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Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar
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ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of etomidate, propofol and their combination as induction agents in buffaloes undergoing diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-04) Anil Kumar; Sandeep KumarThe study was conducted on eighteen buffaloes suffering from diaphragmatic hernia reported to the department of veterinary surgery and radiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar. Animals were randomly divided into three groups having six animals each. After pre-anaesthetic medication with atropine, xylazine and butorphanol each animal was restrained in lateral recumbency. Propofol, etomidate, etomidate-propofol combination were used as induction agents in group AXBPI, group AXBEI and group AXBEPI respectively and isoflurane was used for maintenance of anaesthesia. Scores for premedication, induction, maintenance, sedation and analgesia were found almost similar in all groups, while in terms of recovery and muscle relaxation group AXBPI was found better than group AXBEI and group AXBEPI. There was no significant change observed in any physiological parameter in any group except for respiratory rate in which depression in respiratory rate seen just after giving induction agent which was comparatively more in group AXBPI. For haemoglobin and total leucocyte count, there was no significant difference found in between as well as within the groups. For packed cell volume, significant difference was found in between the groups in all the groups. For total erythrocyte count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils significant difference was found within the group only. There was no significant difference found in between as well as within the groups for ALT, AST, BUN, creatinine, sodium and potassium. Significant difference was present within the groups for serum chloride and albumin. For total serum protiens, globulin and albumin:globulin ratio significant difference was present in between the groups at different time intervals. The significant difference was noticed in between as well as within the groups at different time intervals for serum cortisol and calcium. All the drugs combinations were found safe and effective for buffaloes undergoing diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy but quality of anaesthesia in terms of muscle relaxation and recovery was found better in propofol than etomidate and etomiate-propofol admixture when used as induction agent.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of cinnamon powder supplementation on growth performance and antioxidant enzyme activities in broiler chicken(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-05) Ramkrishna; Maan, Narender singhThe research was conducted to study the effect of cinnamon powder supplementation on growth performance and antioxidant enzyme activities in broiler chicken. A total number of one hundred and sixty, day old broiler chickens were randomly divided into four treatment groups. Each treatment was further subdivided into four replicates with ten birds in each replicate. Treatments included T1: basal diet without antibiotic, T2: basal diet with antibiotic, T3: basal diet with 0.5% cinnamon powder and T4: basal diet with 1% cinnamon powder. The experimental diets were fed for 6 weeks of duration and feed intake, body weight was recorded phase-wise. At the end of experiment, a five days duration metabolic trial was conducted to determine the nutrient metabolizability and one bird from each replicate was slaughtered, dressed and then used for carcass parameters, microbial count and gut morphometry birds. The results showed that average feed intake was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T4 (group supplemented with 1% cinnamon powder) followed by T3 (group supplemented with 0.5% cinnamon), T2 (group having basal diet with antibiotic) and lowest in T1 group. Similar trend was observed in average body weight, average body weight gain, dry matter metabolizability, nitrogen retention and gross energy metabolizability. Significantly (p<0.05) better FCR was observed in cinnamon powder supplemented groups in comparison to un-supplemented groups. Marked increased in carcass traits were observed in case of cinnamon inclusion in diet at 1% level. Blood parameters (Hb and TEC ) were significantly improved while heterophils were significantly decreased in 1% cinnamon supplemented groups in comparison to T1 group whereas no difference were observed in TLC count. Significant (p<0.05) reduction in triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL were observed in groups supplemented with cinnamon powder in comparison to control group. Significantly (p<0.05) higher lactobacilli count and lower E.coli count were noticed at 1% cinnamon inclusion in the diet. In gut morphometry, significantly (p<0.05) higher villi height was found in cinnamon supplemented group at 1% level. Activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and catalase) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in treatment group supplemented with 1% cinnamon powder. Highest profit (Rs. 59.33) was observed group supplemented with 0.5% cinnamon powder (T3) and lowest (Rs. 55.24) was in group fed basal diet without antibiotic (T1). Thus, it was concluded that addition of cinnamon powder at 1% level in the diet of broilers had significant effect on growth performance, nutrient utilization, carcass traits, blood parameters, serum parameters, gut morphology and antioxidant enzymes activity of birds.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of supplementing Moringa oleifera and Organic acid on the performance of broilers(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-05) Neha; Sharma, VishalAn experiment was conducted to study the effect of Moringa oleifera and Organic acid supplementation on the performance of broilers. Two hundred and twenty five day old unsexed commercial broiler chicks were subjected to five dietary treatments consisting of 15 broiler chicks in each replicate reared for a period of 6 weeks to find the effect of following treatments namely T0 group (negative control i.e. basal ration without antibiotic), T1 group (control i.e. basal ration with antibiotics), T2 group (basal Ration + 1% M. oleifera), T3 group ( basal Ration + 0.5 % Organic acid) and T4 group (basal Ration + 1% M. oleifera + 0.5% Organic acid).Temperature and humidity of the shed were recorded daily to calculate Temperature Humidity Index (THI). The body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, production indices, carcass characteristics, haemato-biochemical parameters and cost of production were studied. Standard feeding and all other managemental practices were followed during the experimental period of 42 days. Supplementation of 1% Moringa oleifera and 0.5% Organic acid (T4) gave best result and statistically (P<0.05) improved body weight, weight gain, feed efficiency, eviscerated weight percentage, drawn percentage and biochemical profile (cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL). There was no detrimental effect of 1% Moringa oleifera and 0.5% Organic acid on health and performance of broiler chicken. The cost of production calculated at the end of experiment revealed that net profit on drawn weight (Rs/kg) of broilers at six weeks of age was increased as much as Rs 3.45 (T2), Rs1.65 (T3), and Rs 5.44 (T4) in comparison with control group. It can be concluded that addition of 1% Moringa oleifera and 0.5% organic acid alone or in combination can be effectively supplemented as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter in broiler chicken ration without any adverse effect on survivability of birds.ThesisItem Open Access Characterisation of Salmonella spp. from poultry farms and development of an aptamer-based detection method(LUVAS Hisar, 2024-06-24) Grakh, Kushal; Jadhav, Vijay JEgg and egg products, contaminated with Salmonella are frequently linked to outbreaks of human salmonellosis worldwide. Due to the scarcity of studies on non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) in poultry layers, the present study was carried out to assess the prevalence of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis and other NTS serovars in poultry layer eggs and feces by isolation from collected samples and meta-analysis of already published studies, to identify various risk factors associated with occurrence of Salmonella on poultry farms, to characterise isolated Salmonella isolates for various survival traits and to develop a peptide-aptamer based detection method for Salmonella. A metaanalysis based on a total of 13 studies revealed the combined prevalence of 4.31% for NTS in layer eggs and feces with S. Typhimurium (31.6%) as the most dominant serovar followed by S. Enteritidis. The antimicrobial resistance was found to be maximum for polymyxin-B, erythromycin, tetracycline and vancomycin. Out of 20 farms located in different districts of Haryana, four farms (20%) were positive for Salmonella with an overall positivity rate of 5% and individual isolation rate of 7.5% each from egg shell surface and feces. Open/unorganised dumping of dead birds was significantly associated (p<0.05) with occurrence of Salmonella. In the present study, six Salmonella isolates were confirmed by both PCR and Vitek 2 Compact system, of which four were characterised as S. Typhimurium by amplification of Spy gene using PCR. A fluorescent substrate MUCAP reagent successfully detected Salmonella on agar plate, buffer suspension and on filter paper-based assay, with a detection limit of 100 CFU. All Salmonella isolates in current study were found to harbour pagC, gatD, stn, rpoS and sifA, whereas orgA was present among 4/6 isolates and spvC was present in only one S. Typhimurium isolate. Two Salmonella spp., three Proteus mirabilis and one Shigella spp. showed ability to form a strong biofilm, whereas, two S. Typhimurium isolates and S. Enteritidis ATCC 13076 produced moderate biofilm. Maximum antibiotic resistance (83.3 %) was observed for polymyxin B, followed by 50% each for tetracycline and doxycycline, 33.3% for azithromycin. Of the six Salmonella isolates, three were considered as MDR (MAR index > 0.2). In case of survival assays, all the S. Typhimurium isolates showed reduced survival rates to acid and oxidation stress but S. Enteritidis ATCC 13076 and other isolates of Salmonella (SF3, SE3) were found significantly resistant to acid and oxidation stress. SE2 strain of S. Typhimurium and SF3 failed to survive temperature stress. In egg albumen, all the isolates except one (SF2; S. Typhimurium) not only survived but also showed the growth. After identifying and synthesis of high affinity peptides, iron oxide nanoparticle-based activation strategy was used for selective enrichment of S. Typhimurium/S. Enteritidis. The peptide sequences ST1 and ST3 were found to be highly sensitive for S. Typhimurium with recovery of 26.2±2.71% and of 10.2±1.15% respectively. Both selected sequences were also highly specific for S. Typhimurium and no cross reactivity was observed with various other bacterial isolates. The limit of detection was 20 CFU for FeST1 and 100 CFU for FeST3. Gold nanoparticles activated with ST3 peptide were able to detect the S. Typhimurium with high specificity with detection limit of 50 CFU.ThesisItem Restricted Detection and molecular characterization of foot and mouth disease virus from persistently infected bovine(2023-07) Ankit Pannu; Dahiya, SwatiFoot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an OIE-listed highly contagious and economically devastating disease of cloven-hoofed animals. Routinely, FMD virus (FMDV) 3AB3 non-structural protein (NSP) based indirect ELISA test is used for population serosurveys as an indicator of exposure to virus to differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) in India. For this, serum samples (n=377) collected from 6-18 month old cattle and buffaloes from nine villages of district Hisar, Haryana during 2022 as per the sample plan developed by ICAR-NIVEDI were subjected to DIVA ELISA. NSP reactivity was found to be 5.3% (20/377) in both, cattle (11.3%; 12/106) and buffaloes (3.0%; 8/271). Two buffaloes from 20 NSP reactors when sampled at a gap of nine months were found to be negative for FMDV 3AB3 NSP Abs as well as for FMDV by real time RT-PCR and RT- Multiplex PCR (RT-mPCR). No FMD outbreak was reported from Haryana during 2022. Further sampling was carried out from an organized cattle farm in which bi-annual FMD+HS combined vaccination has been carried out regularly. There was no history of FMD outbreak on this farm for more than a decade. DIVA reactivity of 43.75% (7/16) was observed in cattle (6-18 months age) of this farm which could be linked to either false positive reactions or scars of past exposure and virus elimination at the time of OPF sampling. The blood parameters between NSP positive and NSP negative animals were statistically insignificant. The only animal exhibiting antibody titresThesisItem Open Access Pathobiological studies on cadmium induced subacute toxicity and evaluation of its amelioration by brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) with special reference to neurotoxicity in wistar rats(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-06) Chaudhary, Vishal; Sharma, ManeeshAn experimental study was conducted in male Wistar rats to assess the effects of cadmium (Cd) induced subacute toxicity and the ameliorative effect of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) ethanolic extract supplementation. A total of 48 male Wistar rats of approximately 6-8 weeks old were randomly divided into 8 groups i.e., G-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, G-5, G6, G-7 and G-8 with 6 rats in each group. G-1 was kept as control, administered with distilled water, G-2 was orally administered with high (1/5th LD50) dose of CdCl2 , G-3 was orally administered with medium (1/10th LD50) dose of CdCl2 , G-4 was orally administered with lower (1/20th LD50 ) dose of CdCl2 , G-5 was orally administered with high (1/5th LD50) dose of CdCl2 along with Brahmi extract supplementation @ 50 mg/kg body wt., orally, G-6 was orally administered with medium (1/10th LD50) dose of CdCl2 , along with Brahmi extract supplementation @ 50 mg/kg body wt., orally, G-7 was orally administered with lower (1/20th LD50) dose of CdCl2 along with Brahmi extract supplementation @ 50 mg/kg body wt., orally, G-8 was kept as Brahmi control and supplemented with Brahmi extract @ 50 mg/kg body wt., orally. The rats of groups G-2, G-3 and G-4 intoxicated with Cd exhibited varying degree of clinical signs such as dullness, reduced feed intake, alopecia, hunch back posture and chromodacryorrhoea on 22nd day onwards upto end of experiment. One mortality was observed only in group intoxicated with high dose of Cd (G-2) on 26th day of Cd intoxication. Significant decrease in wire hanging test, photoactometer activity and forced swim test were observed in Cd intoxicated rats (G-2, G-3 and G-4) in dose dependent manner as compared to control groups (G-1 and G-8). Mean body weight and organs weight was significantly decreased in Cd intoxicated groups (G-2, G-3 and G4) as compared to their respective control groups (G-1 and G-8). Haematological studies showed significant decrease in mean Hb, PCV, TEC, MCV, MCHC and platelets count while non-significant decrease in MCH in groups (G-2, G-3 and G-4) at the end of experimental study. Mean TLC count was significantly decreased and differential leucocyte counts revealed neutrophilia and lymphocytopenia in groups (G-2, G-3 and G-4) as compared to their respective control groups. Biochemical studies showed significant decrease in mean total serum protein, albumin and globulin concentration and significant increase in serum AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, glucose, serum amylase, BUN and creatinine concentration in groups (G-2, G-3 and G-4) at the end of experimental study. LPO activity in different organs (liver, kidney, brain and testes) was significantly increased, while SOD and catalase activity were significantly decreased in groups (G-2, G-3 and G-4) as compared to their respective control groups. Mean NO activity was significantly increased and AchE activity was decreased in brain tissues of rats intoxicated with Cd (G-2, G-3 and G-4) in dose dependent manner as compared to their respective control groups. On gross examination, rats of groups G-2, G-3 and G-4 showed varying degrees of atrophy, congestion and haemorrhages in liver, kidneys, brain, testes and spleen. Histopathological lesions in groups G-2, G-3 and G-3 revealed varying degrees of congestion, degenerative changes in hepatocytes, bile duct proliferation, MNC‟s infiltration and degenerative changes in tubular epithelium, nephritis in kidneys, congestion in meningeal blood vessels of brain, degeneration of neurons in cerebral cortex region, CA3 region of hippocampus and Purkinje cells in cerebellum, Alzheimer‟s tyle-II astrocytes were present in brain, necrotic changes in seminiferous tubules of testes, sloughing of ciliated epithelium and necrotic sperm debris in epididymis and depletion of lymphocytes in spleen. Cd concentration in different organs (liver, kidney, brain and testes) was significantly increased in Cd intoxicated groups (G-2, G-3 and G-4) as compared to their respective control groups. However, Cd concentration was non-significantly decreased in Brahmi supplemented groups intoxicated with high dose of Cd cadmium (G-5) as compared to the groups G-2. Cd intoxicated groups (G-6 and G-7) supplemented with Brahmi showed comparatively less toxicity effects in all the parameters studied, as compared to G-3 and G-4, respectively. Results of the present study indicates that Brahmi supplementation along with Cd intoxication showed ameliorative effect in medium and low doses of CdThesisItem Open Access Histological and histochemical studies on the small intestine of domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus)(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-06-06) Deswal, Navreet; Gahlot, Parveen KumarTen pigs of 8 to 10 months of age were used to study the histology and histochemistry of the small intestine. The villi were of different shapes and sizes were present throughout the length of small intestine. They were short and leaf shaped in initial portion of the intestine but gradually increased in height and was finger shaped towards the jejunum and again gradually decreased in height towards the ileo-caecal junction. The epithelium was simple columnar with goblet cells. The number of goblet cells increased towards ileum. Histochemical studies of the goblet cells in the epithelium showed presence of glycogen and both acidic and neutral mucopolysaccharides but there was predominance of acidic mucopolysaccharides. Hyaluronic acid and sialmucins were also demonstrated in goblet cells by Alcian blue stain (pH 2.5). The enterochromaffin cells were present in all segments of intestine and there number was more in cranial duodenum.. The intestinal glands were simple tubular gland lined with columnar epithelium and were consisted of columnar, goblet, enterochromaffin cells. The intestinal glands showed presence of glycogen and both acidic and neutral mucopolysaccharides but there was predominance of acidic one especially in goblet cells. The activity towards the Alcian Blue was also strong in intestinal glands of the small intestine. The Brunner’s glands were tubulo-alveolar and mucus in nature. They were present in submucosa of duodenum and there number was decreased from cranial to caudal portion of duodenum. Histochemical studies of Brunner’s glands showed moderate to strong reaction with the PAS but the reaction was strong towards the luminal surface for neutral mucosubstance. Brunner’s glands also showed weak activity towards alcian blue stain. The lymphoid nodules were present on the anti-mesenteric part of the intestine. These lymphatic nodules were locate from caudal jejunum to all segments of ileum. The lymphatic nodules or Peyer’s patches were of various shapes and sizes. Their shape varied from round to oval but their size mostly small to medium. The Peyer’s patches along with follicle associated epithelium (FAE) were observed in caudal jejunum and entire ileum. The lymphatic nodules were having lightly germial center packed with lymphocytes, lymphoblasts, macrophages and plasma cells. The darkly stained peripheral zone called corona was having densely packed lymphocytes.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of supplementation of zinc and nano zinc on Post thaw variables and oxidative status of bovine semen(2023-06) Sudarshan Kumar; Sindhu, SoniaThe present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of supplementation of zinc and nano zinc on post thaw variables and oxidative status of bovine semen The concentration of ZnCl2 and nano ZnO was optimized for use in semen extender. 22 semen ejaculates from three indigenous cattle bulls were supplemented with the optimized concentration of ZnCl2 (40mg/ml) and ZnONP (10 and 20 µg/ml) and were cryopreserved as per the standard freezing protocol. Semen was evaluated for morphological, motility and antioxidant parameters. Microbial load was also evaluated. It was observed that the nanoparticles supplementation significantly increased pre and post freezing motility parameters of semen in groups 1 and 2 in comparison to control group and group 3. Post thaw seminal parameters viz., intact acrosome, plasma membrane integrity and percent live sperms were found to be significantly better in semen samples supplemented with nanoparticles with 20 µg/ml as compared group 1, 3 and control. Lipid peroxidation levels reduced, significantly in all supplemented groups as compared to control and ROS levels significantly reduced in samples supplemented with 20 µg/ml NPs. Level of glutathione peroxidase and reductase was significantly reduced in group 2 supplemented with 20 µg/ml NPs as compared to control. Microbial load of frozen thawed semen sample was evaluated to check the growth of common contaminants of semen samples by spread plate method. The NP supplemented semen samples had very less bacterial colonies as compared to control and group 3. Thus it can be concluded that nano ZnO as a supplement in the bull semen extender can be used to enhance the quality of semen as well as to replace the use of antibiotics in semen extender.ThesisItem Open Access Serosurveillance, seromonitoring and kinetics of humoral immune response against foot-and-mouth disease virus in goats(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-07) Kaur, Aman deep; Lathar, AnshulSmall ruminants comprise the majority of the world's foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) susceptible population. But FMD surveillance and control strategies in the country largely ignore small ruminants, known to be critical in the epidemiology of the disease. Continued seromonitoring and serosurveillance of FMD in small ruminants is essential to extend support to FMD control decisions particularly regarding vaccination. In order to determine the vaccinal immune response of goats belonging to the different districts of Haryana, 416 pre-vaccination and 400 post-vaccination serum samples of goats were analyzed by SPCE. The percentage of serum samples having protective antibody titres (≥1.65 log10) during pre-vaccination was 43.2, 23.0 & 27.1 which increased to 57.2, 31.2 & 30.7 one month after FMD vaccination against FMDV serotypes O, A and Asia -1, respectively. The antibody titres were found highest against type O serotype. The E. coli expressed recombinant 3AB3 NSP based indirect ELISA were used on serum samples of goats collected from different districts of Haryana to detect the percent of infected/carrier animals in the state. Out of 903 serum samples, one hundred forty-eight (16.3%) goats were found to be positive for NSP (DIVA) reactivity providing a serological evidence of viral activity. One aspect of the work was to study the kinetics of humoral immune response in the FMDV vaccinated goats at an organized farm. In this study, forty goats (twenty kids and twenty adult) of beetle breed were vaccinated with oil adjuvanted trivalent (having FMDV serotypes O, A and Asia-1) inactivated FMD vaccine. Six goats were kept as control animals in which vaccine was not administered. Blood samples were collected regularly upto seven months. No adverse reaction was observed in the vaccinated goats. The FMDV vaccinated goats developed a strong humoral immune response against all the three FMDV serotypes with peak antibody titers observed at four weeks post-vaccination. The protective antibody levels (≥1.65 log10) persisted in both the vaccinated groups (kids as well as adults) for seven months. The mean antibody titres in adult goats were found superior and statistically significant in comparison to the kids during the study. Based on these findings, it is recommended that FMD vaccinations on a regular basis should be performed in small ruminants in order to effectively implement the FMD control plan in the state/country and achieve FMD-free status in future.
