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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON METHOD OF PLANTING, IRRIGATION SCHEDULES, SOURCES AND LEVELS OF FERTILIZERS FOR FERTIGATION IN TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) AND IT'S RESIDUAL EFFECT ON BABY CORN (Zea mays L.)"(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Banglore, 2007-09-17) T.M. SOUMYA; Dr. B.K RAMACHANDRAPPAField experiments were conducted on the red sandy loam soils of Agronomy field unit, MRS, UAS, Bangalore during 2005 and 2006 to study the effect of method of planting, irrigation schedules, sources and levels of fertilizers for fertigation on growth, yield and quality of tomato and its residual effect on baby. The investigation involved two experiments. The first experiment comprised of three levels of drip irrigation (0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 Epan) and three methods of planting (normal, two rows paired system and four rows paired system) in randomized complete block design with three replications. The second experiment comprised of 12 treatment combinations with three levels of fertilizers (75, 100 and 125 % of Rec. NPK) and four sources of fertilizers (Urea, SSP, MOP; MAP, MOP; MAP, KNO3 and soil application of urea, SSP, MOP). After the harvest of tomato, baby com was grown to know the residual effect of fertigation without any additional inputs. Drip irrigation at 1.0 Epan with normal row system found superior in finit yield (109.05 t ha"'), growth and yield attributes of tomato and was on par with 0.8 Epan two rows paired system (106.12 t ha"'). The higher B: C ratio of 5.98 was obtained with 0.8 Epan two rows paired system. While, higher WUE (152.2 kg ha-mm ') was registered with 0.6 Epan two rows paired system. Fertigation with MAP, KNO3 at 125% rec. NPK was superior in total fmit yield (116.86 t ha'), growth and yield attributes of tomato closely followed by fertigation with Urea, SSP, MOP at 125% Rec. NPK (114.761 ha"'). Similar trend was noticed for fertilizer use efficiency, water use efficiency and nutrient uptake. Higher net returns ha"' was recorded in fertigation with Urea, SSP, MOP at 125 % Rec. NPK (Rs. 5,22,493/-) with the highest B: C ratio of 6.01. Baby com yield was significantly higher with the application of 125% Rec. NPK either through fertigation or through soil application to the previous tomato crop.ThesisItem Open Access Development of Dual Resistance to Tomato Leaf Curl Virus and its Vector Whitefly {Bemisia tabaci) using Lycopersicon hirsutum (LA1777) Introgressed Lines in Tomato {Lycopersicon esculentum)(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Banglore, 2007-09-17) PRABUDDHA, H. R.; R. S. KulkarniNo AbstractThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF TURCICUM LEAF BLIGHT OF MAIZE CAUSED BY Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard and Suggs(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Banglore, 2007-08-31) SHARANAPPA I. HARLAPUR; M.S. KULKARNITurcicum leaf blight disease of maize caused by Exserohilum turcicum symptoms were recognised by long spindle shaped necrotic lesions with grey colour centre, immature and chaffy ears. The disease appeared in severe form in most of the maize growing areas of Kamataka. Crop loss estimation studies revealed that, avoidable grain and stover yield losses in susceptible genotype were to the extent of 52 and 40 per cent, respectively. Linear regression crop loss models were developed. Arabhavi isolate recorded high virulence. Sixty-five days old plants found vulnerability to infection. An incubation period of 28 hours was found ideal for more than 90 per cent spore germination. Saccharum arundinaceum Retz. was identified as a potential alternative host to E. turcicum and plays an important role in the epidemiology of TLB in Karnataka. Significantly maximum disease severity was noticed in crop sown on 16^ September. Crop sown between Februaiy and April found least affected. The weather factors, viz., minimum temperature (11.3-21.4®C), maximum temperature (26.3-29.4°C), relative humidity (58.7-84.5%) and rainfall (47.104 mm) were highly favourable for disease epidemic. The locations, viz., Arabhavi, Dharwad, Devihosur, Sankeshwar and Nagenahalli were identified as "hot spots' in Kamataka. Significant and positive correlation existed between rainfall and relative humidity with spore load. The genotypes, viz., Allrounder, IB-8501, Cargill 900M, Hi-Shell, NAC-6004, C-111, KH-517, Kaveri 235 and NK-6240 were identified as slow blighters. The disease was responsible for photosynthesis loss to the extent of 89.40 per cent in susceptible genotype. Fourteen inbrei lines were identified as highly resistant sources. The QPM genotypes HQFM-4 and HQPM-5 found highly resistant. Integration of 'olerant hybrid DMH-2 and seed treatment with carboxin power (2 g/kg) or combined seed treatment with Azospirillum sp. (25 g/kg) and T^choderma harzianum (6 g/kg) followed by three sprays with mancoze? (0.25%) was found to be the most effective IDM package for the management of TLB of maize.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SEED-BORNE FUNGAL DISEASES OF SUNFLOWER AND THEIR MANAGEMENT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ALTERNARIA BLIGHT(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Banglore, 2007-08-31) LAXMINARAYANA RAO M. S.; SRIKANT KULKARNISeed health testing of sunflower seed samples collected from different parts of Karnataka revealed the dominance of Altemaria helianthi and Rhizoctonia bataticola. Among the different seed health testing methods, modified P.O.A method was found to be good for detecting the seed-borne infection of A.helianthi, A.altemata and R.bataticola. Infected sunflower seeds exhibited poor germination and vigour. The pathogenic ability of seed-borne A.helianthi and R.bataticola was proved in seedling symptom test and transmission study. Altemaria helianthi, A.altemata and R.bataticola were confined to only pericarp and endosperm, but not embryo. In epidemiological studies, significant difference in blight incidence was noticed between three different seed inoculum levels at different dates of sowing and maximum incidence was observed in July second fortnight sown crop at 30 and 60 DAS at a seed inoculum level of 8000 conidia per ml. Seed dressing fungicide viz., Carbendazim + Iprodione, bioagent- Pseudomonas fluorescens and botanical Azadirachta indica were found most effective in eliminating seed-borne infections of Altemaria, Rhizoctonia and other fungal contaminations. In the integrated seed treatment options, though the seed treatment with Carbendazim + Iprodione at 0.3 per cent in Poly Ethylene Glycol along with foliar spray of hexaconazole recorded least per cent disease index, seed treatment with Carbendazim + Iprodione at 0.3 per cent in water along with foliar spray of hexaconazole was found most effective in managing Altemaria blight with maximum benefit cost ratio. In storage, seeds treated with Carbendazim + Iprodione at 0.3 per cent and stored in 700 gauge poly ethylene bags maintained satisfactory germination and seedling vigour up to ten months of storage.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SERODIAGNOSIS, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF SUNFLOWER NECROSIS VIRAL DISEASE IN NORTHERN ICARNATAKA(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Banglore, 2007-08-31) ANAND V. HALAKERI; A. S. BYADGlSunflower necrosis is a major virus disease of sunflower cau^sed by Tobacco Streak Virus. It was first reported from Kolar district of Kamataka State during 1997. The roving survey for disease incidence in Northern Kamataka was undertaken cmd disease map was developed, which revealed the presence of disease in all the three seasons. The disease was severe in Bijapur, Raichur and Koppal districts showing 15-20 per cent incidence. Infected plants showed mosaic, marginal necrosis and malformation of leaves, calyx and earhead, early infected plants showed partial seed filling. TSV -S had wide host range and its Thermal Inactivation Point was 45°C, Dilution End Point 10-4 and Longevity in vitro of 8 h. The epidemiologieal studies indicated positive correlation of disease with thrips population and also with maximum temperature. The vims was purified by extraction in Phosphate buffer, PEG precipitation, density gradient centrifugation and ultra centrifugation. Electron microscopic observations revealed isometric shaped particles in decoration method. Immunizing rabbit with purified TSV -3 produced the antisemm. SDS-P AGE revealed 30 Kda Protein band when stained with coomassie brillant blue. Direct Antigen Coating Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant Assay indicated presence of vims particles in samples of sunflower, cowpea, peas, green gram, tomato, soybean, black gram and red gram but not in seeds of diseased plant. In Immunodiffusion test precipitation line appeared around wells containing diseased samples. RT-PCR yielded 800 bp length coat protein gene. The disease had a drastic effect on yield parameters of sunflower. Germplasm lines GMU-209, GMU-244, GMU-249, and GMU-259 exhibited some degree of tolerance properties with less than 10 per cent disease incidence. Crop could be protected from heavy loss due to vims infection by Imidacloprid seed treatment (@ 5 g/kg) + spray (@ 0.25 ml) at 30, 45 and 60 days after sowing and sorghum as border crop.ThesisItem Open Access INVESTIBATIONS ON THE ETIOLOGY, EPIOEMiOLOGY AND INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF RHIZOME ROT COMPLEX OF GINGER AHO TURMERIC(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Banglore, 2007-08-31) SHALINI D. SAGAR; SRIKANT KULKARNIThe major constraint for cultivation of ginger and turmeric is the rhizome rot disease. The rhizome rot incidence of ginger was noticed in all the locations surveyed with the range from 5.50 to 45.60 per cent. The major diseases diagnosed were iHz., soft rot caused by Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp, wet rot caused by Fusarium solani (Martius) Saccardo, bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi, Sclerotium rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Saccardo and root knot caused by Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood. The individual pathogen can cause rhizome rot or combination of pathogens also can cause rhizome rot. Pythium aphanidermatum was isolated from all the locations collected and found to be most predominant pathogen. Ralstonia solanacearum was detected only from the southern districts of Karnataka i.e., Kodagu, Chikmagalur, Hassan, Mysore, and Sagar. The incidence of rhizome rot of turmeric was meager as compared to ginger. The inoculum level studies revealed that, increase in per cent inoculum level increased the per cent disease incidence. In sequential inoculation studies, in case of both the crops i.e., ginger and turmeric, when first inoculated with Meloidogyne arenaria followed by other pathogens showed maximum disease incidence as compared to individual inoculations. The results of isozyme analysis of three i.e., peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and catalase studied for variability indicated that, there was slight amount of variation. RAPD data distinguished the twelve isolates into two major clusters A and B. The results revealed that, geographical locations of isolates were closely related. Maran and Vardha ginger varieties were considered as moderately resistant. CO-1 variety was considered as moderately resistant. Sowing in March significantly showed less disease incidence at both the locations of Sirsi and Bidar, which recorded 8.25 and 9.00 per cent respectively. The field experiment conducted at farmer field revealed that, there was significant increase in the per cent germination of rhizomes in solarized plot when compared to non solarized plot. Among the different treatments, rhizomes treated with Metalaxyl MZ @ 0.3 per cent+Soil application of T. harzianum @ 10 kg along with 25 t FYM/ha+Soil application of Eupatorium @ 10 t/ha recorded the highest per cent germination, lesser disease incidence, higher yield of 11720.20 kg/ha and more benefit cost ratio.ThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF TOMATO LEAF CURL VIRUS (ToLCV) IN NORTHERN KARNATAKA(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Banglore, 2007-08-31) ANJANEYA REDDY, B,; M. S. PATILTomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) disease is one of the most important viral diseases of tomato and causes substantial losses every year. Survey results revealed that ToLCV was present in all the fields visited in Belgaum, Dharwad, Gadag and Haveri districts. The disease incidence ranged from 4-00 per cent during rabi 2005 and 60-100 per cent in summer 2006. A few natural weed hosts inz., Parthenium hysterophorus (Parthenium), Euphorbia geniculata (Bhedi soppu), Ageratum conyzoides (Oorala gida), Acanthospermum hispidum (Kadale mullu), Blainvillea rhomboidea (Ervapalha) Cass. and Lachnera pusilla L. showed positive for ToLCV infection in the PCR detection. The results of the cloning and nucleotide sequencing of the coat protein gene revealed that isolates from Belgaum, Dharwad and Haveri showed 95.10 to 99.60 per cent homology indicating they are closely related to each other. However, these isolates showed wide variation of upto 46.50 per cent divergence with some of the isolates of North Western Indian ToLCV 17 Nasik (AJ 10356) and North Indian ToLCV 19.Patna (AJ 810358). The survey, bioassay and RAPD-PCR analysis of whitefly vector revealed the prevalence of Bemisia tabaci-B-biotype in addition to the indigenous type in Dharwad region. Tomato planted during August and November showed slow progress of the disease and less incidence as there was high humidity and high rainfall, which suppress the vector activities whereas, maximum incidence was recorded in February and May planted crop. In the management of disease the sequential application of Imidachloprid (0.005%) - Triazophos (0.15%)-Thiamethaxam (0.05%)- Econeem (0.5%) found effective with low disease incidence and better yield. The Clerodendron inermis and Glyricidia leaf extract application also found effective. In the field screening cultivars such as Nandi, Vybhav, Sankranti, and hybrids Utsav, HY 558, HY 530, NS-719 and NS-563 showed resistance reaction and the commonly cultivated Megha showed susceptible reaction.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF TURMERIC {Curcuma longa L.)(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Banglore, 2007-08-31) MANNIKERI I. M.; P. R. DHARMAHIField experiments were conducted for two seasons during kharif 2003 and 2004 in the Olericulture Unit, Department of Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, to evaluate the organic manures, intercrops and weed management practices in turmeric production. Among the different organic manures, application of vermicompost (@ 15.65 t/ha) was found superior for all the growth and yield parameters. Application of vermicompost resulted in the highest fresh rhizome yield (33.62 t/ha), cured rhizome 3deld (6.74 t/ha) and was closely followed by the application of pressmud (@15 t/ha). Application of pressmud (@ 15 t/ha) realized the maximum B:C ratio (2.71:1) followed by the application of poultry manure (@ 6.43 t/ha) (2.60:1) and vermicompost (@ 15.65 t/ha) (2.31:1). Among the different intercropping systems, sole crop of turmeric was found significantly superior for all the growth and yield parameters, fresh rhizome yield (23.46 t/ha) and cured rhizome yield (4.40 t/ha). Growing of okra as an intercrop has significant influence on all the growth and yield parameters of turmeric and it has realized maximum fresh rhizome yield (20.38 t/ha) and cured rhizome yield (3.95 t/ha). Turmeric+tomato cropping system was realized maximum B:C ratio (2.66:1) followed by turmeric + french bean (2.53:1) and turmeric + okra (2.22:1). While, sole cropping of turmeric realized the B:C ratio of 2.18:1. Among the different weed control treatments, weed free control (hand weeding) recorded significantly highest weed control efficiency (100%), fresh rhizome yield (26.27 t/ha), cured rhizome yield (5.59 t/ha) and B:C ratio (2.74:1). Among the herbicides, chlorimuron (@ 9.0 g a.i./ha) was highly toxic to turmeric crop and application of pendimethalin showed the maximum weed control efficiency (76.24%) recorded significantly higher fresh rhizome yield (26.67 t/ha), cured rhizome yield (5.59 t/ha) and B:C ratio (2.39:1) followed by application of chlomazone (@ 1.0 kg a.i./ha).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON INDUCED METAGENESIS AND in vitro REGENERATION IN TURMERIC {Curcuma longa L.)(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Banglore, 2007-08-31) RAMAKRISHNAV. HEGDE; A. N. MOKASHITurmeric is an important rhizomatous spice, combining properties of colourant, cosmetic and drug. Sterile triploid nature of turmeric is one of the bottlenecks in crop improvement. Being a vegetatively propagated crop, mutation breeding is an important tool in turmeric improvement. Studies were conducted to standardize the optimum dose of mutagen i.e., gamma irradiation for in vivo and chemical mutagens for in vitro raised plants, to standardize the protocol for in vitro clonal propagation and to study the variability in the induced mutants. Among the two cultivars evaluated, Salem was more sensitive to gamma irradiation with a LD50 dose of 1.135 kR compared to Cuddappah (2.69 kR). Mutant spectrum showed predominance of striata type and dwarf types in chlorophyll and morphological mutants respectively. The study on vegetative characters indicated that lower doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kR did not affect the characters significantly. The vegetative characters and crop duration was drastically reduced at 5.0 kR and as a result, plants did not form the rhizomes. Higher degree of variability was observed for characters such as number of tillers, number of leaves, leaf area, weight of mother and finger rhizomes. The highest GCV and PCV was observed for weight of finger rhizomes. C-1.0 - 10/4 (546.9g) and S-0.5-9/3 (487.48) were selected for higher rhizome yield, S-0.5 - 9/9 (24.7%) for recovery and SO.5-6/1 (5.42) for higher curcumin content after evaluating evaluation of M1V2 progenies. In vitro studies for clonal propagation of turmeric indicated that the highest number of multiple shoots in turmeric was obtained in MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/1 BAP and 0.2 mg/1 NAA whereas, better rooting was obtained with 0.5 mg/1 IB A. The in vitro mutation studies in cv. Salem with chemical mutagens indicated that the LD50 for EMS was 114.58 |iM and DES was 28.80 pM. Both mutagens increased the variability in vegetative and reproductive characters. Mutants D-1-3 (318.25g) and E-200-4 (285.83g) gave the highest rhizome yield whereas, D-10-3 recorded the highest curcumin content.