulators on growth and yield of papaya (Carica papaya L.)(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Sweta Raj; S. SenguptaThe present experiment was conducted on the “Effect of different plant growth regulators on growth and yield of papaya (Carica papaya L.).” was carried out during the year 2022 in Research unit of Department of Horticulture, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi. Keeping in view of the fact, the present investigation is being proposed with the objectives: 1. To study the effect of plant growth regulators on growth parameters of papaya and 2. To study the effect of plant growth regulators on yield and yield attributing characters of papaya. The Papaya (Carica papaya L) plant of Variety Red lady (Taiwan variety) were planted in the year 2022 at spacing 1.8mx1.8m. Thirty days old saplings were transplanted during evening time as per the layout and design. One Sapling in each pit was planted. The experiment was comprised of 11 treatments with different plant growth regulators (PGR) in a randomized block design with three replications namely T0 (Control i.e. No treatment), T1 (Gibberellic acid @100ppm), T2 (Gibberellic acid @200ppm), T3 (Naphthalene acetic acid @100ppm), T4 (Naphthalene acetic acid @200ppm), T5 (Ethrel @200ppm), T6 (Ethrel @350ppm), T7 (Humic acid @1%), T8 (Humic acid @2%), T9 (Triacontanol @500ppm) and T10 (Triacontanol @1000ppm) The plant growth regulators (PGR) were sprayed carefully both the surface of leaf and the whole plant. This experiment was laid for the purpose to understand the role of plant growth regulators on growth and yield of papaya. The desired concentrations of plant growth regulators were prepared and sprayed at the interval of 45th, 75th and 105th days after the transplanting (DAT) of papaya plants. In the present study, the different growth parameter of papaya plant such as Plant height (cm), Plant girth (cm), Plant spread (cm), Number of leaves per plant, Days to first flowering. Days to first fruiting, yield and yield attributing characters such as Number of fruit per plant, Fruit length (cm), Fruit diameter (cm), Fruit weight (gm), Fruit volume (cc), Pulp weight (gm), Peel weight (gm), Pulp: peel ratio, Yield per plant (kg), yield Per hectare (tonnes), Grain yield/Economic Yield (qha-1) were taken during standing plants. The analysis of Biochemical parameters such as Total Soluble Solid (0Brix) and Acidity (%) were taken in the laboratory using standard method. At last the economics of papaya cultivation such as Cost of cultivation (Rs./ha.), Gross Return (Rs./ha.), Net Return (Rs./ha.) and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) were calculated using actual expenditure and market value of the papaya. The present findings indicates that maximum height was obtained in T1 whereas maximum girth was obtained in T2. Significant differences were found on application of different plant growth regulators on plant spread on east west and on north south of papaya plant at 60, 90, 120 and 150 DAT. The maximum plant spread on both direction i.e. east west and north south was found in T2. The maximum number of leaves per plant was found in T1 whereas minimum was found in T0. The maximum days to first flowering and days to first fruiting was found 91.33days and 176.67days respectively in T0. The maximum number of fruit per plant 75.67 in T1, maximum fruit length 22.20cm in T2, maximum fruit diameter 16.60cm in T1, maximum fruit weight 1352.00gm in T2, maximum fruit volume 1704.07cc in T2, maximum pulp weight 1184.78gm in T2, maximum peel weight of papaya was found 118.07gm in T3, Pulp peel ratio was varied from 8.33 to 11.08 under different plant growth regulators. The maximum yield per plant was found 77.29kg in T2, maximum yield per hectare of papaya was found 238.52kg in T2 whereas the minimum yield per hectare of papaya was found 155.52kg in T0. Data related to biochemical parameters, total soluble solid (0Brix) was varied from 11.78 to 16.65 whereas the acidity (%) was varied from 0.141% to 0.199% under different plant growth regulators. The maximum cost of cultivation per ha of papaya was found Rs 2,49,354.00 in T10, whereas maximum gross return per ha of papaya was found Rs 10,73,355.00 in T2. With respect to growth parameters, flowering and fruiting characters, the net return per ha and benefit cost ratio was varied from Rs. 4,74,393.00 to Rs. 8,33,808.00 and 2.10 to 3.48 under different plant growth regulators. The highest benefit cost ratio of papaya was 3.48 in T2 against 2.10 in control which was economical, profitable and proved highly remunerative.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF BIOSTIMULANTS ON GROWTH, FLOWERING AND YIELD OF ROSE (Rosa x hybrida) CV. ‘MAINU PARLE’(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Ankit Kujur; Punam HoroRose known as the Queen of Flower belongs to the family Rosaceae and the genus Rosa. This genus having many species, but the modern roses is developed by natural or artificial crosses between 12 prominent species. Rose is number one cut flower in world floriculture trade in respect of quality and quantity. They are used for different purposes as pot plant, garden plant and cut flower production (Sumangala et al., 2019). In Jharkhand, floriculture is an emerging sector, there are five commercial flowers grown under open field condition as a cut flower, like Rose, Gladiolus, Gerbera, Marigold and Chrysanthemum. They are grown the area under flower cultivation in Jharkhand of 1.20 ‘000 ha (NHB database 2021). The climatic condition for rose is favorable here; winter is the main season for this crop. The ideal temperature for the growth and for the good yield of rose flower is 18-30°C and the pH of the soil should range from 6-7.5. The present investigation on “Effect of biostimulants on growth, flowering and yield of rose (Rosa x hybrida) cv. Mainu Parle” was carried out at AICRP on floriculture unit, Department of Horticulture, BAU, Ranchi (Jharkhand) during the year 2021-2022. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with four replications and five treatment combinations. The treatment comprises T1: 100% RDF (Control), T2: RDF + Fulvic acid (3 ml/lt), T3: RDF + Humic acid (3 ml/lt), T4: RDF + Sea weed extract (3 ml/lt) and T5: RDF + Arka microbial consortium (20 gm/lt). The results revealed that maximum plant height (86.50 cm), Plant spread (E-W) (62.75 cm) (N-S) (52.25 cm), number of leaves per plant (104.68), number of flowering shoots per plant (11.40), shoot length at first flower bud appearance (34.38 cm), number of flowers per plant (28.20), flower diameter (11.75 cm), flowering duration (15.25 days) was recorded with treatment T3 i.e. RDF + Humic acid. However, it was at par with treatment T4 i.e. RDF + Sea weed extract. The minimum days to flower bud appearance (27.75 days), days to first flowering (31.37 days) was recorded with treatment T1 i.e. Control (100 % RDF) which was at par with the treatment T4 i.e. RDF + Sea weed extract. The maximum vase life (6.45 days), final flower diameter (4.57 cm) and total water absorbed (45.50 ml) was recorded in the treatment T3 i.e. RDF + Humic acid. Based on the investigation, it can be concluded that RDF + Humic acid gave best results on growth, flowering and yield of rose cv. Mainu Parle under open field condition.ThesisItem Open Access Characterisation of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) genotypes under Ranchi condition.(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Nancy Singh; Sanyat MisraBrinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is one of the most important vegetable crop in India which share 23.72 % of the total brinjal production in world. Looking to the importance of brinjal production in India present investigation was carried out in September 2021 at Western Section of Birsa Agricultural University Research Farm, Kanke, Ranchi. Total ninety-seven genotypes of brinjal including seven checks (Swarn Shree, Swarn Mani, Swarn Pratibha, Swarn Shyamali, Pant Samrat, Pusa Upkar and Pusa Kranti) were taken for present investigation. Observations were recorded on twenty traits under this study. Correlation of different traits with yield and among themselves was also studied. Direct and indirect effects of different traits on yield were estimated at addition to GCV, PCV, Heritability and Genetic advance. For diversity analysis Euclidean D2 statistics was adopted. The analysis of variance for the design of experiment indicated highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits. Based on mean performance of genotypes CB-41 were found as most promising genotypes for total fruit yield per plant. High magnitude of variability was observed in case of percent plant affected by shoot and fruit borer followed by fruit length, damage by shoot and fruit borer (Kg), percent plant affected by wilt, marketable yield, and average fruit weight. Days to first flowering, days to last picking and days to 1st picking exhibited low value of variability. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance in per cent of mean were recorded for percent plant affected by shoot and fruit borer and fruit length indicating opportunity for selection response. Total yield per plant had exhibited highly significant and positive association with leaf area and days to last picking. High magnitude of positive direct effect on fruit yield was exerted by marketable yield q/ha followed by plant survival at last harvest, fruit diameter, days to 1st picking, average fruit weight, number of fruits per plant and days to first flowering. The negative direct effects on yield was showed by days to last picking, damage by shoot and fruit borer, percent plant affected by shoot and fruit borer, leaf area, plant height and total number of flower per plant but were substantially low. Regarding positive and higher indirect effect on fruit yield per plant was exerted by percent plant affected by shoot and fruit borer, plant height, percent plant affected by wilt, number of fruits per plant, total number of flowers per plant and fruit length. All the genotypes were grouped into nine clusters. Cluster III had maximum number of genotype (20) followed by clusters VII (15), II (14), VIII & IX (10) and cluster I, IV, VI each with eight genotypes and clusters V (4) genotypes. The intra-cluster D2 values ranged from 16.56 (cluster V) to 29.68 (cluster II). Maximum inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster V and cluster IX suggested that genotypes of these cluster are genetically very diverse to each other. The crosses between selected genotypes from widely separated clusters are most likely to give desirable recombinants/hybrids in future breeding program of brinjal. Fruit circumference followed by marketable yield contributed towards maximum total genetic divergence in the available genotypes of egg plant.ThesisItem Open Access Estimation of genetic parameters of vegetable pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes for yield and yield attributing characters(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) JUHI RANI; Punam HoroGarden pea (Pisum sativum L.) is the famous plant in which G.J. Mendel worked out Mendel’s Law and Genetic Principles, is a noble and aristocratic vegetable. It is consumed as fresh vegetable as well as dry seed throughout the world due to its high nutritive value. The present investigation entitled “Estimation of genetic parameters of vegetable pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes for yield and yield attributing characters”, was carried out at the Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi during Rabi 2021-22 in the experimental design of RBD with three replications, using 21 genotypes of vegetable peas including two checks viz., Arkel and US-10. Observations were recorded under growth, yield attributing characters and qualitative parameters. In addition to this GCV, PCV, Heritability, Genetic advance, Correlation, Direct and indirect effects of different traits on yield were also estimated. The mean performance of the genotypes revealed that the significantly highest yield was recorded in Arkel Mutant-1 (158.92 q/ha) followed by Chianki-VP-1(138.30 q/ha), Arkel Mutant-2 (136.86 q/ha), CS-8 (130.64 q/ha).The genotype Arkel Mutant-1 also showed significantly highest desirable values on plant height (59.08 cm), number of branches per plant (12.13), green pod length (10.90 cm), number of seed per pod (10.19), ten green pod weight (50.11 g), shelling per centage (42.66%), plant population at last harvest (353/360), survival per centage (98.27%), green pod yield per plant (69.46 g), green pod yield per plot (24.52 kg), green pod yield per hectare (158.92 q/ha) and observed earliest in days to 50% flowering (36.88 DAS) and days to 1st picking (47.88 DAS). Genotypes were found significant for all the characters. Phenotypic variance was higher than genotypic variance for all the traits and similar trend was followed for PCV and GCV. High phenotypic variance (19.10) and genotypic variance (18.10) was found for green pod yield per hectare and green pod yield per plot. High value of heritability in broad sense was estimated for green pod yield per hectare and green pod yield per plant with the values of 74.70 and 69.70, respectively. High genetic advance as percent of mean was estimated for green pod yield per hectare and green pod yield per plot with the values of (35.36) and (32.59) respectively, which suggest that selection of these trait may be effective as heritability is most likely due to additive gene effects. Correlation study revealed that positive genotypic significant correlation was observed for green pod yield per plot and TSS % with green pod yield per hectare. Positive phenotypic correlation was observed with plant population at last harvest, survival %, 100 seed weight and number of green pods per plant, number of seed per pod, shelling % and green pod yield per plot showed positive direct effect with green pod yield per hectare. On the basis of above findings, it is concluded that Arkel Mutant-1 was found to be the most suitable for the cultivation in main season rabi crop with at least one more year trial before its final recommendation in Ranchi condition, as single season trail is not sufficient for the recommendation in large area cultivation of this crop. This genotype may also be used as a parent for further breeding programme. Hence, this genotype may be recommended for high green pod yield in Ranchi condition.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Inorganic Fertilizers, Organic Manures and Bio-Fertilizers on Growth and Yield in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) cv. Swarna Pratibha(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2022) Kumari, Arti; Horo, PunamThe experiment entitled “Effect of Inorganic Fertilizers, Organic Manures and Bio-Fertilizers on Growth and Yield in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) cv. Swarna Pratibha” was conducted at the Vegetable Research Farm of Department of Horticulture under Faculty of Agriculture, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi in randomized block design in the year 2021. Eleven treatments viz., T₁ [RDF (NPK+FYM)], T₂ (75% RDF + 25% Vermicompost), T₃ (50% RDF + 50% Vermicompost), T₄ (75% RDF + 25% Karanj Cake), T₅ (50% RDF + 50% Karanj Cake), T₆ (75% RDF + Azotobactor + PSB), T₇ (50% RDF + Azotobactor + PSB), T8 (75% RDF+ Trichoderma + Pseudomonas fluorescens), T9 (50% RDF+ Trichoderma + Pseudomonas fluorescens), T10 (100% RDF + Trichoderma + Pseudomonas fluorescens) and T11 (Absolute control) were taken and replicated thrice to study their response on various growth, flowering and Yield parameters in Brinjal. The vegetative characters of brinjal were recorded at 15 days time interval i.e. starting from 45 DAT, 60 DAT, 75 DAT, 90 DAT, 105 DAT and 120 DAT. Plant height (31.36 cm, 42.40 cm, 49.48 cm, 55.47 cm, 58.80 cm and 62.24 cm) was significantly superior in treatment of RDF (T1). Number of branches per plant (2.93, 4.84, 7.78, 12.86, 14.06 and 14.90) and number of leaves per plant (31.82, 43.87, 55.70, 63.28, 68.44 and 73.07) were significantly superior in treatment of 100% RDF + Trichoderma + Pseudomonas fluorescens (T10). For flowering characters, the days to first flowering was found to be non-significant for all the treatments although earliest (62.67 days) flower appearance was observed in treatment T10 i.e. (100% RDF + Trichoderma + Pseudomonas fluorescens). The maximum number of flowers per cluster which was observed 4.67 in treatment T10 i.e. (100% RDF + Trichoderma + Pseudomonas fluorescens). Among the yield attributing characters like minimum days to first picking (60.75), maximum number of fruits per plant (16.99), maximum fruit girth/diameter (6.14 cm) and maximum fruit length (16.86 cm), maximum average fruit weight (125.95 g) and maximum fruit yield per plant (2.23 kg/plant) were found to be significantly superior in the treatment T10 i.e. (100% RDF + Trichoderma + Pseudomonas fluorescens). Among nutrient content parameters, maximum NPK uptake by brinjal fruit (26.88 g/plant, 1.84 g/plant and 24.96 g/plant) was significantly influenced by treatment 100% RDF + Trichoderma + Pseudomonas fluorescens (T10). Maximum residual soil available N (283.41 kg/ha) was recorded in the treatment of 50% RDF + 50% vermicompost (T3) whereas maximum residual soil available P (46.92 kg/ha) was recorded in the treatment T6 (75% RDF + Azotobactor + PSB) and the maximum residual soil available K (283.41 kg/ha) was recorded in the treatment T10 (100% RDF + Trichoderma + Pseudomonas fluorescens). In both organic carbon (O.C) and pH, the application of a combination of inorganic fertlizers, organic matures, and biofertilizers (NPK) was found to be non-significant, indicating that the soil’s fertility state has improved. Maximum net return (Rs. 424870.00 per hectare) and highest B:C ratio (2.73) was observed in treatment T10 i.e. 100% RDF + Trichoderma + Pseudomonas fluorescens. From the results of this experiment, it could be inferred that application of Inorganic Fertilizers, Organic Manures and Bio-Fertilizers altogether had significant effect on growth, flowering and yield attributes as well as improved nutrient content and soil in fruit as compared to control. Collectively, Trichoderma enriched compost along with Pseudomonas fluorescens increased soil fertility and favored growth of microbes in the rhizosphere which ultimately contributed to higher yield and mineral concentrations. Thus, Trichoderma-enriched biofertilizer may reduce application of chemical fertilizers and therefore, can be considered as a noble practice in sustainable agriculture.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of PGRs on growth, sex expression and yield in bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.](Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2021) Murmu, Aruna; Horo, Punamblock design in the year 2021. Seven treatments were taken and replicated thrice to study the response of various plant growth regulators viz., T₁ (GA₃ 50 ppm), T₂ (GA₃ 100 ppm), T₃ (NAA 100 ppm), T₄ (NAA 200 ppm), T₅ (MH 100 ppm), T₆ (MH 200 ppm) and T₇ (Control). Application of growth regulators was given twice i.e. first spray at two true leaf stages and the second spray at four true leaf stage. The vegetative characters of bottle gourd were taken at three time intervals i.e. 30 DAS, 60 DAS and 90 DAS. Vine length (44.67 cm, 169.33 cm and 302.67 cm) and number of nodes on main vine (9.33, 24.00 and 87.33) were significantly superior by application of GA₃ 50 ppm (T₁) while maximum number of branches (3.67, 6.33 and 8.67) was observed respectively with treatment T₅ i.e. MH 100 ppm at all three time intervals. Internodal length was found to be non-significant for all three time intervals although maximum internodal length (9.00 cm, 11.33 cm and 12.00 cm) at all three time intervals was recorded with the application of treatment T₁ i.e. GA₃ 50 ppm. For flowering and sex expression characters, the days to first male and female flowering was found to be non-significant for all the treatments although earliest (62.33 DAS) male flower appearance was observed in treatment T₂ i.e. GA₃ 100 ppm and earliest (65.67 DAS) female flower was observed in treatment T₅ i.e. MH 100 ppm. The node number of first male flower was 4.67 by treatment T₂ i.e. GA₃ 100 ppm and the node number of first female flower was 7.33 by treatment T₆ i.e. MH 200 ppm. Maximum number of staminate flowers (125.33) was observed in treatment T₂ i.e. GA₃ 100 ppm whereas maximum number of pistillate flowers (39.00) and minimum number of staminate flowers (92.67) was observed in treatment T₅ i.e. MH 100 ppm which also recorded lowest sex ratio of 2.37. Among the yield attributing characters like maximum number of fruits per plant (4.56), maximum average fruit weight (1066.67 g) and maximum fruit yield per vine (4570.00 g) were found to be significantly superior to control in the treatment T₅ i.e. MH 100 ppm. Days to first harvesting of fruits, fruit length (cm) and fruit diameter (cm) was found to be non-significant. Maximum net return (Rs. 204398.48 per hectare) and highest B:C ratio (2.86) was observed in treatment T₅ i.e. MH 100 ppm. From the results of this experiment, it could be inferred that application of plant growth regulators had significant effect on vegetative growth as well as sex expression and yield attributes as compared to control. Exogenous application of GA₃ 50 ppm resulted in enhancing the vegetative parameters and MH 100 ppm treatment was found most effective in improving femaleness with increased fruit yield and net return of bottle gourd cv. Swarna Sneha at two and four true leaf stage.ThesisItem Open Access Study on Integrated nutrient management in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis)(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2022) Kalakar, Amar; Misra, SanyatCauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) is an important member of the family Brassicaceae and has been rightly described as an aristocrat of the cabbage family. The name "cauliflower" is made up of two Latin words: "caulis" meaning cabbage and "floris" for flowers. It is grown nationally for its tender white curd for preparing vegetables, as soup and for preparation of pickles. The cole crop is thought to have originated in southern Europe in the Mediterranean region and was introduced to India in 1822 from England.The present investigation entitled “Study on Integrated nutrient management in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis), was carried out during summer season of 2021-22 in the Experimental Research Farm of the Department of Horticulture, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand. Nine treatments combination of organic (Vermicompost, Farmyard manure), inorganic (N, P and K) and biofertilizers (Azotobacter and PSB) were replicated thrice in a plot having dimension of 2.25 m × 2.25 m. The experiment was laid in Randomized Block Design and a spacing of 45 cm × 45 cm was followed. The seed of cauliflower cv. Sabour Agrim was sown in nursery beds on 2nd week of February. The treatment comprises T1:50% RDF + 25% FYM + 25% Vermicompost, T2: 100% FYM @25t/ha + 5% Jeevamrit (Soil application at Fortnightly interval), T3: 100% Vermicompost @4.5t/ha +5% Jeevamrit (Soil application at Fortnightly interval), T4: 75%RDF + 25% FYM + Bio-fertilizer (Azotobacter+PSB),T5: 75%RDF + 25% Vermicompost + Bio-fertilizer (Azotobacter+PSB), T6: 75%RDF + 12.5% FYM + 12.5% Vermicompost + Bio-fertilizer (Azotobacter+PSB), T7:Application of 5% Jeevamrit (Soil application at Fortnightly interval) @5l/100l water, T8: RDF of FYM @25t/ha & NPK @ 120:60:60 kg/ha (Positive Control), T9: Absolute control (Negative Control). The results revealed that maximum plant height (46.09 cm), number of leaves per plant (30.59), leaf area (632.24cm2), leaf area index (0.31), Days to curd initiation(46.06), Days to curd maturity(57.17), Days to curd harvesting(58.93), curd size (322cm2), curd depth (9.09cm), curd solidity (58.81g/cm), gross curd weight (0.93kg), marketable curd weight (535g), curd yield per plot (13.36kg), yield per hectare (26.74t/ha) was recorded with treatment combination T6 i.e. 75%RDF + 12.5% FYM + 12.5% Vermicompost + Bio-fertilizer (Azotobacter + PSB. However, it was at par with T8 i.e. RDF of FYM @25t/ha & NPK @ 120:60:60 kg/ha (Positive Control), This treatment also gave higher values for the characters regarding curd quality. However, minimum values for all the characters studied were recorded in T9 i.e. Absolute control (Negative Control). The maximum B:C ratio (2.90:1) was observed from T6 while minimum B:C ratio was found in T9 i.e. (1.20:1).Thus, balanced integration of nutrients viz., organic manures, inorganic fertilizer and biofertilizers sustains yield potential as well as maintains the soil health and fertility.
