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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF ANGULAR LEAF SPOT OF FRENCH BEAN CAUSED BY PHAEOISARIOPSIS GRISEOLA (SACC.) EFRRARIS(COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE DR. YASHWANT SINGH PARMAR UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURE AND FORESTRY ; SOLAN, 2012) ADIKSHITA; KANSHAL, SANDEEPThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SENSITIVITY AND MONITORING FOR RESISTANCE TO FUNGICIDES IN MARSSONINA CORONARIA CAUSING PREMATURE LEAF FALL OF APPLE(2012) ARJUN, SINGH; SHARMA, J.N.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Studies on sensitivity and monitoring for resistance to fungicides in Marssonina coronaria causing premature leaf fall of apple” was undertaken to study the baseline sensitivity and sensitivity of different isolates of Marssonina coronaria causing premature leaf fall of apple in Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh against systemic and non-systemic fungicides, in terms of their EC50, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Resistance Factor (RF). Baseline sensitivity of wild isolate of Marssonina coronaria after 24 hours of incubation it ranged from 0.704μg/ml in copper oxychloride to 0.966 μg/ml in Propineb. Similarly, after 48 hours of incubation it ranged from 0.712 μg/ml in carbendazim to 0.980 μg/ml in mancozeb. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of wild isolate ranged from 80 to 160 ppm in non-systemic and 80 ppm in systemic fungicides, which showed different levels of sensitivity to different fungicides. Ten different fungicides, viz. mancozeb, zineb, propineb, captan, dodine, metiram, chlorothalonil, copper oxychloride, carbendazim and thiophanate methyl were evaluated at different concentrations (5 to 160 ppm) for their sensitivity against five different isolates collected from Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh. All fungicides tested against different isolates were moderate to highly sensitive in respect of premature leaf fall of apple. Resistance Factor shown by fungicides increased 1 to 2 times from the baseline value, however, it did not reveal development of resistance against commonly used fungicides, which means that the isolates were still sensitive to these fungicides. On the basis of sensitivity and MIC shown by different fungicides, it concluded that dodine followed by carbendazim, metiram, chlorothalonil, propineb, mancozeb, thiophanate methyl and zineb were highly effective in controlling Marssonina coronaria causing premature leaf fall of apple while, copper oxychloride and captan were less effective against different isolates collected from Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh.ThesisItem Open Access COLONIZATION OF NATIVE Agrobacterium radiobacter ISOLATE IN RELATION TO CONTROL OF CROWN GALL IN STONE FRUIT NURSERIES(2012) RANDEEP, SINGH; GUPTA, A.K.ABSTRACT The present investigation on “Colonization of native Agrobacterium radiobacter isolate in relation to control of crown gall in stone fruit nurseries” was carried out to study colonization and persistence of agrocin producing A. radiobacter isolate (s) in rhizosphere soil of bitter almond and cherry rootstock Colt plants applied as seed and root dip vis-a-vis its effect on incidence of crown gall, and compatibility of A. radiobacter isolate (s) with recommended pesticides. Mutants of A. radiobacter isolate Cherry 2E-2-2 and strain K84 resistant to rifampicin (2500 ppm) and A, tumefaciens isolate Peach 2E-1-3 and strain C58 resistant to streptomycin (2500 ppm) were developed to study their population during the growth period applied as seed and root dip treatments on bitter almond (behmi) and cherry rootstock Colt, respectively. Maximum population (294x 106 cfu/ g of soil) of A. radiobacter isolate Cherry 2E-2-2 applied as seed treatment on behmi was observed followed by 284 ( x 106 ) cfu/ g of soil in the same isolate applied as root dip on cherry rootstock Colt after 9 months at the time of uprooting of plants as compared to 187 ( x 106 ) cfu/ g of soil in strain K84 applied as seed treatment on behmi and 242.30 ( x 106 ) cfu/ g of soil applied as root dip on Colt in the same strain. The recommended doses of different pesticides viz., chlorpyriphos (0.15%), carbendazim (0.05%), glyphosate (0.1%), atrazine (0.5%), oxyfluorfen (0.05%), phorate (0.05%) and carbofuran (0.05%) resulted in 19.00, 10.45, 22.34, 20.68, 6.70, 17.26 and 12.49 per cent inhibition, respectively. Mancozeb at 0.25 and 0.3 per cent resulted in 35.06 and 43.88 per cent inhibition in the growth of A. radiobacter isolate Cherry 2E-2-2. Copper oxychloride at all three tested concentrations (0.2, 0.25 and 0.3%) completely inhibited the growth of native A. radiobacter isolate Cherry 2E-2-2. These results indicate that in stone fruit nurseries, chlorpyriphos, carbendazim, glyphosate, atrazine, oxyfluorfen, phorate and carbofuran at recommended doses can be applied after the application of A.radiobacter.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OFANGULAR LEAF SPOT OF FRENCH BEAN CAUSED BY Phaeoisariopsis griseola (Sacc.) FERRARIS(2012) ADIKSHITA; KANSAL, SANDEEPAbstract Angular leaf spot caused by Phaeoisariopsis griseola (Sacc.) Ferraris is one of the most important foliar disease of French bean in mid hills of Himachal Pradesh. Survey and surveillance studies conducted in the present investigation revealed that the disease occurred in moderate to serve form in different French bean growing localities of Solan, Shimla and Sirmour districts of Himachal Pradesh. Temperature of 25°C was found optimum for conidial germination and the relative humidity 95 percent with 24 h of leaf wetness period favoured the disease development under controlled conditions. The epidemiological studies conducted under field conditions revealed that moderate temperature (23 ± 2°C) and high humidity (>90%) prevailing during the rainy season found to be congenial for the rapid disease progression. The in vitro evaluation of fungicides indicated Sectin (fenamidone 10% + mancozeb 50% WG) and Index (mycobutanil 10% WP) as potent growth inhibitor of P. griseola while amongst the botanicals, garlic and neem extracts were most promising. Amongst the different fungal antagonist evaluated in in vitro studies Trichoderma harzianum proved most inhibitory to P. griseola while testing their antagonistic efficacy through dual culture or through its toxic substances. The integrated management studies conducted under field conditions revealed that treatment consisting of seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum @ 0.5% and Sectin @ 0.3% followed by pre-sowing soil application of T. harzianum @ 2.5 kg/50 kg FYM/ ha and four periodic sprays of Sectin @ 0.2% at 15 days interval started with the appearance of disease proved most efficacious in limiting the angular leaf spot disease and enhancing the green pod yield.ThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION OF A VIRUS CAUSING MOSAIC DISEASE IN CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus L.)(2012) ANIL, KUMAR; THAKUR, P.D.ABSTRACT Surveys during 2011-12 revealed the incidence of mosaic disease in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) varying from 0-66 per cent in Solan and Sirmour districts of Himachal Pradesh. The characteristic symptoms exhibited by present isolate both under natural and glass house conditions were vein clearing, vein banding, mild mosaic to yellow mosaic, blistering on leaves along with stunted growth of vines bearing small sized distorted fruits. Three isolates representing distant locations were found to be similar as far as their reaction on certain indicator hosts (Nicotiana glutinosa L., N. tabacum var. White Burley, N. debneyii L., N. occidentalis “37B”, Chenopodium album L., C. amaranticolor Coste and Reyn, C. quinoa Wild, Datura metel L., and D. metel var. festuasa) and serological identity with potyvirus group specific antibodies is concerned. An isolate was then further selected for partial characterization. The isolate was easily transmissible through sap as well as by aphid vectors Myzus persicae and Aphis craccivora and it was not seed and soil transmissible. The host range studies revealed that the virus isolate could infect Amaranthus caudatus L., Capsicum annuum L. (chilli), Capsicum annuum L. var. “California Wonder”, Chenopodium album L., Chenopodium amaranticolor Coaste and Reyn., C. quinoa Wild, Callistephus chinensis L. var. Sushank, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb), Cucurbita pepo L. var. Australian Dark Green, Cururbita pepo L var. Pusa Alar, C. moschata (Duch.) Poir,Cucumis melo L. var. “Hara Madhu” Cucumis sativus L., Gomphrena globosa (L.), Datura metel L., Datura metel L. var. festuosa, Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl., Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb., Luffa cylindrica Roem., Momordica charantia L., Nicotiana glutinosa L., N. tabacum L. var. “White Burley”, N. debneyii Dowin., Nicotiana occidentalis “37B”, Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. “Jwala”, Phaseolus vulgaris L.var. Pinto, Physalis floridana Rydb., Pisum sativum L., Petunia hybrida Vilm, Raphanus sativus L., Vicia faba L., Vigna sinensis Savi, Zinnia elegans Jacq, species. However, it was not found to infect Abelmoschus esculentus Monech, C. murale L., Lycopersicon esculentum Mill var. “Solan Gola”, Solanum nigrum L., Solanum tuberosum L., Solanum melongena L. and Tagetes erecta L. var. Pusa Narangi plant species. Biophysical properties of the virus isolate included TIP of 65-70°C, DEP of 10-3-10-4 and LIV of 4 days at room temperature (22-26°C) and 8 days under refrigeration (4+1oC). Serological identification of virus isolate through DAC and DAS-ELISA showed strong positive serological relationship with WMV-2 antiserum besides a mild reaction with ZYMV antibodies. Morphologically, virus isolate had flexuous rod shaped particles and ultrathin section studies revealed the presence of scroll inclusions and virus particles in cytoplasm. The present virus isolate was also successfully detected in RT-PCR assay by using potyvirus group specific primers (CPUP & P9502) and resulted into a desired product of ~725 bp. Hence, based on the results of identification parameters particularly host range, transmission, particle morphology, serological relationship and RT-PCR detection, the present virus isolate had been identified to be similar to WMV-2 belonging to potyvirus genus in family potyviridae. Further studies on molecular characterization will confirm its exact identity and homology with other WMV-2 reported from different parts of the world. In screening of eighteen varieties/hybrids and twenty five local collections of cucumber under field conditions revealed that eight local collections of cucumber were immune to the present virus isolate as no symptoms were observed on these collections.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCIALLY VIABLE FORMULATION OF Agrobacterium radiobacter FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CROWN GALL IN STONE FRUIT NURSERIES(2012) SHARMA, ADITI; GUPTA, A.K.ABSTRACT The present investigation on “Studies on the development of commercially viable formulation of Agrobacterium radiobacter for biological control of crown gall in stone fruit nurseries” was carried out to study the effect of different pH, temperature, incubation period, broth media and air supply on the growth of native A. radiobacter isolate UHFBA-218 and its standard strain K-84. The most effective pH was 9 for A. radiobacter strain K-84 and 10 for A. radiobacter UHFBA-218, whereas the most effective temperature, incubation period, broth medium and air supply for both the isolates was 25°C , 4 days, yeast extraxt mannitol broth medium and 20 vv/m, respectively. These parameters were further used for studying the viability of A. radiobacter isolate UHFBA-218 and strain K-84 in different carrier media – white stone powder, carboxymethyl cellulose and activated charcoal mixed in 1:2 and 1:5 ratio during six months of storage at room temperature at three different locations viz., main campus Nauni, Chandigarh and Shimla and its further comparison on the viable counts after six month of storage at 4°C. White stone powder was superior to other carrier media tested under these studies. There were appreciable counts ranging from 34.67 to 103.3 × 10 8 cfu/g after six months of room temperature storage at different locations. However, storage at 4°C temperature provided maximum viability ranging from 108.50 to 155.7 × 10 8 cfu/g in white stone powder mixed in 1:5 and 1:2 ratio, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access BIO-INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT OF FUSARIUM WILT OF TOMATO UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVATION(2012) SHARMA, JITENDER; BHARAT, NARENDER K.ABSTRACT The present investigation on “Bio-intensive management of Fusarium wilt of tomato under protected cultivation” was carried out in the Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (Himachal Pradesh) under laboratory and polyhouse conditions during 2011-12 to work out a biologically sustainable management strategy against Fusarium wilt of tomato. During the survey of tomato growing areas in four districts in mid hills of Himachal Pradesh viz. Solan, Sirmour, Hamirpur and Bilaspur, the overall incidence of Fusarium wilt was observed to be 19.50 per cent in polyhouses. The pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) was isolated from affected plants and pathogenicity was proved. Three fungal BCAs viz. Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride, T. hamatum and one bacterial antagonist Pseudomonas flourescens were isolated from tomato soil in pure cultures. Four different genera of arbuscular-mycorrhizal (AM) fungi were found associated with rhizospheric soil of tomato plants and identified to be Glomus spp., Acaulospora spp., Scutellospora spp. and Gigaspora spp. These AM fungi were multiplied on Guinea grass in pots. Amongst different BCAs tested in vitro T. viride was found most effective which resulted up to 49.86 per cent inhibition to mycelial growth of FOL in dual cultures. Amongst different biofumigant crop residues (green as well as dry) tested in vitro, taramira resulted highest inhibition in mycelial growth of FOL i.e. 62.59 and 60.74 per cent, respectively. All the effective bio-intensive management inputs evaluated under in vitro conditions were again evaluated under polyhouse in an integrated manner. The results of polyhouse experiment indicated that integration of bio-intensive management practices like bio-fumigation of sick soil with taramira crop residues for 30 days and soil application of talc based formulation of T. viride after mixing with FYM and inoculation of transplants with culture of indigenous AM fungi provided more than 80 per cent disease control of Fusarium wilt of tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici under protected cultivation conditions. This bio-intensive management practice also increased growth parameters viz., height, number of branches and plant dry weight as well as yield parameters like number of fruits per plant and fruit yield per plot. Colony forming units (cfu/g) of Fusarium spp. were found reduced and that of Trichoderma spp. were increased in soil with this treatment. The spore population of AM fungi was also found more in the plots receiving this treatment as compared to control.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON FRUIT ROT OF POMEGRANATE CAUSED BY Colletotrichum gloeosporioides AND ITS MANAGEMENT(2012) SHARMA, SUMIT KUMAR; VED, RAMABSTRACT Pomegranate fruit rot is an important disease which affect fruits in Himachal Pradesh. The fruit rot occurred in moderate form in all pomegranate growing areas of Himachal Pradesh in 2010. The severity of fruit rot was more in Kullu district followed by Solan and Mandi districts. During Surveys, the disease was found to appear on fruits only. The disease started from stem end portion. Initially, a sunken dark black spot formed, which enlarges in size under humid conditions. The identity of fungus was confirmed as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. Ten days old culture on potato dextrose agar was white to dull white with smooth margins. After 9-10 days, pinkish ooze could be seen in the culture. Conidia were single celled measuring 10-20μm long and 4.8-6.7μm wide and were produced in acervulus having sterile setae. Acervuli were circular, measured 126-281.4μm. Oval or circular water soaked spots were observed after seven days of inoculation. The disease appeared in the first week of June after having rains and attained the maximum level in the month of August. The multiple correlation coefficient between fruit rot severity and group of independent variables were found to be 0.7513, which indicate that 75.82 per cent fruit rot severity was caused by weather parameters. Among eight cultivars, Achikdana and Sindhuri were found to be moderately resistant. Among systemic fungicides, Score provided best inhibition of 99.9% followed by Contaf 99.8% and were statistically at par with each other under laboratory conditions. Among combi-products and non-systemic fungicides, Companion provided best inhibition of 86.72% followed by Captan 80.17% under laboratory conditions. The fungicides which were effective under in vitro conditions also controlled fruit rot of pomegranate under field conditions. The best control of disease among systemic fungicides was provided by Score 89.42% followed by Contaf 88.16% and Tilt 77.62% under field conditions. Among combi-products and non-systemic fungicides, Companion was most efficacious in providing 80.53% disease control followed by Quintal 73.77% and Captan 73.02%.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON BASELINE SENSITIVITY TO STEROL INHIBITOR AND STROBILURIN FUNGICIDES, AND MONITORING OF FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE IN Marssonina coronaria CAUSING PREMATURE LEAF FALL IN APPLE(2012) BHARDWAJ, AMBUJA; SHARMA, J.N.ABSTRACT Premature leaf fall is one of the most important diseases of apple particularly in Himachal Pradesh. Present studies were carried out with the objectives to establish baseline sensitivities of Marssonina coronaria to newly developed sterol inhibitor and strobilurin fungicides and to monitor the development of fungicide resistance in M. coronaria to some of the frequently used fungicides in apple orchards of Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh. The baseline sensitivities were established and observed in terms of mean EC50 values in vitro (spore germination in presence of different concentrations of test fungicides) against the wild isolate of M. coronaria. Baseline sensitivity of M. coronaria in terms of EC50 for flusilazole, hexaconazole and difenoconazole was 0.075, 0.027 and 0.031 mg/l, respectively. For strobilurin fungicides the mean EC50 value observed for azoxystrobin, kresoxim- methyl and pyraclostrobin were 0.053, 0.036 and 0.012 mg/l respectively. Five isolates from Shimla district in Himachal Pradesh (Theog, Kotgarh, Kotkhai, Rohru and Rampur) were selected to study development of resistance to dodine, mancozeb and carbendazim. The mean EC50 value for the entire test population of Marssonina coronaria observed was 0.038, 0.237 and 0.096 mg/l for dodine, mancozeb and carbendazim, respectively. The highest Mean Resistance Factor was observed for carbendazim, i.e. 2.48 followed by mean resistance factor for the dodine fungicide i.e. 1.56 and least mean resistance factor was observed for mancozeb at 1.15, thereby indicating no development of resistance in M. coronaria to the test fungicides