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Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa
In the imperial Gazetteer of India 1878, Pusa was recorded as a government estate of about 1350 acres in Darbhanba. It was acquired by East India Company for running a stud farm to supply better breed of horses mainly for the army. Frequent incidence of glanders disease (swelling of glands), mostly affecting the valuable imported bloodstock made the civil veterinary department to shift the entire stock out of Pusa. A British tobacco concern Beg Sutherland & co. got the estate on lease but it also left in 1897 abandoning the government estate of Pusa.
Lord Mayo, The Viceroy and Governor General, had been repeatedly trying to get through his proposal for setting up a directorate general of Agriculture that would take care of the soil and its productivity, formulate newer techniques of cultivation, improve the quality of seeds and livestock and also arrange for imparting agricultural education. The government of India had invited a British expert. Dr. J. A. Voelcker who had submitted as report on the development of Indian agriculture. As a follow-up action, three experts in different fields were appointed for the first time during 1885 to 1895 namely, agricultural chemist (Dr. J. W. Leafer), cryptogamic botanist (Dr. R. A. Butler) and entomologist (Dr. H. Maxwell Lefroy) with headquarters at Dehradun (U.P.) in the forest Research Institute complex.
Surprisingly, until now Pusa, which was destined to become the centre of agricultural revolution in the country, was lying as before an abandoned government estate. In 1898. Lord Curzon took over as the viceroy. A widely traveled person and an administrator, he salvaged out the earlier proposal and got London’s approval for the appointment of the inspector General of Agriculture to which the first incumbent Mr. J. Mollison (Dy. Director of Agriculture, Bombay) joined in 1901 with headquarters at Nagpur
The then government of Bengal had mooted in 1902 a proposal to the centre for setting up a model cattle farm for improving the dilapidated condition of the livestock at Pusa estate where plenty of land, water and feed would be available, and with Mr. Mollison’s support this was accepted in principle. Around Pusa, there were many British planters and also an indigo research centre Dalsing Sarai (near Pusa). Mr. Mollison’s visits to this mini British kingdom and his strong recommendations. In favour of Pusa as the most ideal place for the Bengal government project obviously caught the attention for the viceroy.
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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of weed management practices on growth and yield of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern &Coss.](Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2014) Yadav, Jetendra; Singh, R. S.A Field experiment was planned and conducted during the rabi season of 2012-13 at Agricultural Research Farm of Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Muzaffarpur under Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar (India) to study the effect of different weed management practices on weeds, crop growth, yield of mustard, magnitude of yield losses caused by weeds and to workout the economics of weed management practices. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The soil of the experimental plot was sandy loam. There were thirteen treatments i.e., pendimethalin @0.75 kg /ha (P.E); pendimethalin @1.0 kg /ha(P.E); pendimethalin Stomp Extra 38.7 CS @0.75 kg /ha (PE); oxadiargyl @0.09 kg/ha (PE ); trifluralin @0.75 kg/ha (PPI); oxyfluorfen @0.15 kg /ha (P.E); quizalofop @0.06 kg /ha (20-25 DAS); clodinafop @0.06 kg /ha (20-25 DAS); isoproturon @1.0 kg /ha(P.E); isoproturon @1.0 kg./ha (30 DAS); weeding by wheel hoe; weed free (HW at 20 and 40 DAS) and weedy check. The variety of Indian mustard ‘Rajendra Sufalam’ was line sown 30 cm apart on November 12th, 2012 and harvested on March 19th, 2013. During crop period, a total rainfall of 32.6 mm was received. Observations on growth, yield attributes and yield were recorded. Common weeds were identified and plant height, number of branches per plant, branches per plant, number of siliqua per plant, number of seeds per siliqua and seed yield obtained under T12 (HW at 20 and 40 DAS) had significantly higher values than T4 (oxadiargyl 0.09 kg/ha as PE), T5 (trifluralin 0.75 kg/ha as PPI), T7 (quizalofop 0.06 kg /ha as POE), T8 (clodinafop 0.06 kg/ha as POE) and T13 (weedy check). Though, T12 (HW at 20 and 40 DAS) recorded maximum values of plant height (164.97 cm), number of branches per plant (12.48), number of siliqua per plant (378.27), number of seeds per siliqua (10.90), seed yield (1989 kg/ha)and stalk yield (4159 kg/ha), it was closely followed and found statistically at par with T11 (weeding by wheel hoe at 30 DAS) and T10 (isoproturon 1.0 kg/ha as POE). Although the significant highest gross return (Rs.70078/ha) was recorded by weed free (HW at 20 and 40 DAS) over other weed management practices except weeding by wheel hoe at 30 DAS; highest net return (Rs.40339/ha) was not realized by weed free situation but it was realized by wheel hoe at 30 DAS which was significantly superior than oxadiargyl 0.09 kg/ha as PE, trifluralin 0.75 kg/ha as PPI, quizalofop 0.06 kg /ha as POE, clodinafop 0.06 kg/ha as POE, oxyfluorfen 0.15 kg/ha as PE, isoproturon 1.0 kg/ha as PE and weedy check and was found statistically at par with the remaining weed management practices. Among the herbicides used, highest gross return (Rs. 62142/ha) and net return (Rs.39225/ha) were recorded by post emergence application of isoproturon 1.0 kg/ha. Again, the highest benefit: cost ratio (1.75) was not realized by the treatment which recorded the highest net return but it was recorded by post emergence application of isoproturon 1.0 kg/ha which was significantly superior than oxadiargyl 0.09 kg/ha as PE, trifluralin 0.75kg/ha as PPI, quizalofop 0.06 kg/ha as POE, clodinafop 0.06 kg/ha as POE, isoproturon 1.0 kg/ha as PE, weedy check and weed free practice.ThesisItem Open Access Efficacy of herbicides and their combination in Cyperus dominated rabi maize (Zea mays L.)(Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2014) patil, Sandeep; Kumar, M.An experiment on “Efficacy of herbicides and their combination on Cyprus dominated rabi maize (Zea mays)” was conducted at TCA farm Dholi, Muzzffarpur during rabi 2013-14. The treatment comprised of halosulfuron methyl at different level along with combinations of atrazine, carfentrazone, 2,4-D and hand weeding were arranged in a RBD design with thirteen treatments. QPM maize cultivar ‘Shaktiman-3’ sown in the experimental field with recommended package practices. Fertilizers were applied uniformly in the field through Urea, SSP and MOP @ 150:75:45 kg N, P2O5 and K2O per hectares, respectively. Growth attributes i.e., plant height (cm), plant population (plants/ha), effective plant population (plants/ha) and phytotoxicity observation. Yield indices i.e., number of cobs per plant number of grains/cob, grain weight g/cob and test weight (g) were recorded during experimentation. Among the different herbicidal treatments highest value of yield attributes such as number of grains/cob, grains weight/cob test weight (g) were recorded under the application of atrazine @ 500g/ha (PE) followed by halosulfuron methyl @ 67.5g/ha (PoE), atrazine @ 250g/ha (PE) followed by halosulfuron methyl @ 67.5g/ha 30 DAS. Grain, stover and stone yields were significantly influenced by different treatments similarly. Higher grain yield 80.45 q/ha, 80.08q/ha and 79.29q/ha were recorded with weed free plot, atrazine @ 500g/ha (PE) followed by halosulfuron methyl @ 67.5 g/ha (PoE) and atrazine @ 250g/ha (PE) followed by halosulfuron methyl @ 67.5 g/ha (PoE) respectively, which were significantly superior over other treatments. The grain yield increased by both treatments, application of atrazine @ 500g/ha (PE) followed by halosulfuron methyl @ 67.5 g/ha (PoE) and atrazine @ 250g/ha (PE) followed by halosulfuron methyl @ 67.5 g/ha (PoE) were 139 percent and 137 percent respectively over check. The different treatments significantly influenced the weed population and the lowest value of Cyperus weed population was recorded under weed free check at both the stages. Among the different herbicidal treatments, minimum sedges population were recorded under application of halosulfuron methyl in all doses alone or in combination which effectively reduced the cyperus population, which were significantly superior over remaining treatments including weedy check. The different treatments influenced the total weed population as well as weed dry weight significantly and the lowest value of total weed population and dry weight was recorded under weed free check. Among the different herbicidal treatment the lowest value of total weed population and dry weight was recorded under application of atrazine @ 500g/ha (PE) followed by halosulfuron methyl @ 67.5g/ha (PoE) reduced total weed population and weed dry weight which was statistically at par with atrazine @ 250g/ha (PE) followed by halosulfuron methyl @ 67.5g/ha (PoE) and carfentrazone @ 20g/ha (PoE) followed by halosulfuron methyl @ 67.5 g/ha (PoE) and significantly more effective over rest of the treatments. Weed control efficiency of different treatments influenced significantly and the highest weed control efficiency was recorded under weed free check (97.27%). Among the herbicidal treatments maximum weed control efficiency (86.61 % and 85.83%) were recorded under the application of atrazine @ 500g/ha (PE) followed by halosulfuron methyl @ 67.5 g/ha (PoE) and atrazine @ 250g/ha (PE) followed by halosulfuron methyl @ 67.5 g/ha (PoE) respectively. Data pertaining to the cost of cultivation clearly indicated that among different herbicidal treatment weed free check (three hand weeding’s at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing) recorded highest cost of cultivation (39321 /ha) it happens due to higher expanses on labour. Among the herbicidal treatments highest cost of cultivation (26769 /ha and 26519 /ha) were recorded under application of atrazine @ 500 g/ha (PE) followed by halosulfuron methyl @ 67.5 g/ha (PoE) and atrazine @ 250 g/ha (PE) followed by halosulfuron methyl @ 67.5 g/ha (PoE) respectively. The lowest cost of cultivation (25191 /ha) was recorded under weedy check. The maximum gross return (99622.1 /ha) was obtained under weed free check. Among the herbicidal treatments, maximum gross return (99107.9 /ha and 98173.2 /ha) were calculated under application of atrazine @ 500 g/ha (Pre-emergence) followed by halosulfuron methyl @ 67.5 g/ha (PoE) and atrazine @ 250 g/ha (Pre-emergence) followed by halosulfuron methyl @ 67.5 g/ha (PoE) respectively, which were found to be significantly superior over other treatments. The highest value of net return (72339.20 /ha) was calculated under treatment atrazine @ 500 g/ha (PE) followed by halosulfuron methyl @ 67.5 g/ha (PoE) was statistically at par with treatment atrazine @ 250 g/ha (PE) followed by halosulfuron methyl @ 67.5 g/ha (PoE) (71654.58 /ha), and net return obtained by both treatments which were found significantly superior over remaining treatments. Different herbicidal treatments on maize crop had exerted significantly effect on B:C ratio. The highest value of B:C ratio (2.71 and 2.70) were obtained under application of atrazine @ 500 g/ha (PE) followed by halosulfuron methyl @ 67.5 g/ha (PoE) and atrazine @ 250 g/ha (PE)followed by halosulfuron methyl @ 67.5 g/ha (PoE) respectively, which were found significantly superior over remainingThesisItem Open Access Response of mungbean (Vigna radiata) to fertilizer and irrigation during summer(Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2014) Patel, Ajay Kumar; pandey, I. B.A field experiment entitled “Response of mungbean (Vigna radiata ) to fertilizer and irrigation during summer” was carried during summer 2013 at crop research centre, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar. The treatments comprised two levels of fertilizers [50% of the recommended dose and the recommended dose of fertilizer (20 kg N, 40 kg P2O5 and 0 kg K2O/ ha)], three bio-fertilizers (Control, Rhizobium and Rhizobium + PSB) and four irrigation scheduling (Rainfed, one irrigation at 20 days after sowing, one irrigation at 40 days after sowing and two irrigations at 20 and 40 days after sowing). The treatments were replicated thrice in randomized block design. Observations on various growth parameters, yield attributes, yield, nodulation and qualitative parameters were recorded. Growth attributes i.e., days to seedling emergence, plant height, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate and days to 50% flowering and yield indices i.e., length of pod, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant and 100 seed weight were significantly higher under recommended dose of fertilizer than 50% recommended dose of fertilizer. Among the bio-fertilizers, combined inoculation of seed with Rhizobium and PSB recorded higher values of growth and yield indices than control and Rhizobium inoculation. Two irrigations at 20 and 40 days after sowing recorded significantly higher values of growth as well as yield attributes than rainfed and one irrigation at 40 days after sowing but remained at par with one irrigation at 20 days after sowing. However, 100 seed weight was not significantly affected by irrigation scheduling. Grain and straw yields were significantly affected by fertility levels. Recommended dose of fertilizer significantly enhanced grain and straw yield than 50% recommended dose of fertilizer. Among the bio-fertilizers, combined inoculation of seed with Rhizobium and PSB recorded significantly higher grain and straw yield but were at par with Rhizobium and both produced significantly higher yields over control. Two irrigations at 20 and 40 days after sowing recorded significantly higher grain and straw yields than rainfed control and one irrigation at 40 days after sowing but remained at par with one irrigation at 20 days after sowing. Water use efficiency and water productivity were significantly influenced by fertility levels. Highest dose of fertilizer recorded significantly higher water use efficiency and water productivity than 50% recommended dose of fertilizer. Water use efficiency was not significantly affected by bio-fertilizers. However, water productivity was significantly influenced by bio-fertilizers. Combined inoculation of seed with Rhizobium +PSB recorded higher water productivity than control but was at par with Rhizobium. Water use efficiency and water productivity were not significantly influenced by irrigation scheduling but the magnitude of increase was higher under rainfed. Nodulation i.e., number of nodules per plant, fresh and dry weight of nodules, total microbial count and microbial activity were significantly affected by fertilizer levels. The recommended dose of fertilizer recorded higher values of these indices than 50% of the recommended dose. Bio-fertilizers exerted significant effect on these indices. Combined inoculation of seed with Rhizobium and PSB recorded higher number of nodules, fresh and dry weight of nodules, total microbial count and microbial activity than Rhizobium inoculation and control. Irrigation scheduling also exerted significant effect on the nodulation indices except for the number of nodules per plant where non-significant variation was noticed. Maximum number of nodules, fresh and dry weight of nodules, total microbial count and microbial activity were recorded under two irrigations at 20 and 40 days after sowing than rainfed control and one irrigation at 40 days after sowing but remained at par with one irrigation at 20 days after sowing. Recommended dose of fertilizer recorded significantly higher protein content in grain than 50% of the recommended dose. Among the bio-fertilizers, combined inoculation of seed with Rhizobium and PSB recorded higher protein content being at par with Rhizobium inoculation and both significantly scored over control. Among the irrigation scheduling, no significant variation in protein content was observed. Total N, P, K uptake by the crop was significantly influenced by fertility levels. Maximum NPK uptake by crop was recorded at recommended dose of fertilizer. Similarly, total NPK uptake by crop was also significantly affected by bio-fertilizers. Highest NPK uptake was recorded under combined inoculation of seed with Rhizobium and PSB than control and Rhizobium inoculation. Seed inoculation with Rhizobium also recorded higher NPK- uptake by crop than control. Irrigation scheduling also had significant effect on nutrient uptake by crop. Significantly higher NPK- uptake by crop was recorded under two irrigations at 20 and 40 days after sowing over rainfed and one irrigation at 40 days after sowing but remained at par with one irrigation at 20 days after sowing. Among the fertility levels, recommended dose of fertilizer recorded significantly higher value of gross return, net return and B: C ratio than 50% of the recommended dose. Combined inoculation of seed with Rhizobium and PSB although recorded significantly higher gross return, net return and B: C ratio but was at par with Rhizobium inoculation and both recorded significantly higher values over control. Two irrigations at 20 and 40 days after sowing being at par with one irrigation at 20 days after sowing in respect to gross return, net return and B:C ratio and both recorded significantly higher gross return, net return and B:C ratio than one irrigation at 40 days after sowing and rainfed control.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on integrated weed management in lentil (Lens culinaris Medic)(Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2014) Kumar, Adyant; Nandan, RaviA field experiment was planned and conducted during the rabi season of 2012–13 at Tirhut College of Agriculture Farm, Dholi, a campus of Rajendra Agricultural University, Bihar, Pusa (Samastipur) to investigate the effect of manual, herbicidal and integrated treatments on the weed dynamics, growth, yield and economics of lentil. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with four replications. Treatments constituted viz. quizalofop ethyl @ 50 g ha-1 as POE, imazethapyr @ 37.5 g ha-1 as POE, chlorimuron ethyl @ 4 g ha-1 as PPI, pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg ha-1 as PE, pendimethalin + imazethapyr (ready mix) @ 0.75, pendimethalin + imazethapyr (ready mix) @ 1.0 kg ha-1 as PE, pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg ha-1 as PE + hand weeding at 40 DAS, hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS and weedy check. The crop variety KLS-218 was sown on November 14, 2012 and harvested on March 26, 2013. Observations on various growth parameters, yield attributes and yield were recorded. Studies on total and species-wise weed count, weed dry matter accumulation, weed growth rate, weed control efficiency and weed index were made and weeds were collected at 90 DAS for estimation of nutrients (N, P and K) depletion pattern by weeds. The grain and straw samples at harvest were collected for estimation of nitrogen, phosphorus, potash and protein content of grain (%) and total uptake of NPK. Finally, the economics of different treatments were worked out. Weed control treatments significantly influenced various growth parameters, yield attributes and yield of lentil. Plant height, number of branches plant-1, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, yield attributes and yield recorded had significantly higher values under treatment T8 (hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS) followed by T7 (integrated treatment of pendimethalin @ 1.00 kg ha-1 as PE + hand weeding at 40 DAS) and T6 (ready mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr @ 1.00 kg ha-1 as PE). Hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS (T8) though recorded maximum grain yield (1826 kg ha-1) but was statistically at par with pendimethalin @ 1.00 kg ha-1 as PE + hand weeding at 40 DAS (1729 kg ha-1) and was significantly superior over remaining treatments. The prominent weeds found in the experimental plot were Anagallis arvensis, Cannabis sativa, Cyperus rotundus, Cynodon dactylon, Chenopodium album and Parthenium hysterophorus; and these weeds together constituted 63.4 per cent of the total weed population. All the weed control treatments reduced the weed population and dry matter of weeds significantly over weedy check. Hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS (T8) reduced the total weed population and dry matter of weeds significantly over weedy check and was closely followed by pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg ha-1 as PE + hand weeding at 40 DAS (T7) and ready mixture of pendimethalin + imazethapyr @ 1.00 kg ha-1 as PE (T6). All the herbicides were found to reduce the total weed population and dry matter of weeds significantly over weedy check. The pre-emergence herbicides like pendimethalin + imazethapyr (ready mix) at higher dose 1.00 kg ha-1 (T6) as well as its lower dose 0.75 kg ha-1 (T5) and pendimethalin sole @ 1.00 kg ha-1 (T4) were proved more effective than post-emergence and pre-plant incorporated herbicides. Gross returns ( 88382) and net returns ( 57723) were significantly higher under hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS, however, the benefit: cost ratio was highest (2.42) under pendimethalin + imazethapyr (ready mix) @ 1.00 kg ha-1 as PE. In most of the cases, hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS was found superior to other treatments and was followed by integrated treatment of pendimethalin @ 1.00 kg ha-1 as PE + hand weeding at 40 DAS (T7) and pre-emergence treatment of pendimethalin + imazethapyr (ready mix) @ 1.00 kg ha-1 (T6).ThesisItem Open Access Effect of agronomical and chemical weed management practices on growth, yield and quality of summer mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)(Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2013) Raj, Shashi Kant; Singh, DevendraThe present field experiment was conducted on sandy loam soil at the crop research centre, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar to study the “Effect of agronomical and chemical weed management practices on growth, yield and quality of summer mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)”. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. The main plot treatments was agronomical weed management viz., weedy check (W0), mulching with rice straw (W1), hand weeding (W2), hand hoeing (W3), cross sowing (W4) and additive inter cropping with sesamum (W5). However, the sub plot treatments was chemical weed control viz., weedycheck (H0), pendimthalin @ 1000 ml/ha (H1), oxyfluorfen @ 100 ml/ha (H2) &quizalofop ethyl @ 40 ml/ha (H3). The test variety used was HUM-16 and crop was sown at a spacing 30 cm × 10 cm. The gross and net plot size were 5m × 3 m and 3.8 m × 2.0 m, respectively. Spraying of Pendimethalin @ 1000 ml/ha and oxyfluorfen @ 100 ml/ha were pre-emergence while, quizalofop ethyl @ 40 ml/ha used as post-emergence (25 DAS). Growth parameters got marginally better reflection under cross sowing (W4) viz., plant height & plant population count. While weed population and weed dry weight were significantly lower in cross sowing and application of Oxyfluorfen @ 100 ml/ha (H2). However, weed control efficiency (%) was also higher in cross sowing (W4) under agronomical weed management treatment and similarly also higher under oxyfluorfen @ 100 ml/ha (H2) among chemical weed management treatments. Number of pods/plant, number of seeds/plant was higher under hand weeding (W3) treatments than weedy check (W0). While the number of seeds/pod and 1000 grain weight was recorded similar with all agronomical weed management treatments. Marginal higher number of pods/plant and number of seeds/plant were found with oxyfluorfen @ 100 ml/ha (H2). Grain yield and straw were gave better expression under Cross Sowing (W4) followed by hand weeding (W2). While application of oxyfluorfen @ 100 ml/ha (H2) gave highest yield which was significantly superior over rest of the treatment followed by application of pendimethalin @ 1000 ml/ha (W1). Grain: straw ratio, as well as harvest index (%) was influenced by neither agronomical method nor herbicidal method of weed control. Mulching with rice straw (W1) enhanced the population of bacteria and fungi, while application of herbicides reduced the bacterial and fungal population then weedy check (H0). Cross sowing (W4) gave higher gross return ( 59532/ha) and net return ( 40902/ha) which is significantly superior over all other treatments the next best treatment was hand weeding (W1). Among the chemical weed management application of oxyfluorfen @ 100 ml/ha (H2) gave higher gross return ( 55659/ha) and net return ( 35887/ha) and was followed by application ofpendimethalin @ 1000 ml/ha (H1), recording 49412/ha. and net 32143/ha gross and net return respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of integrated weed management practices on growth, yield and economics of aerobic rice(Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2013) Mewada, Pintu; Chaudhary, S. K.A field experiment entitled “Effect of integrated weed management practices on growth, yield and economics of aerobic rice.” was carried out at the Agricultural Research Farm, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar (India), during kharif season of 2012. The soil of the experimental field was clay loam in texture. It was moderately fertile being low in organic carbon (0.32 %), available nitrogen (249 kg N ha-1), phosphorus (16.86 kg P2O5 ha-1) and potassium (120 kg K2O ha-1). The soil was alkaline in reaction (pH 8.4). The experiment was conducted with fourteen weed management treatments in RBD replicated thrice. Rice variety “Rajendra Suwasani” was taken as a test crop with RDF 130-68-58 kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha. Among different weed management practices under aerobic condition, hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS registered the maximum growth, yield attributes and yield of aerobic rice. The highest grain yield (39.47 q ha-1) was recorded with hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS and lowest under weedy check (17.34 q ha-1). Similar trend was observed in straw yield. Among different combination of herbicides, application of pretilachlor 1 DAS fb azimsulfuron 20 DAS was the best combination and comparable with hand weeding. Maximum weed control efficiency and weed control index were recorded under treatment hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS and minimum under weedy check. However, weed population and weed dry weight were found maximum under weedy check and minimum with hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS. Maximum net return ( 29251/ha) and B:C ratio (1.15) was obtained in the treatment where pretilachlor (pre emergence) fb azimsulfuron (post emergence) was applied.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of crop establishment methods and different weed management practices on growth, yield and quality of direct seeded rice. (Oryza sativa L).(Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2013) Kumar, Vinay; Roy, D. K.A field experiment was undertaken during kharif season of the year 2012 at the Research Farm of Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), Bihar to study the “Influence of crop establishment methods and different weed management practices on growth, yield and quality of direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.)”. The experiment was conducted in strip plot design having three rice establishment methods (broadcasting sprouted seed on puddled bed, dry seeding in rows 20 cm apart and drum seeding of sprouted seeds on puddled bed) in main plots and eight weed management practices (W1- pre-emergence butachlor @ 1.5 kg/ha, W2- W1+ post-emergence bispyribac @ 25 g/ha, W3- pre-emergence pretilachlor @ 0.75 kg/ha, W4-W3 + post-emergence bispyribac @ 25g/ha, W5 pre-emergence pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha, W6 - W5 + post-emergence bispyribac @ 25 g/ha ,W7 - two hand weedings at 20 and 40 DAS and ,W8 - weedy check) in sub plots, replicated thrice with Prabhat as the test variety. Wet seeding exhibited better expression in respect of growth and yield attributes than the dry seeding and between the two wet seeded treatments, the technique of drum seeding established its superiority over broadcasting. The better performance in terms of growth and yield attributes were also further reflected correspondingly in grain and straw yields. The harvest index however did not show significant variation due to establishment methods. All the weed management practices either herbicidal or manual had profound effect on growth and yield attributes as well as the ultimate yield as reflected in their superiority over the weedy check. Amongst the three pre-emergence applications of herbicides, pretilachlor was superior to pendimethalin, which in turn performed better than butachlor. However, when these three pre-emergence applications were supplemented with post-emergence application of bispyribac, pendimethalin followed by bispyribac recorded top spot in almost all the growth and yield characters and also in the yields of grain and straw. It had also an edge over two hand weedings. However, the three pre and post-emergence herbicidal combinations (W2, W4 and W6) and the treatment of two hand weedings did not differ significantly in these respects. The results pertaining to weed population, weed dry weight and nutrient uptake by weeds and crop separately were a close reflection of growth and yield pattern whereas in drum seeding of sprouted seed scored over the other two crop establishment methods and the pre and post-emergence applications of pendimethalin + bispyribac established its superiority over the rest of the treatments. Weed control efficiency of pendimethalin + bispyribac (71.67%) was superior over two hand weedings (65.67%), pretilachlor + bispyribac (65.06%) and butachlor + bispyribac (57.61%). Protein content in grain was similar in all the treatments except the weedy check in which it was significantly lower. The most glaring part of the results rested in its economic studies, where in all the herbicidal treatments either pre-emergence applications or combination of pre and post emergence applications fetched higher net return and scored better B:C ratio than the two hand weedings. Pretilachlor + bispyribac ( 29,181/ha) cornered the highest net return closely followed by pendimethalin + bispyribac ( 28,373/ha). As against these treatments, the net return realized by two hand weedings was simply 19169/ha. The B:C ratio further widened the gap between manual weeding and herbicidal applications. The highest B:C ratio of 1.29 was recorded from pre-emergence application of pretilachlor followed in descending order by pretilachlor + bispyribac (1.24) and pendimethalin + bispyribac (1.18), two hand weedings had a B:C ratio of only 0.85 which was next only to the weedy check (0.67). Thus it may be summed up that the wet seeding is superior to dry seeding and drum seeding is better than broadcasting on wet beds. Secondly, high cost involved in manual weeding makes herbicidal treatments more viable proposition. Pretilachlor + bispyribac and pendimethalin + bispyribac are the two most effective herbicidal treatments in direct seeded wet or dry rice establishment methods.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of nutrient and weed management on growth, yield and quality of summer mungbean(RAU, Pusa (Samastipur), 2013) Bansal, Monu; Sinha, K. K.ThesisItem Open Access Weed management in winter maize (Zea mays L.) based intercropping systems(Rajendra Agricultural University, 2012) Kumar, Shambhu Sharan; Sharma, R. P.A field experiment was carried out during the two consecutive winter seasons of 2009-10 and 2010-11 at Bihar Agricultural College farm, Sabour then under the Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar to explore intercropping based weed management in winter maize (Zea mays L.) based intercropping system. The experiment was conducted in split plot design replicated thrice with five cropping systems (sole maize, sole potato, sole rajmash , maize + potato in 1:1 ratio, and maize + rajmash in 1:2 ratio) were put in the main plot. While five weed management practices (weedy check, two hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS, alachlor @2.0 kg ai ha-1as pre- emergence, oxyfluorfen @ 0.25 kg ai ha-1as pre- emergence and pendimethaline @ 1.0 kg ai ha-1as pre- emergence + one hand weeding at 30 DAS ) were placed in the sub plots. Shaktiman-3, Kufri ashoka and PDR- 14 were the test varieties of maize, potato and rajmash, respectively. The plant population of the sole crops were kept the same in intercropping also. The intercrops were given half the dose of NPK given in their pure stands. Irrespective of weed management practices employed, the sole crops of maize, potato and rajmash exhibited better expressions in terms of their growth parameters, yield attributes and yield in their pure stands than those recorded from their mixed stands. Likewise, regardless of the cropping systems adopted, two hand weeding surpassed all other weed management practices in terms of growth and yield characters as well as the ultimate yield. Amongst, the herbicidal treatments pendimethalin + one hand weeding gave better performance wherever maize was their either as a sole crop or mixed crop (maize + potato and maize + rajmash). Alachlor proved to be superior to its rest of the herbicidal treatments so far as growth and yield of potato and rajmash were concerned. Maize + potato intercropping system proved to be the most economical in terms of net return followed by maize + rajmash intercropping system. Amongst the three sole crops, maize was the most remunerative followed by potato and rajmash in descending order. B:C ratio, however, were the highest under sole maize followed by maize + potato and maize + rajmash intercropping systems. It is pertinent to make a mention here that sole potato too had very good net return and B:C ratio if two hand weedings were given to the plots. The soil properties studied in terms of pH, organic carbon and available NPK did not show significant variation as a result of treatment effects. The NPK uptakes were a direct reflection of the yield constituents as their concentrations in grain and straw did not differ significantly. There had not been much difference between the two intercropping systems in regard to LER and other competitive characters. Weed infestation and weed dry matter were the least, where ever rajmash was there either as a sole crop or a intercrop. Weed infestation was the least with two hand weedings. Pendimethalin @1.0 kg ai ha-1 pre-emergence + one hand weeding in maize and alachlor @2.0 kg ai ha-1 pre-emergence in potato and rajmash were instrumental in reduction of weed infestation (number as well as dry matter). Based on the result obtained it may be concluded that the performance of Maize + potato getting two hand weeding is more remunerative than any other propositions. Maize + rajmash is next in order. Sole potato is also remunerative but only under weed free amplitudes. It may be adopted maize + potato intercropping system giving two hand weeding. Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @1.0 kg ai ha-1 pre-emergence followed by one hand weeding at 30 DAS may be a replacement to two hand weedings. Apply pre-emergence alachlor @ 2.0 kg ai ha-1 for control of weeds in pure crops of potato and rajmash as a substitute to two hand weedings