Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar
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ThesisItem Restricted Haemato-biochemical and endocrinal changes in buffaloes suffering from foreign body syndrome(LUVAS, 2004) Raghubir Singh; Garg, S.L.The study was conducted with the objective of investigating the variations in peripheral concentrations of haemato-biochemical and endocrinological parameters in buffaloes suffering from foreign body syndrome (FBS). Thirty female adult buffaloes admitted to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Service Complex (TVCSC) of the college and diagnosed, clinically and reticulographically, to be suffering from FBS (diseased group), were included in the investigation. Depending upon the severity of the disease (i.e., clinical condition) and radiographic evidences, these animals were further sub-divided into two groups Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP, n=20) and Diaphragmatic hernia (DH, n=10). The data obtained on six healthy female buffaloes (control group) of same age group was included in the study for making the comparison with that of diseased group. Blood was collected from these animals pre-operatively in tubes containing EDTA (2 mg/10 ml blood) as anticoagulant by jugular venipuncture. A portion of whole blood was utilized for estimation of blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen and haematological parameters (i.e., haemogram and leucogram). Remaining portion of blood was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 20 minutes to separate plasma. The plasma was transferred into screw-capped glass vials and a drop of merthiolate (1:10,000) was added. The blood plasma samples were preserved at –20 °C till analysed for following biochemical constituents and hormones: (i) Cortisol (ii) Tri-iodothyronine (T3) (iii) Thyroxine (T4) (iv) Total protein (v) Cholesterol The results revealed that the peripheral concentration of cortisol was significantly higher in animals suffering from FBS as compared to normal healthy buffaloes. The increase in plasma cortisol was more marked in buffaloes suffering from DH (932%) as compared to TRP (186%). The blood concentration of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) decreased significantly in FBS affected buffaloes as compared to animals of control group. The drop in peripheral concentration of T3 and T4 was more drastic in buffaloes suffering from DH (87% and 66%) as compared to TRP (57% and 48%) affected buffaloes. The blood glucose concentration did not differ significantly in diseased animals from control group buffaloes, whereas peripheral concentration of cholesterol was significantly lower in FBS affected buffaloes, however, no significant difference was observed between DH and TRP affected buffaloes. Significantly lower total plasma protein concentration was observed in FBS affected buffaloes. The blood urea concentration was significantly higher in foreign body syndrome affected animals. The increase in concentration of urea was more marked in DH (43%) affected buffaloes as compared to buffaloes suffering from TRP (25%). The haematological investigation revealed a significantly lower haemoglobin level in diseased buffaloes. The decrease in Hb level was more significant in DH cases (17%) as compared to TRP (8%) affected animals. PCV values showed a significant drop in FBS affected animals which were more drastic in DH (14%) than TRP (8%), whereas TEC, MCH, MCHC and MCV values did not differ significantly in diseased buffaloes as compared to normal healthy animals. The leucogram revealed that buffaloes suffering from FBS had leucocytosis along with neutrophilia and lymphopenia. The alterations in leucogram were more marked in DH affected sub-group as compared to TRP sub-group.ThesisItem Restricted Evaluation of crop residue based complete feed blocks in ruminants(LUVAS, 2004) Sunda, Surender Kumar; Lohan, O.P.The present study was undertaken with the objectives to study the effect of replacing wheat straw with different crop residues and leguminous hay in complete feed blocks on milk yield, growth rate and rumen metabolites. The in vivo study was completed in three experiments. Experiment-I Sixteen crossbred lactating cows randomly divided into 4 groups of 4 animals in each and fed on dry roughage based complete feed blocks. The wheat straw plus mixed berseem and cowpea hay (1:1) + concentrates complete feed blocks offered in T1. Wheat straw was further replaced with paddy straw in T2, sugarcane bagasse in T3 and mustard straw in T4 at 50 percent level and offered for 90 days. The roughage to concentrate ratio was maintained at 60:40. The roughage portion of feed was treated with 15 per cent molasses before mixing with concentrates mixture to increase the adhesive characteristics of roughages. There was no significant effect on milk yield, SNF and total solids content of milk due to different dietary treatments. However, milk protein content was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T1 as compared to other diets. Fat content diet was significantly (P<0.05) higher on T1 and T4 diets as compared to T2 and T3 diets. It was observed that DMI/Animal/d and DMI/100 kg BW/d was significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment T1, T2 as compared to T3 and T4 treatments, while there was no significant difference between treatments T1 and T2 vis-a-vis T3 and T4. The digestibility of DM was significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatments T1, T2 and T3 as compared to T4 treatment, while there was non-significant difference in T1, T2 and T3. Similar trend was observed in respect of CP, CF, EE and NFE digestibilities. The NDF digestibilities were not differed significantly. However, ADF digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T1 and T2 as compared to T3 and T4 treatments, with non-significant difference between T3 and T4 treatments. Experiment-II In this experiment, 18 buffalo heifers were divided into three groups having six in each. The wheat straw in T1 was replaced with mustard straw at 20 (T2) and 30 percent level (T3), respectively. In each treatment roughage to concentrate ratio was kept 60:40. Molasses was added at 15 percent level. Water was added to keep the moisture level between 15-17 percent and the mixture was densified. The daily DM intake was 5.84, 5.71 and 5.22 kg in treatment T1, T2 and T3, and there was non-significant difference among them. The DM intake/100 kg BW was 1.92 kg in T1, 1.91 kg in T2 and 1.69 kg in T3; the differences were statistically non-significant. DM digestibility co-efficient was similar among treatments. Similar trend was observed for crude protein and fibre fractions digestibilities in these diets. The average daily weight gain (g) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T1 (509.80) as compared to T2 (423.53) and T3 (355.00), however, the differences were non-significant between T1 and T2 and between T2 and T3 treatments. Feed consumed per kg gain was 11.90 kg in T1, 14.31 kg in T2 and 14.44 kg in T3. Experiment-III The complete feed blocks developed for experiment-I were also evaluated in rumen fistulated adult cattle in a 4x4 switch over design. The daily dry matter intake per animal, and per 100 kg body weight was significantly higher in T1 and T2 treatment as compared to T3 and T4 treatments, however, between treatment T1 and T2 vis-a-vis T3 and T4 there was no significance difference. The DM digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatments T1, T2 and T3 as compared to T4 treatment. Protein digestibility was higher in T1 and T2 treatments as compared to treatments T3 and T4, whereas the differences between T1 and T2 vis-a-vis T3 and T4 were non-significant. Similar trend were observed in EE, NFE and fibre fraction digestibilities coefficients. There was no significant difference observed in rumen pH due to treatments, however, significantly (P<0.05) higher pH was observed at 0 h as compared to post feeding periods i.e. 3, 6 and 9 h. The mean total nitrogen was significantly (P<0.05) higher on T3 diet followed in descending order by T4, T1 and T2 diets. The time of sampling also affected significantly (P<0.056) total nitrogen. The NH3-N concentration was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T1, T3 and T4 than in T2 diets. The peak of NH3 production was attained at 3 h post feeding, irrespective of the diets. The protein nitrogen concentration was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 diet followed by T2, T4 and T1 diets. The T2 had significantly (P<0.05) lowest, the treatment T4 the highest production of TVFA, while T1 and T3 treatments had the intermediate value.ThesisItem Restricted Evaluation of meloxicam as stress modulator and investigations on prognostic indices in cases of assisted parturition in buffaloes(LUVAS, 2004) Umed Singh; Suresh ChenderInvestigation was carried out to find out the efficacy of meloxicam, a non-steroial anti-inflammatory drug, as stress modulater in bovine dystocia cases and to determine probable prognostic indices in cases of assisted parturitions. The study was conducted on 41 buffaloes affected with dystocia. The animals included in the investigation were randomly divided into two groups. To study the effect of preemptive administration of non sterioidal anti-inflammatory analgesics on stress perception by the animal experiencing difficult birth, meloxicam was administered @ 0.5mg/kg b.wt. in 22 buffaloes (Group II) 15 minutes prior to obstetrical management of the case. Alterations in haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, blood urea, creatinime plasma electrolytes, blood histamine and plasma cortisol levels were studied in blood samples collected from dystocia cases at 2 hour and 24 hours post treatment and compared with values in pretreatment (0 hour) samples Depending upon to the nature and cause of dystocia, the dystocia was relieved either by caesarean operation or by non surgical manipulations and comparative study was done between surgically and nonsurgically handled and between meloxicam administered and unadminstered group of buffaloes. Survival of the dam was correlated with the observations on different parameters studied. Preemptive administration of meloxicam had no influence on body temperature, respiration rate or heart rate of dystocia affected buffaloes but ruminal motility failed to improve post treatment in meloxicam treated cases. Significant difference was not observed in haemoglobin concentration levels between meloxicam administered and unadminstered buffaloes but creatinine concentration was significantly (P<0.05) higher in caesarean operated buffaloes administered meloxicam preoperatively than the buffaloes, operated without meloxicam administration. When meloxicam was not administered prior to obstetrical intervention a significant decrease was in chloride concentration was evident by 24 hours post treatment and blood urea concentration was significantly lower following intervention than the non surgical management of dystocia. Plasma cortisol and blood histamine levels were not effected by preemptive administration of meloxicam. Significant difference was not observed in body temperature, respiration rate, heart rate, haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, plasma creatinine and plasma sodium and potassium levels between surgically and non surgically treated buffaleos but chorlide concentration was significantly lower and blood histamine was found to be higher in caesarean operated buffaloes than the buffaloes with non surgically management of the case. Also the peripheral cortisol concentration were higher in laparohysterotomised buffaloes without administration of meloxicam than the non surigically treated buffaloes. Body temperature and respiration rate were significantly lower and rumen motility significantly improved in bufflaoes which survived following treatment. Significantly (P< 0.05) higher creatinine and blood histamine concentration were recorded in buffaloes which died but chloride levels were significantly lower following treatment in those animals which died than those which survived. The pretreatment cortisol levels, was negatively related with the survival of the dam following laparohysterotomy but blood urea and plasma sodium and potassium levels were not related with survival of dystocia affected animal. Survival rate was lower in caesarean operated buffaloes and in buffaloes with preemptive administration of meloxicam when compared with the cases handled by non-surgical methods or without meloxicam administration.ThesisItem Restricted Some epidemiological and therapeutic studies in sarcoptic mange of dogs in rural and urban areas(LUVAS, 2004) Suresh Kumar; Rakha, Naresh KumarSarcoptic mange is most common, highly contagious, intensely pruritic and notorious cutaneous infestation caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var canis. The present study was undertaken to establish the correlation of skin disorders with host factors (age, sex and breed) and environmental determinants (ambient temperature, relative humidity and rainfall.) Efforts were also made to evaluate the efficacy of various drugs like ivermectin (s.c. and orally) alone or with supportive therapy (Vit. C, Vit. E and Selenium), flumethrin (pour on preparation) and deltamethrin spray on clinical recovery and restoration of haematological indices in sarcoptic mange affected dogs. The epidemiological study revealed that in the last five years (July 1998 to June 2003), dogs suffered with various skin disorders. Tick infestation was most common and major dermatological problem in Hisar region. Sarcoptic mange was second most common dermatoses followed by lice infestation, demodectic mange, allergy, flea allergy dermatitis, eczema and pyoderma. Ambient temperature was found major environmental factor influencing occurrence of dermatoses. So dermatoses cases which were minimum in January increased linearly as the ambient temperature increased in subsequent months. In Hisar, as summer peaked from June to September, dermatoses cases were also maximum during these months. Sarcoptic mange, demodectic mange and tick infestation were positively corrected with ambient temperature and negatively correlated with relative humidity. Rainfall also have positive correlation with ticks infestation. In contrast, lice infestation was negatively correlated with ambient temperature and rainfall while positively correlated with relative humidity. Sarcoptic and demodetic mange mainly affected dogs in age group of 1-3 years i.e. dogs in the highest activity period (above 6 month to 3 years). Male dogs and Spitz breed suffered most from all skin disorders. The survey of dogs reporting to Veterinary Clinic revealed that most dogs were given imbalanced diet, were poorly managed and were provided too frequent baths. Extensive epidemiological studies conducted in three villages adjacent to Hisar indicated that the proportion of sarcoptic mange cases was similar in both urban and rural dogs. The clinico-therapeutic studies were conducted on 36 dogs suffering from sarcoptic mange. Symptoms of Itching, alopecia, irritability, were observed in all dogs and inappetance, erythema and keratinization was observed in many dogs. Usually skin lesions were large, multiple in number, round shaped and located on ear, tail, head and face. Dogs were observed clinically and parasitologically on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 post treatments. The recovery rate was fastest in dogs, that received ivermectin subcutaneously along with supportive therapy. Recovery was slower in dogs, that received ivermectin orally or ivermectin alone (without supportive therapy). Flumethriin did not have adequate effect in reducing severity of clinical symptoms. The routine treatments with deltamethrin reduced the severity of clinical symptoms in severe cases and complete recovery was seen in mild cases only. Clinically all dogs affected with sarcoptic mange were anemic with leukocytosis and eosinophilia. The supportive therapy of Vitamin C, Vitamin E and Selenium gave best result, in restoration of normal haematological indices.ThesisItem Restricted Efficacy of midazolam as sedative in goats (Capra hircus)(LUVAS, 2004) Jhangra, Sandeep; Chawla, Sudhir KumarThe present study was conducted in ten apparently healthy goats dividing them into two groups of five animals each. In group I, sedative studies were conducted and in group II, haemodynamic, acid-base status, blood-gas and blood biochemical studies were done. The animals went into lateral recumbency by three minutes of midazolam administration. Light to moderate watery salivation was observed. The palpebral, corneal and swallowing reflexes were diminished after midazolam administration. Relaxation of the jaw, flaccidity of the tongue and relaxation of neck was observed. Limbs, tail and anal sphincters were mildly relaxed. Abdominal muscles relaxation was noticed for about 15 minutes. The head rightening reflex was seen at 18.2 ± 3.28 min after drug administration. The animals stood on their own by 43.4 ± 4.47 min with slight ataxia. Complete recovery occurred after 69.2 ± 5.06 minute. No statistically significant changes in heart rate, blood pressure, central venous pressure and respiratory rate were observed. Primary T-wave changes were observed at varying time intervals after midazolam administration. The depression of ST-segment was recorded in three animals up to five minutes. No significant variations in pHa, PaCO2, HCO-3 concentration were seen. Appreciable reductions in PaO2 and PvO2 values were observed after midazolam administration which did not return to normal up to end of the observation. The oxygen extraction ratio increased significantly from five minutes after administration of midazolam and gradually increased to 52.95 ± 1.50 per cent at 30 minutes. There was no evidence of tissue hypoxia. No significant changes in haematological and blood biochemical parameters were recorded. Mean values of cardiovascular and respiratory parameters did not show significant changes. However, individual animals did show appreciable effects such as decreased heart rate and blood pressure, hypoxaemia and desaturation of haemoglobin. Therefore, more studies are still required before any recommendation.ThesisItem Restricted Studies on the effects of ochratoxin - A ,ascorbic acid and zinc sulphate on the pathology and pathogenesis of hydropericardium syndrome in broiler chicken(LUVAS, 2004) D. Madhuri; Verma, P.C.A study has been conducted to find out the effects of ochratoxin–a, ascorbic acid and zinc sulphate on the pathology and pathogenesis of hydropericardium syndrome in broiler chicken. A total of 320 , day old broiler chicks were divided into four groups of 80 chicks each. The chicks in group AC, ZC and OC were given ascorbic acid@330 ppm , zinc sulphate @700 ppm and ochratoxin A @1.5 ppm in the feed ,respectively from day 1 till the end of the experiment. Group XC served as control. At the age of 21, chicks in all the groups were further divided into 2 subgroups XC & XH, AC & AH, ZC & ZH and OC&OH respectively. The birds in groups XH, AH, ZH and OH were inoculated with 0.5 ml of diluted HPSL inoculum subcutaneously at day 21 of age . Except for decreased growth rate in OC group no other clinical signs were observed in control groups. Following infection with HPSL inoculum chicks in infected groups exhibited clinical signs which were more severe in group OH followed by XH, ZH and AH in descending order. A high mortality (60.60%) in group OH, moderate (30.30 %) in group XH and low mortality (12.12%&18.18%)was observed in groups AH and ZH. Significant decrease in body weights in group OC was observed as compared to other control groups. Within infected groups decrease in body weight was more in groups OH &XH as compared to groups AH & ZH. Serum enzymatic analysis showed significant decrease in TSP, albumin and globulins in OC group birds as compared to other control groups. A significant decrease in TSP, albumin and increase in AST, ALT &LDH activities was observed in all infected groups as compared to their respective control groups. Among infected groups incorporation of feed with ascorbic acid or zinc sulphate caused improvement in enzymatic activities whereas ochratoxin A caused increase in severity of disease. Immunological studies indicated decrease in humoral and cell mediated immune response in infected groups as compared to their respective control groups. Grossly, the lesions were similar in all infected groups though they persisted for long duration in OA treated birds .However ,less number of birds showed gross lesions in ascorbic acid and zinc sulphate supplemented groups and recovery from infection was also early in these groups. Significant increase in relative liver and spleen weight and decrease in bursa weight was observed in infected groups as compared to control groups. Histopatholgical alterations comprising basophilic I/N inclusion in the hepatocytes, depletion of lymphocytes in bursa, spleen, thymus ,degenerative changes in kidney tubules and necrosis of myocardium were more severe and persisted for longer duration in OH group birds whereas these were less severe in AH and ZH groups birds. In conclusion ochratoxin A enhanced the severity whereas ascorbic acid and zinc sulphate supplementation reduced the mortality, development of lesions in HPS infected birds.ThesisItem Restricted Molecular epidemiological studies on Newcastle disease in poultry(LUVAS, 2004) kamal jIt singh; Gupta, S.L.The present study was conducted to detect and characterize newcastle disease virus (ndv) from poultry by molecular techniques. Thirty samples (brain, trachea, lung and allantoic fluid) were collected from different districts of haryana. Six vaccine strains (f1, lasota, r2b and v1) were taken as positive control, whereas the trachea of unvaccinated healthy bird was taken as negative control. Total rna from field samples and vaccine strain was extracted by trizol reagent. Ndv could be detected in eight of the field samples as well as in six vaccine strains by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and nested pcr. With primer pair no. 1, a single band of 356 bp and with primer pair no. 2 a band of 216 bp were observed, when analysed on 1.5% aparose gel. Restriction enzyme analysis (re analysis) of five field isolates with bgl i, hha i and taq i revealed that four field isolates were of lentogenic nature while one isolates was of velogenic nature. Sequence analysis of 356 bp pcr product of five field isolate confirmed the observations of restriction enzyme analysis. Four nucleotide and two amino acid substitutions were unique in the velogenic isolates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed divergence of the velogenic isolate from other reported velogenic strains of india, both at nucleotide and amino acid level. All the four lentogenic field isolates were at different place from the f strain both at nucleotide and amino acid level, but in the same lineage with lasota vaccine strain. The present study indicated continuous changes in newcastle disease virus at genomic level in the state of haryanaThesisItem Restricted Effect of enzyme supplementation and processing of high fibre diet on the performance of broilers(LUVAS, 2004) Berwal, Raj Singh; Lohan, O.P.Two experiments of 42 days duration, each, were conducted on day old 320 and 520 commercial broiler chicks to evaluate the effect of crude fibre levels, enzyme supplementation, feed particle sizes and pelleting on their performance. In the first experiment, the 320 chicks were randomly divided into eight treatments. Each treatment had two replications with 20 birds in each replication. The diets were isoproteinic. Metabolizable energy (ME) in 5% CF (T1) diet was as per BIS (1992). In diets T2 (7% CF), T3 (9% CF) and T4 (11% CF) the ME was decreased due to increased CF levels. The diets T5, T6, T7, T8 were formulated by adding commercial multienzyme to T1, T2, T3 and T4 @ 100 g/quintal of feed. The average body weight gain in 42 days of growth trial was 1566.25, 1789.05, 1753.27, 1738.13, 1668.16, 1805.25, 1825.33 and 1754.55g in treatments T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8, respectively, being significantly (P<0.05) higher at higher crude fibre levels than control group (T1). Feed intake was also significantly (P<0.05) higher at higher crude fibre levels than T1. Enzyme supplementation resulted in non-significant improvement in body weight gain, feed intake and FCR than those of corresponding non supplemented groups. Dry matter and nitrogen metabolizability was significantly lowered in T4 than T1, T2, T3 diets and enzyme supplementation resulted in improved dry matter and nitrogen metabolizability. Calcium and phosphorus retention were not affected significantly (P<0.05) due to CF levels. However, phosphorus retention was significantly (P<0.05) higher in enzyme supplemented diets. Enzyme supplementation also resulted in significant (P<0.05) improvement in MEn and GE metabolizability. Increasing CF levels resulted in significant (P<0.05) and gradual increase in intestinal viscosity, which was significantly (P<0.05) decreased due to enzyme supplementation. The relative length and weight of intestine and the weight of pancreas were significantly (P<0.05) higher at higher CF level, which were significantly (P<0.05) decreased due to enzyme supplementation. Mortality (2.18%) was not related to dietary treatments. Increasing the CF level of diet was found to be economical and enzyme supplementation further improved the profit. The maximum profit was observed in T7 treatment. In the second experiment, 9% CF, was kept constant except in T1. In T2, T3, T4 and T5 diets feed ingredients were ground through 3, 5, 6 and 3+6mm (1:1) sieves, Geometric mean diameter (GMD) of particle in T2, T3, T4, T5 was 669, 905, 1142 and 913, respectively. T2, T3, T4 and T5 diets were supplemented with commercial multienzyme and designated as T6, T7, T8 and T9, respectively. T2, T3, T4 and T5 diets were also pelleted and designated as T10, T11, T12 and T13, respectively. Electricity consumption in grinding was estimated and was found to be decreased with increased sieve size of hammer mill. Highest PDI was observed in pellets of feed having 669 GMD. The body weight gain at 905 GMD was non-significantly higher than other particle sizes. Enzyme supplementation and pelleting also resulted in non-significant improvement in body weight gain than mash, un-supplemented groups and significantly (P<0.05) higher than control (T1). However in pelleting diets lower body weight gain was observed than enzyme supplemented diets. Feed intake was not affected by dietary treatments. FCR was non-significantly improved due to enzyme supplementation or pelleting of diets. Dry matter and nitrogen metabolizability was significantly (P<0.05) high at 905 GMD than 669 GMD and comparable to control (T1, 784 GMD). Enzyme supplemented or pelleted diets resulted in significantly (P<0.05) higher dry matter metabolizability, MEn and GE metabolizability than un-supplemented mash groups. Phosphorus retention was found significantly (P<0.05) higher in 905 GMD than 669 GMD and even control (T1). Particle size of 905 GMD was found to be most economical and enzyme supplementation further improved the profit. It can be concluded that feeding a diet having particle size 905 GMD, 9 percent crude fibre and supplementing with enzyme economizes the broiler production.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of feeding levels and management systems on performance of buffalo calves(LUVAS, 2004) Sahu, Shree Prasad; Yadav, R.S.The present investigation was conducted on 20 female buffalo calves from 8th April to 8th October, 2003 with a view of study the effect of two levels of feeding and management systems on their growth performance. The treatments were 100 per cent ICAR feeding (1985) and routine management (T1), 100 per cent ICAR feeding and improved management (T2), 120 per cent ICAR feeding and routine management (T3) and 120 per cent ICAR feeding and improved management (T4). The silent findings of the present study are: The daily dry matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrients intake were significantly (P<0.05) higher in enhanced level of feeding. The rearing systems had significantly (P<0.05) influenced dry matter and crude protein intake per 100 kg body weight of calves. Feed conversion efficiency was significantly (P<0.05) higher in 120 per cent ICAR feeding and improved management group because these calves required less nutrients as compared to other groups. Feeding with higher plane of nutrition reflected significant (P<0.05) increase in body weight gain (460g/day) as compared to normal level of feeding (340 g/day). The calves under improved management gained significantly (P<0.05) more (440g/day) than those reared under routine management (360d/day). The effect of treatments on body measurements (body length, height, heart girth and abdominal girth) of calves were not significant. Nutrients digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) higher in enhanced level of feeding and improved management except crude fibre. Respiration rate and pulse rate of the calves in the evening was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by levels of feeding and management systems. But rectal temperature was not significantly influenced by treatments. No significant difference was observed in feeding behaviour of calves under different treatments. The labour requirement for feeding and washing of calves was significantly (P<0.05) higher in improved management than routinely managed calves. The cost of raising a calf was lowest in 120 per cent ICAR feeding (Rs. 27.00) and improved management (Rs. 28.00) than normal ICAR feeding (Rs. 33.45) and routine managed (Rs. 31.80) calves. The age at first breeding was less in 120 per cent ICAR feeding (761 days) and improved management (795 days) than 100 per cent ICAR feeding (1029 days) and routinely managed (972 days) calves. Thus raising of calf with 120 per cent ICAR feeding and improved management is more economical as compared to other systems.ThesisItem Restricted Diagnosis of bovine herpesvirus-1 in semen by PCR and antibodies by ELISA(LUVAS, 2004) Virender Singh; MinakshiIBR is a highly infectious viral disease in dairy animals. Seroprevalance of IBR has been reported by many workers. Seronegative bulls should be used for A.I. programme. BHV-1 is also secreted in the semen of infected bulls. In the present study 99 semen samples were collected from cattle and buffalo bulls which were exclusively used for A.I. programme. A total of 92 serum sample from the same bulls were collected. Serum samples were screened for presence of IBR specific antibodies using a commercial Indirect ELISA kit. The seroprevalence was found to be 15.21%. The seropositivity in murrah bulls was found to be 2.59% and in cattle bulls was 80%. It was concluded that cross bred cattle bulls were more prone to IBR infection than indigenous breeds and murrah buffalo bulls were quite resistant to IBR infection. PCR was standardized for screening semen samples for presence of BHV-1.Out of 99 semen samples none was found positive. PCR sensitivity limit was found to be 1.25 TCID50, 12.5 TCID50 and 50 TCID50 by chelax –100 extraction method, standard phenol chloroform method and Triazol reagent method respectively. PCR sensitivity limit was found to be DNA equivalent 1.5 fg (1x10-15g). It was concluded that chelax-100 extraction method was less time consuming and more sensitive, can be applied for routine field diagnosis.ThesisItem Restricted Scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies of the oviduct of buffalo during follicular and luteal phases of estrous cycle(LUVAS, 2004) Sanjeev Kumar; Gurdial SinghThe present work was conducted on oviduct of five healthy buffaloes each during follicular and luteal phase under scanning and transmission electron microscope. The mucosa of different segments of oviduct was thrown into folds and was mainly lined with ciliated and non ciliated cells. From fimbria to uterotubal junction there was decrease in number and size of ciliated cells whereas the non ciliated cells increased. Secretory droplets during the follicular and luteal phases were observed. In the ampullary and isthmus region the non ciliated cells had microvillous processes which were either thick or plate like. The non ciliated cells in the uterotubal junction has shrunken appearance during follicular phase where as in luteal phase they appeared to be ruptured. In the transmission electron microscope it was observed that in between the cilia microvillous processes were also observed. The nonciliated cells in different segments could be classified as light and dark cells. Large number of protrusions having cytoplasmic organells and pleomorphic granules were also observed.ThesisItem Restricted Epidemiological studies on peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats(LUVAS, 2005) Satyavir Singh; Nain, S.P.S.During the period from Jan. 2003 to Dec. 2004, 42 outbreaks of PPR involving 111 flocks of sheep and goats were recorded in different districts of Haryana state with overall morbidity, cumulative mortality and case fatality rate (CFR) of 40.03, 23.26 and 58.11%, respectively. Per cent morbidity, cumulative mortality and CFR were significantly more in goats (49.41, 32.61 and 66.00%) than in sheep (38.87, 22.10 and 56.87%). The number of outbreaks were more in the month of March. Per cent CFR in both sheep and goats varied between 28.82 to 82.18% in different months during the period under study. Per cent morbidity and cumulative mortality were significantly more in the rainy season, whereas the case fatality rate was significantly more in the winter season. All the three measurements of disease viz. morbidity, cumulative mortality and CFR were significantly more in young animals than in adults in both sheep and goats. Rainfall had significant correlation with per cent morbidity. The clinical findings in the affected animals comprised of high fever, pneumonia, erosive ulceration in the buccal cavity, nasal and ocular discharges, diarrhoea, abortions and death. Post-mortem changes included dehydrated carcasses, gastroentritis and pneumonia. To know the sero-prevalence , 696 serum amples (499 from Haryana state and 197 from Delhi state) collected from healthy sheep and goats that were not vaccinated against PPR, were examined for PPR antibodies by competitive ELISA. Of these, 44.82% serum samples contained antibodies against PPR. Per cent positivity was more in the samples collected from districts of Western Haryana than those in Eastern Haryana. Per cent positivity for PPR antibodies was more in sheep than in goats. Age-wise analysis of these sample revealed that 51.47% samples from sheep and goats of age more than 2 years contained PPR antibodies followed by 49.37% from animals of age between 1-2 years, and 20.27% from animals of less than one year of age. PPR antigen was detected in 4 nasal swab samples out of 36 samples of nasal swabs, ocular discharges and other tissue specimens examined by sandwich-ELISA.ThesisItem Restricted Studies on immunosuppressive effect of commonly used Gumboro vaccines in broiler chickens(LUVAS, 2005) Yadav, Rupesh; Mahajan, N. K.The study was divided in to three experiments. In experiment-I 215 day- old broiler chicks were divided in to 5 groups A, B, C, D and E. Group A was kept as unvaccinated control. Groups B, C, D were divided into three subgroups each. Ist subgroups were given IBD vaccine; IInd subgroups were given IBD vaccines with NDV vaccine. Third subgroups were given IBD vaccine, NDV vaccine and supplemented with Levamisole @ 7.5 mg/ kg body weight & vitamin E @ 25mg / bird /day from day 13 to day 17 of age. Group E was subdivided into two subgroups EI&EII. EI served as NDV control and EII group was primed with live B 1 NDV strain and boosted with killed NDV on day 8 of age. In other subgroups live NDV vaccination was done with Lasota strain on day 5 of age followed by booster vaccination on day 21 of age. Three commercial IBD vaccines (vac1, vac2 & vac3) were given on day 14 of age in groups B, C&D, respectively. Various parameters like clinical signs, gross lesions, HI titers due to NDV, IBDV ELISA titers, body weight, bursa and spleen index, bursa spleen and thymus lesion scoring was done to assess the role of three IBD vaccines in causing immunosuppression. Clinical signs were not produced by any of vaccines. Some haemorrhagic spots were observed in thigh muscles in IBD vaccine3 inoculated groups on day 21 and 28. Body weights were significantly reduced in nonsupplemented subgroups inoculated with IBD vaccine1 & IBD vaccine3. Vaccine 2 did not cause significant decrease in HI titers whereas the HI titers against NDV were significantly lower in vac1&3 inoculated subgroups, which were not supplemented by immunomodulators, on the other hand highest ELISA titers against IBDV were produced by IBD vaccine3 followed by IBD vaccine1&2. All the three vaccinal strains caused significant decrease in bursal index to a varying degree. Supplementation of immunomodulators caused significant increase in bursal indices. There was no effect on spleen indices by different vaccines. Vaccines 1 and 3produced thymic lesions but these were absent in vac2-inoculated groups. Maximum bursal and spleen lesions were produced by vac3 followed by vac1 and 2. Thymic lesions were absent in vac2 inoculated groups but present in vac1 and 3 inoculated groups. Supplementation of immunomodulators decreased the severity of lesions in all the subgroups. Twenty chicks from 3 hatcheries were bled on day 1 of age to know the status of maternal antibodies against IBDV and NDV. Chicks from hatchery I had significantly lower HI titers against NDV but higher IBDV antibody titer as compared to hatchery II and II. Maternal antibody titers against NDV were 5.57±1.38, 13.14±1.94 and 12.00±2.6 in three hatcheries, respectively. Against IBDV maternal antibody titers were 5161.00±197.84, 3307.00±400.79 and 3645.21±242.21 in hatchery I, II and III, respectively. Five blood samples were collected from 15 farms each to know the IBD and NDV vaccinal response under field conditions. There was lot of variation in NDV and IBDV antibody titers. Some IBDV strains produced higher IBDV ELISA titers but at the same time caused decrease in HI titers against NDV. On the basis of these studies it can be concluded that the practice of vaccinating against IBD at day13-14 of age in the field still holds good and farmers should be advised to supplement the chicks with immunomodulators from 13 to 17 day of age to ameliorate immunosuppressive effect of intermediate and intermediate plus vaccines.ThesisItem Restricted Therapeutic efficacy of Mastacure and its effect on cellular immune response in buffalo mastitis(LUVAS, 2005) Khemani, Taruna; Yudhbir SinghThe study was conducted with respect to prevalence of sub clinical mastitis (SCM) by cultural examination and somatic cell count (SCC), assessment of therapeutic efficacy of Mastacure, a homeopathic medicine in buffalo mastitis, and to compare the cellular immune response of normal and mastitic animals along with the effect of Mastacure in modulation of immune response. Prevalence rate on the basis of cultural examination alone was 13.48 per cent of the buffaloes and 7.90 per cent of the quarters examined. Streptococcus agalactiae was the most predominant organism isolated. Five buffaloes having sub clinical mastitis were subjected to mastacure treatment for 20 days. Before treatment out of 20 quarters, 12 culturally positive quarters revealed isolation of Str. agalactiae (9) and S. aureus (3). On day 5 post treatment 83.33 per cent of the quarters revealed bacteriological cure which on day 10 and 20 post treatment decreased to 75.00 and 66.60 per cent, respectively. Again on day 30 post treatment bacteriological cure rate reached to 83.33 per cent. However, there was persistence of Str. agalactiae and S. aureus in one quarter each. The difference of mean SCC from five sub clinical mastitic buffaloes (175.20+38.30x104/ml) and five healthy buffaloes (20.4+3.76x104/ml) before the start of treatment with mastacure and on day 5 post treatment was found to be statistically significant, whereas on day 10, 20 and 30 post treatment this difference in mean SCC+SE per ml was not found statistically significant. On flow cytometry, milk from mastitic buffaloes revealed significant increase in BoCD4+ and BoWC1+ T cells as compared to normal buffaloes (P<0.05). An increase was also recorded in BoCD8+ cells of mastitic buffaloes as compared to normal buffaloes but this elevation was not significant (P>0.05). In mastitic milk BoCD8+ were present in higher proportions than BoCD4+ T lymphocytes. After administration of homeopathic medicine, down regulation of BoCD8+ T cells was observed in milk from mastitic buffaloes on day 5 and then there was gradual increase which was found significant (P<0.05) on day 20. Significantly (P<0.05) higher percentage of BoCD4+ lymphocytes on day 5, 10 and 20 were found in the milk of mastitic buffaloes. This up gradation was highly significant (P<0.01) on day 5 post treatment. BoWC1+ T lymphocytes in milk of mastitic buffaloes showed marked increase from day 5 to day 30. However, significant up gradation was encountered only on day 20 (P<0.01).ThesisItem Restricted Effect of dietary fluoride levels on rumen ecosystem and growth in buffaloes(LUVAS, 2005) Madan, Jyotsana; Puri, J.P.The investigation was carried out in two phases to study the effect of dietary fluoride levels on rumen ecosystem and growth in buffaloes. In phase I, experiment was conducted on three male, rumen fistulated buffaloes in 3x3 latin square design. The three groups (A, B and C); were fed similar diets consisting of concentrate mixture and roughages, except the fluoride (F), which was added in the diet of group B and C at 30 and 60 ppm level (DM basis). After one month, the rumen liquor samples were collected at 0 hour 2, 4 and 6 hours (post feeding) intervals for two consecutive days. Analysis of rumen liquor samples revealed that there was no treatment effect on ruminal pH, total-nitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen and total volatile fatty acids. A significant increase in acetate (%) and decrease in propionate (%) was observed in group C. Fluoride at 60 ppm level caused a significant decrease in viable bacterial number as well as cellulase activity, where as protease activity was not affected by fluoride supplementation. In phase-II, the effect of dietary fluoride on growth, feed efficiency and thyroid hormones was studied. Twelve, male buffalo calves (10-12 months) were divided into three groups (A, B, and C). The diet in the three groups was similar to phase I. Feeding was done for 3 months. Body weight of each animal was recorded at start of experiment and at fortnightly interval. Dry matter intake and water intake was recorded daily. Blood samples were collected at 0 day, 30, 60 and 90 days. Dry matter intake decreased significantly in group C. The body weight gain decreased non-significantly in group B and C. Fluoride at both levels did not affect the water intake and feed conversion efficiency. Analysis of blood revealed that hemoglobin values decreased significantly in group C at 90 days. Neutropenia and Eosinophillia was observed in group C. A non significant decrease in blood glucose and serum protein in group B and C was observed. Hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia was observed in group C. Fluoride @ 60 ppm level resulted in higher serum ALP activity, whereas non significant effect on SGOT and SGPT. Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) were not affected by supplementation of fluoride at both levels in the diet. Thus, it is clear that 30 ppm level is safe level where as 60 ppm F had some adverse effect on rumen ecosystem and growth performance.ThesisItem Restricted Peritoneal fluid studies in buffaloes suffering from traumatic reticuloperitonitis(LUVAS, 2005) Kapil Dev; Behl, S.M.This study was conducted on buffaloes confirmed to be suffering from traumatic reticuloperitonitis. In each case a tentative diagnosis was made on the basis of history, clinical signs, radiological findings and peritoneal fluid and blood were collected pre-operatively. Subsequently, laparo-rumenotomy was done to remove the foreign body/bodies, if present and rumen fluid was also collected at that time. On the basis of all these findings studies were done on 40 buffaloes, which were confirmed to have TRP, and from which foreign bodies were removed on surgery. On the basis of microbial examination of peritoneal fluid, 23 buffaloes were detected to have infectious peritonitis and 17 non-infectious peritonitis. In case of non-infectious peritonitis in 14 cases it was localized and in three diffused. In cases of infectious peritonitis, 14 were of localized and 9 were of diffuse nature. The predominant isolated organism were C. pyogenese. E. coli., Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococucs spp. Majority of the cases were resistant to commonly used antibiotics except ciprofloxacin and gentamycin to which all were sensitive. The colour of peritoneal fluid was orange to red in several cases. In several cases peritoneal fluid had foetid odour, specially in cases of diffuse peritonitis. The pH and clotting time of the peritoneal fluid was on lower side whereas, surface tension and viscosity were on higher side specially in diffused non-infectious and both local and diffused infectious peritonitis. There were no remarkable changes in the total leucocytic and neutrophilic count in both local and diffused peritonitis. However, count of these cells in the peritoneal fluid was higher than normal. Similarly protein and fibrinogen content of the peritoneal fluid was on higher side. On a comparative basis, all these changes were on a lower side in case of local non-infectious peritonitis. The total plasma protein and fibrinogen values were higher than normal in all cases. However, plasma protein and fibrinogen ratio provided better indication of absolute increase in the plasma fibrinogen content. The mean values of rumen fluid pH, buffering capacity and chloride concentration were with in the normal range. However, the data of individual animals showed that in several cases of diffused peritonitis the buffering capacity had reduced and rumen fluid chloride was either in upper normal range or higher than normal. The plasma chloride concentration in all cases was with in normal rangeThesisItem Restricted Metabolic and haematological studies on the effect of boron as an antidote to fluoride in buffalo calves(LUVAS, 2005) Bharti, Vijay Kumar; Gupta, MeenakshiAmeliorative effect of boron (B) on high fluoride intake was investigated in twelve male Murrah buffalo calves of 6-8 month of age divided into three experimental groups. They were conventional concentrate mixture and roughage of identical in chemical composition. Fluorine (F) and boron (B) constituted the treatment variables. Group I was given basal diet and concentrate mixture. Group II was fed basal diet, concentrate mixture and F (as NaF) @ 60 ppm of DM. Group III was fed basal diet, concentrate mixture, F (as NaF) @ 60 ppm of DM and B (as sodium tetraborate) @ 140 ppm of DM. Dry matter intake was recorded daily. Blood samples were collected on day 0 (initial), 30, 60 and 90 for estimation of TEC, Hb, PCV, serum alkaline phosphatase activity, serum Ca, P, Fe, Zn, and Cu contents. After 90 days of experimental feeding a metabolism trial of 7 days duration was conducted to study the treatment effect on nutrient utilization, proximate nutrients of feeds, balance and retention of N, Ca, P, Fe, Zn, Cu and F. Urine was analysed for urinary F level and urinary alkaline phosphatase activity. Dietary F caused a significant (P<0.05) depressing effect on blood Hb, PCV, serum Ca and serum Zn on day 90 in group II which marginally improved with B supplements in group III. Total erythrocyte counts, serum Fe, serum Cu, digestibility coefficients of DM, CP, CF, EE and NFE and nutritive value of feed remained unaffected on F and B treatment. Digestibility coefficients of F, F balance and F retention increased significantly (P<0.05) but all these showed significant decline with B supplementation. Balance and retentions of N, Ca, P, Fe, Zn and Cu showed no treatment effect. Serum ALP activity, urinary ALP activity, serum P and urinary F level increased significantly (P<0.05) upon F feeding but showed significant reduction (P≤0.05) when B was fed in group III, suggesting that boron antagonized the effect of fluoride in the animals.ThesisItem Restricted Studies on etio-diagnostic, micronutrient status and chemotherapeutic aspects of bovine sub-clinical mastitis(LUVAS, 2005) Muzaffar Shaheen; Rakesh KumarThe present investigation was carried out on 322 quarter milk samples, to study the prevalence and etiology of sub-clinical mastitis (SCM) in 85 apparently healthy cows, to evaluate the comparative sensitivity of some indirect mastitis detection tests and some soluble biomarkers of mastitis, to ascertain the micronutrient status with respect to serum copper and zinc status in mastitic cows and to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of ascorbic acid (an antioxidant) in bovine sub-clinical mastitis. The prevalence of SCM was recorded to be 60 per cent and 47.51 per cent animalwise and quarterwise, respectively. The prevalence of disease was highest in crossbred cows (72.30%) as compared to local Hariana cows (20.00%). On the basis of International Diary Federation criteria, 39.13, 8.38 and 6.21 per cent quarters were found to have sub-clinical, latent and non-specific mastitis, respectively. Of 166 isolates, Staph. epidermidis (43.37%) was the predominant organism followed by Staph. aureus (27.10%), Str. agalactiae (10.84%), Str. dysgalactiae (10.24%), Str. uberis (3.61%), Corynebacterium spp. (3.61%) and Ps. aeruginosa (1.20%). The highest sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the detection of SCM, was attributed to LDH-assay (97.82%, 98.14% and 98.00%) followed by Spot TIA (86.95%, 92.59% and 90.00%), Mamp test (76.08%, 87.03% and 82.00%) and SCC (71.73%, 81.48% and 76.74%). Serum concentrations of both copper and zinc were found to be significantly lower in mastitic cows (0.46 ± 0.12 μg/ml and 0.76 ± 0.05 μg/ml) as compared to healthy controls (0.913 ± 0.051 μg/ml and 1.18 ± 0.16 μg/ml). There was no significant effect of type of mastitis or even the type of mastitogenic organisms on the level of deficiency of these trace elements, although only a marginal deficiency of zinc was observed in latent and non-specific mastitis. The highest therapeutic efficacy in the cases of SCM was attributed to concurrent treatment with ascorbic acid @ 5 g I.M. x 3 days and cefquinome sulphate @ 75 mg intra-mammary infusion x 3 days viz. 83.33 and 90.90 per cent animalwise and quarterwise, respectively, followed by cefquinome alone 83.33 per cent animalwise and 87.50 per cent quarterwise. Milk malondialdehyde level was found to be increased in sub-clinical mastitic cases suggesting oxidative stress, which was significantly reduced by ascorbic acid @ 5 g intramuscularly for 3 days. Antibiogram of various isolates from bovine intramammary infections, revealed 70-100 per cent Staphylococcal, Streptococcal and Corynebacterial strains sensitive to majority of 14 antimicrobials used, whereas Ps. aeruginosa strains were resistant to all except enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and amikacin.