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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Open Access POPULATION DYNAMICS OF LEAF ROLLER, Diaphania pulverulentalis (HAMPSON) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) OF MULBERRY AND ITS SENSITIVITY TO INSECTICIDES WITH VARIED MODES OF ACTION AND THEIR SAFETY TO SILKWORM, Bombyx mori L.(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2019-08-23) SUNIL KUMAR, T.; RAMAKRISHNA NAIKAThe experiment was carried out in the Department of Sericulture, University of Agricultural Science, GKVK, and Bengaluru during 2016-2019. The survey on leaf roller indicated that, the incidence was peak during September 2018 (38.15 %) at Ramanagara and October 2017 (40.12 %) at Chintamani. The correlation studies revealed that, there was significantly negative influence of maximum temperature and significantly positive influence of relative humidity, rain fall and biotic factors on the abundance of leaf roller. The insecticide emamectin benzoate caused maximum pest reduction (83.00 %) after 9 days of spray under field condition, followed by chlorofenapyr (82.51 %), fipronil (82.34 %), azadirachtin (81.66 %), lambda-cyhalothrin (79.57 %), novaluron (78.46 %) and profenofos (77.37 %). The bioassay studies indicated that, lambda-cyhalothrin and emamectin benzoate highly toxic even after 30 days after spray (DAS). However, the rearing parameters recorded with chlorofenapyr @ 10 DAS, azadirachtin and novaluron at 25 DAS, profenofos and fipronil at 30 DAS which were on par with dichlorvos and untreated control. The findings of present study clearly indicated that the insecticide chlorofenapyr was safe to silkworms even at 10 DAS followed by azadirachtin and novaluron at 25 days after spraying and profenofos and fipronil at 30 days after spraying.ThesisItem Open Access UTILIZATION OF SILKWORM (Bombyx mori L.) PUPAL RESIDUE FOR BIOCONTROL AND VALUE ADDITION(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, 2018-08-30) VISHAKA, G. V.; Narayanaswamy, T. K.The present study was undertaken to utilize silkworm pupae disposed by silk reeling units viz., Vijayapura, Sidlaghatta and Chintamani of Chikkaballapur district of Karnataka. Designed special equipment for extraction of silkworm pupal residue biosoft descent (SPRBD) from silkworm pupal residue collected from reeling units. Significantly higher quantity of 3.10 Kg (52 %) SPRBD was extracted at 18 tonnes pressure. Invitro evaluation of SPRBD exhibited that at 40 %, significantly highest inhibition of 100 % mycelial growth was documented for Alternaria solani followed by 90.00 % (Fusarium oxysporium). Evaluation of SPRBD against Alternaria solani under glass house conditions proved minimum disease severity at 45, 60, 75 and 90 days (6.70, 14.33, 28.93 and 43.10 %) in the tomato plants treated with SPRBD @ 10 % before and after incidence of disease (T6: SPRBD @ 10% spray before and after inoculation with Alternaria solani). The SPRBD as nutrient source on tomato yielded highest plant height (96.20 cm), number of branches per plant (28.67), number of flowers per plant (87.67), stem girth (2.17cm) recorded on 90 days after planting, respectively in T4 (SPRBD @ 4 % + T8- Recommended dose of fertilizer + FYM/ha/year). Significantly highest Shoot weight (173.10 g), root weight (10.17 g) and total biomass per plant (37.23 g) was yielded at harvest stage. The yield parameters like total number of fruits (50.17), fruit weight (50.50 g) and fruit yield per plant (4.27 kg) was exhibited highest in T4 (SPRBD @ 4 % + T8). The silkworm pupal Dark Chocolate (SPDC), silkworm Pupal White Chocolate (SPWC) and silkworm pupal tamarind ball (SPTB) with 5 per cent SPRP incorporated and for masala cookies 7 per cent was found to be best accepted with scores for appearance (8.0, 7.4,7.5 and 7.8), colour (8.1, 7.6, 7.6 and 7.6), texture (8.1, 7.4, 7.8 and8.0), aroma (8.0,7.4 ,7.8 and 7.4), taste (8.2,7.5 ,7.0 and7.6) and overall acceptability (8.2,7.4,7.7 and7.6).ThesisItem Open Access BIORESPONSES OF MULBERRY (Morus spp.) AND SILKWORM (Bombyx mori L.) TO SILKWORM PUPAL PROTEIN AND COMPOST(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-09-28) MAHESH, D. S.; Narayanaswamy, T. KAn experiment was conducted during 2015-17 by application of 50% N through SPB + 50% N + recommended dose of P & K/ha/year through chemical fertilizers (T6) recorded highest major nutrients content (available N, P2O5 and K2O of 286.50, 50.18 and 186.32 kg/ha) in soil, highest mulberry growth (plant height of 163.72cm), leaf yield (1005.37g/plant) and quality parameters like leaf moisture (74.26 %), total chlorophyll (2.45mg/g), crude protein (20.16%), total soluble protein (12.02%) and total soluble sugar (13.12%). Further, significantly higher silkworm rearing parameters such as, mature larval weight (38.63g/10), less fifth instar larval duration (156.10 hours), total sugar (2.47 %), lipid (2.98 %), highest ERR (98.80%), lower disease incidence (1.20%) and cocoon parameters like maximum single cocoon weight (1.88g), shell weight (0.30g), shell ratio (15.95%), cocoon filament length (915.70m), least denier (2.29), fibroin (20.85μg/ml) and sericin (11.86μg/ml) content were recorded when silkworm fed with mulberry leaves of T6 treatment. Significantly higher mulberry growth (plant height of 158.81 cm), leaf yield (1047.92 g/plant) and quality parameters like higher leaf moisture (74.33), total chlorophyll (2.58 mg/g), total sugars (13.22 percent), total soluble protein (12.18 percent) and crude protein (21.14 percent) were recorded in V1 variety sprayed with SPP @ 2 percent + RDF + 20 MT FYM/ha/year (T6) at 60th day after pruning. Further, significantly higher silkworm rearing parameters like mature larval weight (38.78g/10), fifth instar larval weight (38.78g/10), less fifth instar larval duration (156.58 hours) , total sugar (2.52 %), lipid (3.04 %), lesser disease incidence (0.89 %), higher effective rate of rearing (99.10 %) and cocoon parameters like maximum single cocoon weight (1.92 g), shell weight (0.31 g), shell ratio (16.14 %), cocoon filament length (922.14 m), lowest denier (2.27), fibroin (21.09 μg/ml)and sericin (12.02 μg/ml) respectively were recorded when silkworm fed with mulberry leaves of T6 treatment.ThesisItem Open Access EPIZOOTIOLOGY OF MIXED INFECTION (FLACHERIE DISEASE) OF SILKWORM, Bombyx mori L. AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ASSOCIATED BACTERIA(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2016-10-10) ANUSHA, H. G.; Bhaskar, R. N.The studies on “Epizootiology of mixed infection (flacherie disease) of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. and molecular characterization of associated bacteria” revealed that, there are ten bacterial isolates were isolated from different sources, only three isolates were used for molecular identification through 16S rRNA gene and in vivo study with BmNPV. As per the sequencing sof organisms, the isolated bacteria 1 had 95 percent similarity with Lysinibacillus sphaericus (LS), isolated bacteria 2 had 99 per cent similarity with Alcaligence faecalis (AF) strain SDK 2 which was reported first time in the infected silkworm. Isolated bacteria 3 had 99 per cent similarity with Bacillus subtilis C11 (BS). Inoculation of three bacterial isolates to third, fourth and fifth instar revealed, extended moulting and larval duration. In addition, ET50 for mortality and symptoms expression days were recorded maximum of 10.98 (AF) and 13.34 (AF) followed by 8.66 (BS+LS) and 10.76 (BS+LS) and minimum was recorded in combination of 5.05 (N+LS+AF) and 6.50 days (N+BS+LS). In dual inoculation viz., LS+AF (56.10, 47.95 and 52.05 %), AF+LS (48.02, 40.10 and 59.90 %), BS+LS recorded 46.81, 40.43 and 59.57 per cent number of worms entered to spinning, effective rate of rearing and larval mortality respectively. The BS+LS inoculated batches were recorded more cocoon weight (1.20, 1.25 1.32 g), shell weight (0.19, 0.22, 0.26 g) and shell percentage (15.83, 17.60 and 19.69 %) in all the three instars where as, the minimum was in BS+LS+N compared to control. It was clearly inferred that, the newly identified AF found to be less pathogenic compared to in combination.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES OF MICRONUTRIENTS ON BIORESPONSES IN MULBERRY (Morus spp.) AND SILKWORM (Bombyx mori L.)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2016-10-04) SOWMYA, P; Narayanaswamy, T. K.The experiment on Studies of micronutrients on bioresponses in mulberry (Morus spp.) and silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) was conducted at the Department of Sericulture, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru during 2014-2016. In this experiment eight treatments were evaluated by conducting the experiment in RCBD. Among the treatments, T5 (100 % recommended dose of N through 20 % each of compost, Glyricidia maculata, castor cake, vermicompost and urea + 10 kg each of Azospirillum brasilense + Aspergillus awamori bio- fertilizer + remaining P, K through chemical fertilizer + FYM 20 t/ha + ZnSO4 7H2O @ 20 kg/ha/year) recorded higher leaf yield (65.07 ton/ha). The leaf quality also significantly improved in this treatment recording higher total soluble protein (12.07 %), crude protein (20.24 %) and total sugar (13.08 %). In the silkworm rearing T8 (T2 + Borax @ 2 kg/ha/year) recorded higher V instar larval weight (38. 38 g/10 larvae), cocoon weight (1.92 g/cocoon), pupal weight (1.57 g/pupae) and shell weight (0.31 g/shell). The T5 treatment recorded higher shell ratio (16.33 %), ERR (98.44 %), higher fibroin (21.58 μg/ml) and sericin (12.33 μg/ml) content of cocoon, grainage parameters viz., moth emergence percentage (97.80 %), fecundity (486.67/dfl) and hatching percentage (92.42 %). The soil properties like Higher available N (287.00 kg/ha), P (44.40 kg/ha) and K (288.33 kg/ha) were recorded in T5. The B: C ratio of mulberry production was higher in T5 and T8 (1: 3.21). Similarly the highest B: C ratio of cocoon production was recorded in T3 (1:2.24).ThesisItem Open Access DISCOVERY OF QTLs FOR DROUGHT TOLERANCE TRAITS USING A BIPARENTAL MAPPING POPULATION OF MULBERRY SEGREGATING FOR ROOT AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY (WUE)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2015-10-26) MADHURI, THINNALURI; Narayanaswamy, T. KSoil moisture stress is one of the main factors limiting the mulberry productivity in India. Maintaining leaf water relations by better root system and maintenance of superior metabolism for positive carbon gain can enhance drought adaptability. These traits are quantitatively inherited and therefore requires a forward molecular breeding approach to pyramid them. Towards identifying QTL for these complex traits, mapping population segregating for WUE and root traits was extensively characterized for phenotypic and molecular diversity. Significant genetic variability was noticed in various physiological and biometric traits among the progeny. Root weight varied between 23.66 and 250.50 g p-1 while Δ13C, a surrogate for WUE varied between 15.65 and 21.28‰. The traits segregated in a 1:1 pattern conforming to the pseudo test cross in out beeding perennials. The F1 progeny MPR-89, MPR-120, MPR-53, MPR-68 and MPR- 123 which segregated into low Δ13C category also had high TDM, LA and R/S ratio and appeared to be the most suitable genotypes for water limited conditions. A total of 751 SSR markers were screened which revealed 453 markers polymorphic between parents. A linkage map with 14 linkage groups (LGs) with 134 linked markers had a map length of 4263.5 cM. The distance between two linked markers varied from 5.0 to 49.8 cM with an average distance of 31.80 cM. QTL analysis was performed using composite interval mapping (CIM) using QTL CARTOGRAPHER (version 2.5). The CIM identified 23, 11 and 9 QTLs controlling various traits respectively on first, second and pooled data. Further, validation of these QTLs and saturation of these regions would help the breeder to exploit root traits, WUE and associated traits for genetic improvement of mulberry varieties and also to evolve new varieties adapted to water limited conditions.ThesisItem Open Access ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH FLACHERIE DISEASE OF SILKWORM Bombyx mori L.(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2015-09-10) SWATHI, H. C.; Narayanaswamy, T. KSilkworm is being a poikilothermic and sensitive to varied climatic conditions affected by viruses, fungi, protozoans and bacteria. Further, the growth and healthyness of larvae altered due to rearing structures were surveyed in Ramanagara, Chikkaballapur and Kolar district to asses the status of flacherie disease. The well ventilated stone house (6 windows, 6 ventillators and 3 airouts) were recorded higher cocoon yield of 85 kg/ 100dfls. The average flacherie disease incidence during rainy and winter recorded less in Ramanagara (8.33 and 9.00 %), kolar (6.22 and 5.00 %) and Chikkaballapur (6.00 and 8.33 %) districts as compare to 15.00, 16.00 and 17.33 per cent during summer months, and it was found more in RCC and less in stone house. The diseased samples were subjected for isolation and characterization based on colony character (Shape, colour, margin, configuration and elevation) biochemical and molecular tests. Among 121 isolates the identified organisms are Viz., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Streptococcus pnumoniae, Providencia rettigeri, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Eschericia coli and Providencia vermicola. The Providencia rettigeri shared 97 per cent similarity with Providencia rettigeri strain ALK422 and it was confirmed from the sequence analysis of 16S rRNA. The study revealed that, Pseudomonas fluroscens is a dominating bacterial isolate in surface, midgut and haemolymph of flacherie diseased worm from Ramangara district but, it has not been noticed in midgut and surface of flacherie diseased worm from Kolar and Chikkaballapur district.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) INTERVENTIONS AGAINST MULBERRY LEAF ROLLER, Diaphania pulverulentalis (HAMPSON) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2015-09-08) HARISH BABU, S; Narayanaswamy, K. CAn integrated pest management package was standardized under laboratory condition and tested in farmers’ fields against mulberry leaf roller, Diaphania pulverulentalis (Hampson), a major defoliating pest of mulberry in tropical parts of the country. NSKE (4 %) was significantly superior to five other neem formulations against larvae of D. pulverulentalis under laboratory conditions. LT50 values for D. pulverulentalis larvae treated with different concentrations of NSKE (i.e., 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 %) were significantly different, ranging between 1.06 to 5.27 days. NSKE at 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 percent had maximum adverse effect on D. pulverulentalis development and survival, with minimum LC50 value (946.38 ppm). Laboratory bioassay proved that feeding silkworm with NSKE (4 %) treated leaves on 22nd days after spray was safest by recording lowest silkworm mortality (2.11 %), without affecting economic parameters of silkworm. The egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis recorded higher parasitization on one-day-old eggs of D. pulverulentalis (90.84±1.18 %), compared to two (90.00±0.00 %) and three-day-old eggs (72.50±5.90 %), while, pupal parasitoids, Tetrastichus howardii and Nesolynx thymus showed 86.67 and 13.33 percent parasitization, respectively on pre-pupae of D. pulverulentalis. Similar trend was also observed even on pupae. However, T. chilonis was more efficient than the pupal parasitoids. The LC50 of DpNPV for D. pulverulentalis was 0.591 ppm, while the LT50 was 3.04 days when caterpillars were fed with mulberry leaf treated with highest DpNPV load of 27.65×105 PIBs/ml, besides registering maximum mortality during fifth instar, prolonged early larval and moulting periods and hindering completion of fourth moult. The IPM module (4 % NSKE spray at 15 to 20 days after pruning (DAP) + DpNPV @ 27.65×105 PIBs/ml at 25 to 30 DAP + release of T. chilonis @ 1 lakh/acre at 45 to 50 DAP) recorded significantly lower pest infestation of 11.55 per cent compared to chemical control (19.04 %), at 65 DAT, besides registering higher cost-benefit ratio (1:7.14) than chemical control (1:4.70). Feeding the mulberry leaves from IPM treated plots had no negative impact on growth and productivity of silkworm (PM×CSR2) thus proving silkworm-friendly and cost- effective nature of IPM.ThesisItem Open Access INDUCTION OF MALE STERILITY IN SILKWORM UZI FLY, Exorista bombycis (Louis) - A PARASITOID OF SILKWORM, Bombyx mori L.(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore, 2014-08-08) VASUDHA PRABHAKAR, K.; NARAYANASWAMY, T. K.The investigations on the “Induction of male sterility in silkworm uzi fly, Exorista bombycis (Louis) - A parasitoid of silkworm, Bombyx mori L.” was carried out during 2011-2014 at the Department of Sericulture, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK in collaboration with National Center for Biological Sciences, Bangalore for gamma irradiation. The highest uzi fly emergence (89.79%), mating duration (1.56hr) and mating percentage (88.56 %) was recorded in male flies emerged from 8 day old irradiated pupae at 2kr compared to other treated batches. Whereas, the normal female flies mated with sterile males emerged from 8 day old irradiated pupae at 2kr recorded maximum preovipositional period (32hr) and fecundity (510). The maximum time taken for sclerotization (70, 65 and 63.54 min.) by male flies that emerged from 3 day old irradiated pupae at 1, 1.5 and 2kr respectively as compared to control. The minimum ovipositional period (3days), number of fertile eggs (110) and hatching percentage (24.81%) was recorded in normal females mated with sterile males emerged from 8 day old irradiated pupae at 2kr. Studies on field release of sterile male flies near rearing houses resulted in decreased hatching percentage (17.38%) compared to un released village. Mass production of uzi maggots in-vitro revealed that 2 mated females provided with 300 worms for oviposition resulted in maximum fecundity (657), maggots formed (562), pupae formed (544), flies emerged (534), male pupal weight (1.26 g), female pupal weight (0.96/g), male pupal length (0.91cm) and female pupal length (0.97cm) compared to 50 , 100 and 200 silkworms provided batches.