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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access An Economic Analysis of Wheat Production and Yield Gap in Ranchi(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1995) Rakesh Roshan Kumar Singh; R.K.PandayWheat, an energy-rich cereal, serves as staple food and provides about 20 per cent of the total food calories of the human diet. Wheat is cultivated throughout the world on an area about 232 million hectares. India with 25.40 million hectares is the fourth largest wheat growing country in the world. India produces about 68.71 million tonnes (1996-97) with the productivity of 27 q/ha. The productivity of wheat in Bihar is about 17.95 q/ha and Ranchi district is about 13.15 q/ha. The present study was undertaken in Kanke block of Ranchi district, selected purposively because of the fact that Birsa Agricultural University was established in 1981 at Kanke (Ranchi) and various Research projects on wheat are being conducted by this University in this area since then. Four village namely Nagri, Chamma, Bukru and Chaubey Khatanga were selected by random sampling among the list of wheat growing villages in Kanke block. A total of 45 samples (17 marginal - below 1.0 hectare, 15 small - 1.0 to 2.0 hectares and 13 medium - 2.0 to 4.0 hectares farms) were selected randomly according to proportionate to sample size of each group. Data were collected with the help of pre tested schedule/questionnaire through survey method for the year 1995-96. The results revealed that the per farm total area under wheat cultivation were 0.09, 0.16 and 0.60 hectare on the marginal, small and medium farms which constituted about 10.22, 10.66, and 15.95 per cent of the total gross cropped area were devoted under wheat cultivation as compared to other crops in the Rabi season by all categories of the farms in the area under investigation. The cropping intensity were 118.00, 125.00 and 128.00 per cent on the marginal, small and medium farms, respectively. The benefit-cost ratio analysis gives an indication of efficiency with respect to management and overall farm organization. The economics of wheat cultivation indicated that the benefit-cost ratio over various costs were in order of Rs.3.27, 3.05 and 3.32 over cost A₁, Rs.3.27, 3.05 and 3.32 over cost Az, Rs.2.17, 2.12 and 2.36 over cost B and Rs.1.47, 1.50 and 1.72 over cost C on marginal, small and medium farms respectively. The results revealed that the benefit-cost ratio was much higher over cost A, as compared to other costs. It was also found that benefit-cost ratio more on the medium farms than the other size group of the farms. It was clearly indicated that the return over per rupee investment was higher on the medium size group of the farm than the other size group of the farm in the area under investigation. A comparative picture of yield of different varieties of wheat at various level of fertilizer doses an experimental field and farmer's field were analyzed. It was found that the yield gap of wheat was about 257.57, 238.21 and 183.93 per cent over marginal, small and medium farms respectively in the experiments conducted at Fi (80 kg N + 0 kg P + 8 kg K), F₂ (120 kg N + @ kg P + @ kg K) and F3 (160 kg N + @ kg P + 8 kg K) level of fertilizers under All India Co-ordinated Wheat Improvement Project. It was also found that the maximum gap was noted over marginal size group of the farms than the other size group of the farms. The results revealed that the yield gap of wheat was about 195.18, 179.20 and 136.04 per cent over marginal, small and medium size group of the farms respectively in the experiments conducted at S₁ (40 kg N + 32 kg P + 16 kg K), S₂ (88 kg N + 32 kg P + 16 kg K) and S3 (120 kg N + 32 kg P + 16 kg K) level of fertilizers under Cropping System Project. It was also found that yield gap was higher on marginal farms than the other size group of the farms. The study clearly indicated that the average yield of farmers in Ranchi district (25 kg N + 20 kg P + 10 kg K level of fertilizers) were lower than the yield obtained on the sample farms. It was found that the yield gap was lower by 8.23, 13.28 and 26.61 per cent over marginal (35 kg N + 25 kg P + 15 kg K), small (40 kg N + 20 kg P + 20 kg K) and medium (45 kg N + 25 kg P + 20 kg K) farms respectively. So, yield of wheat could be increased much higher even after the application of medium farmer doses of fertilizer (1.e. 45 kg N + 25 kg P + 20 g K = 90 kg fertilizer) in the Ranchi district as a whole. Therefore, it was concluded that the possibilities of increasing wheat production was much higher in Ranchi district as a whole by judicious use of fertilizer application main and other resources. It was revealed constraints involved in the adoption of that the improved practices of wheat cultivation were lack of capital followed by were about irrigation facilities. The other important ranked according to its priority as lack of improved practices, soil condition, lack facility, constraints knowledge storage lack of lack of proper and easy credit facility and of marketing facility etc. in the area under investigation.ThesisItem Open Access Production and Marketing Of Major Vegetables In Kanke Block Of Ranchi District, Bihar(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Sitambari Toppo; R.K.Panday1. It was revealed that the area devoted under vegetables were 32.04, 30.80 and 35.92 percent of the total gross cropped area on marginal small and medium size group of the farms respectively. It was found that cauliflower and tomato were grown all the year around in the study area. It was observed that cauliflower was grown on large scale as compared to cabbage and tomato on all size group of the farms. 2. It was revealed that the area devoted under other crops (excluding majar vegetables) were 67.96, 69.20 and 64.88 percent of the total gross cropped area on marginal small and medium size group of the farms respectively in the area under investigation. It was observed that in the study area, low lands which was not considered suitable for vegetable cultivation due to water logging conditions. were exclusively devoted to other crops. 3. The benefit cost ratio of cauliflower was Rs. 4.29, 5.44 an 4.67 on marginal, small and medium size group of farms respectively. In case of cabbage, benefit- cost ratio was in order of Rs. 2.60, 2.80, and 2.78 where as in case of tomato it was in order of Rs. 3.83, 4.23, 4.12 on marginal small and medium size group of farms respectively. The study revealed that the return per rupee investment was higher in case of cauliflower as compared to cabbage and tomato cultivation in all size group of the farms. It was also revealed that the return per rupees investment was higher on small farm as compared to marginal and medium farms in the area under investigation. 4. The study shows that par farm net return obtained from vegetable was 78.53, 83.64 and 86.73 percent of the total return on marginal small and medium size group of farms respectively. It was found that the net return was higher on medium farm as compared to marginal and small size group of the farms. as revealed that the production of cauliflower was found 5. It was revealed to be more remunerative as compared to cabbage and tomato. 6. It was observed that vegetable cultivation had greater impact on net farm income. It was revealed that more than 75 percent of the total income was derived from vegetable production in all size groups of the farms in the area under investigation. 7. The study shows that about 60 percent of the farmers preferred to sell vegetables through channel I over channel II in all size group of the farms in the study area. 8. It was found that producer's share in consumer's rupee was 76.21, 74.04 and 68.22 percent in the cauliflower cabbage and tomato respectively. It was observed that producer's share was higher in case of cauliflower as compared to cabbage and tomato. 9. The most important constraints faced by the farmers were unorganized marketing and low prices paid to farmers, malpractices high and un-due marketing margins and costs in the market, lack of processing units and co-operative societies, lack of village road and sufficient and low cost transportation facilities, lack of mechanical grading, packing and proper storage facilities and lack of market news.ThesisItem Open Access To Study the Growth rate Area Production And Productivity Of Major Crops In The Plateau Region Of Bihar(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1995) Amalendu Kumar; R.P.SinghThe following conclusion drawn from the investigation 1. There is no change in acreage of gross cropped area during green revolution period in the plateau region of Bihar. 2. There has been shifting in cropping pattern in green revolution period in the plateau region. 3. The productivity of all crops has increased during green revolution period in the plateau region. 4. There is no definite trend in growth rate of area of rice and maize during pre-green revolution period while the positive trend exists during the same period in case of gram and wheat. 5. Like pre- green revolution period there is no definite trend in growth rate of areas of crops under study during green revolution. 6. Again trend is no definite trend in the growth rate of productivity of crops under study during green revolution period; However, the productivity of these crops has increased during the same period. 7. In both cases i.e. area and productivity ,rabi crops are less stable as compared to Kharif crops during green revolution period.ThesisItem Open Access Economics Of Summer Rice Cultivation A Case Study In Baharagora Block Under Sigh hum (E) District(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1993) Jawahar Kanti Dash; R.P.SinghThe present study envisaged primarily to assess, on the basis of empirical data, the economics of summer rice cultivation in Baharagora block under Singhbum district as a case study. Three major decisive facets of summer rice economy viz economics of cultivation, resource use efficiency and growth rate of rice in Bihar were studies in detail. The study revealed that the cost of cultivation per hectare over cost A was decreasing as size of holding increasing and same trend was observed in case of cost B and Cost C. On per farm basis the expenditure went on increasing over cost A and so over cost B and cost C. Per hectare main product (Rice grain) was observed highest on small farms and lowest on the medium farms. Similar trend was observed when considered on total equivalent product in terms of grain basis. Per quintal cost of production was found highest on medium farms and lowest on small farms over cost A. Similar types of results were found over cost B and over cost C. Per hectare labour employment on different sizes of farms the family labour employment was found highest on medium farms and lowest on large farms. Male and female hired human labour employment was found highest on small farm and almost same on medium and large farms. Bullock labour employment was highest on small farms, and found same on medium and large farms. And on per farm basis, all sorts of labours viz family labour, hired human labour and bullock labour went on increasing. Gross profit found highest on small farm and lowest on medium farm. Net profit over cost c was found highest on large farms and lowest on medium farms. Output –input ratio over cost C was found highest (1.20) on large farm and lowest (1.06) on small farms. By regression analysis it was found that the two inputs I e seed and bullock labour were found significant at 0.1 and 0.01 probability level respectively. The sum of electricity showed that the production process was favoring constant return to scale. And lastly , the growth rate analysis of rice area, Production and productivities showed that the area of rice was decreasing but the Production and productivity were increasing over the last years in Bihar.ThesisItem Open Access Response Use, Returns to Scale And Farm Size In Kanke Block Of Ranchi District Of Bihar(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1993) Ashok Prasad Thakur; B.K.Sinha:- 1. The use of conventional inputs decreases with size of farms and the use of non-conventional inputs increases with an increase in size of farms. Due to intensive application of these yield increases inputs, all the costs of production increases resulting in an increase in level of various income per hectare viz. gross income farm business income net and family labour income. It can thus be concluded that marginal and small farms of the area studies are not getting the equal advantages of now agricultural technology as of medium and large sized farms. Therefore, special consideration should be given to the non-beneficiaries farms of new technology by providing them inputs like H.Y.V. seeds, fertilizers, irrigation, pesticides, and implements so to help them in adoption of the new high yield technology. 2. Gross farm return are positively related with size of farms in the area studied. Input-output ratio also shows the same pattern. Returns to scale are also soon to be increasing. It can thus to concluded that efficiency of production increases with size of farms. Under such circumstances reducing the size of farms because of land ceiling may adversely affect the agricultural production in the Chotanagpur plateau . 3. The marginal value productivity of farms inputs significantly differ from one size of farm to other. Under such circumstances, it would carve the purpose in terms of economic benefit to transfer such inputs from one size of farm [where its productivity is observed to be lower] to other size [where productivity is observed to be higher.
