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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access Line × tester analysis for fruit yield and component traits in okra (Abelmsochus esculentus (L.) Moench)(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-10-25) Shweta; Sood, SoniaThe present investigation entitled “Line × tester analysis for fruit yield and component traits in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench)” was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSK HPKV Palampur with the objective of gathering information on heterosis, combining ability and gene action by using line × tester mating design involving nine lines and three testers. Lines, testers, their 27 cross-combinations, along with standard check 1 ‘Samrat’ and standard check 2 ‘Shakti’ were evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications during Summer season 2020 (E1), Summer season 2021 (E2) and Rainy season 2021 (E3). The data were recorded on different phenological and structural traits, fruit yield and yield attributing traits, quality traits and disease incidence of Cercospora leaf spot. Sufficient genetic variability was recorded for all the traits in three environments. Significant genotype × environment interactions were recorded for all the characters indicated role of environment on the performance of genotypes and cross-combinations. The analysis of variance for line × tester design revealed significant differences due to females, males and female × male interaction for most of the traits in three environments and under pooled over environments indicating substantial diversity in the experimental material. A large variation in magnitude and direction of heterosis was observed for most of the traits studied. Hybrids ‘Palam Round × Hisar Unnat’, ‘Kashi Vibhuti × Hisar Unnat’, ‘VRO-4 × Hisar Unnat’ and Palam 5 ridged × Hisar Unnat’ were the most promising crosses exhibited significant desirable standard heterosis for fruit yield and related traits and displayed maximum reliability by retaining their ranking among top five crosses over the environments. Lines ‘Palam Round’, ‘Kashi Vibhuti’ and ‘VRO-4’, and tester ‘Hisar Unnat’ were recorded good general combiners for fruit yield per plant and related traits. ‘Palam Round × Hisar Unnat’, ‘Kashi Vibhuti × Hisar Unnat’, ‘9801 × P-8’, ‘Kashi Pragati × Palam Komal’ and ‘HPO-1 × P-8’ were the most promising cross-combinations on the basis of SCA effects for yield and component traits. The dominant component of variance was higher than additive component for most of the traits, indicated the preponderance of non-additive gene action. Based on per se performance, SCA effects and standard heterosis ‘Palam Round × Hisar Unnat’ and ‘Kashi Vibhuti × Hisar Unnat’ were the most promising cross -combinations for developing superior progenies. These cross-combinations had good amount of mucilage, ascorbic acid, produced green colour fruits with downy pubescence. Palam Round × Hisar Unnat was ridgeless, resistant to Cercospora abelmoschi and highly resistant to Cercospora malayensis whereas Kashi Vibhuti × Hisar Unnat had five ridges per fruit and resistant to both species of Cercospora leaf spot. These cross-combinations can be released as hybrids after further field testing and their exploitation in future breeding programmes. Single seed descent method, recurrent selection and bulk method can be the best breeding strategy to obtain maximum number of transgressive segregants with high fruit yield.ThesisItem Open Access Ecology and control of Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb and Synedrella vialis (Less.) A. Gray(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-11-26) Bhalla, Tamanna; Kumar, SureshA field experiment was conducted at the Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, CSK HPKV, Palampur during Kharif 2020 and 2021 to study the ecology and control of Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb and Synedrella vialis (Less.) A. Gray. Eleven weed control treatments viz. glyphosate 1000 g/ha, paraquat 1000 g/ha, 2,4-D Na salt 1250 g/ha, 2,4-D ethyl ester 1000 g/ha, metsulfuron methyl 4 g/ha, carfentrazone 25 g/ha, glufosinate ammonium 500 g/ha, bispyribac Na 20 g/ha, flumioxazin 200 g/ha, diuron 500 g/ha and weedy check (control) were tested in Randomized Block Design with three replications. To study the ecology of both the weeds, experiments were conducted at three locations i.e. Research Farm of Department of Agronomy (Palampur), KVK (Berthin, Bilaspur) and on farmer’s field (Kangra). Alternanthera philoxeroides recorded the highest shoot length (97.25 and 100.75 cm) and number of leaves per shoot (40 and 42) in the month of October and this weed did not flower throughout the duration of study at both the locations i.e. Palampur and Kangra. Whereas, Synedrella vialis exhibited a low growing, mat forming habit with maximum shoot height (13 to 15.50 cm) and number of leaves per shoot (12) in August and September. This weed propagated vegetatively (runner) as well as through seeds since flowering occurred throughout the growth period at all the three locations. Results of the weed control study revealed that the application of glyphosate 1000 g/ha and metsulfuron methyl 4 g/ha behaving statistically alike were significantly effective in reducing the count (No./m2 ) and dry weight (g/m2 ) of Alternanthera philoxeroides and Synedrella vialis during both the years of study. The bioassay study indicated that all the herbicides used for the control of these weeds did not retain any residue in the soil and thus, can be considered safe for use.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of seed priming, nutrient management and tillage practices on productivity of rainfed maize-wheat system(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-24) Kaur, Navneet; Kumar, AnilA field experiment was conducted from kharif 2020 to rabi 2021-2022 at the Irrigation and Water Management Farm of Department of Soil Science, CSKHPKV, Palampur. (H.P.) to study the effect of seed priming, nutrient management and tillage practices on productivity of rainfed maize-wheat cropping system. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three factors viz., tillage practices, seed priming and nutrient management practices and was replicated thrice. The treatments comprised of three tillage practices [Conventional tillage (CT), CT + mulch (CT+M) and Zero tillage+ mulch (ZT+M)]; two seed priming [Hydropriming and micronutrient priming (0.5%Zn and 0.1%Mn)] and two nutrient management practices [recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) (120:60:40 in maize and 80:40:40 in wheat) and Integrated nutrient management(50% N through FYM + 50% N and rest of P and K through inorganic sources)]. An additional treatment of control (CT, No priming, RDF) was also kept for general comparison of results. The soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in organic carbon, available phosphorus and potassium and low in available nitrogen. Results revealed that significantly higher growth and yield attributes, yield, nutrient content and uptake, system and water productivity and economic returns were obtained with conventional tillage + mulch followed by zero tillage + mulch amongst tillage practices, integrated nutrient management over RDF among nutrient management, whereas seed priming methods did not differ with respect to different parameters. As compared to initial status soil physical and chemical properties viz. bulk density, porosity, hydraulic conductivity, organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content at end of two years cropping cycle improved significantly under conventional tillage + mulch and integrated nutrient management practice followed by zero tillage + mulch and integrated nutrient management system. For obtaining higher crop and water productivity as well as economic returns in maize-wheat cropping system under rainfed condition, conventional tillage + mulch practice with integrated nutrient management and seed priming should be adopted.ThesisItem Open Access Refinement of conventional integrated farming system model with natural farming(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-12) Singh, Gurpreet; Sharma, Vinod KumarAn experiment was carried out in rabi and kharif seasons of 2019-20 and 2020-21 to evaluate the productivity and profitability of integrated farming system under conventional and natural farming in mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh at 1 hectare AICRP-IFS on station research farm (Bhadiarkhar) of Department of Agronomy, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur. The objective of the study was to refine existing integrated farming system model with natural farming and to identify and optimize component linkages for profit maximization. Components under study were field crops (CS), vegetable crops, livestock, poultry and mushroom. Farm area between different components was allocated as, 0.65 ha to field crops (4875 m2 under conventional farming, 1625 m2 under natural farming), 0.175 ha to vegetable crops (1050 m2 under conventional farming, 350 m2 under natural farming), 0.10 ha to fodder crops (750 m2 under conventional farming, 250 m2 under natural farming)and 0.075 for livestock, poultry, mushroom and other enterprises (manure pit, vermicompost unit and fodder chopping unit). Comparisons were made on the basis of production and economic benefits of different enterprises. Results revealed that among field crops, “maize + soybean- gobhisarson” and “soybean –wheat” cropping systems performed better under conventional and natural farming, respectively. Among vegetable-based cropping systems, “okra-radish-garlic” and “okra+ soybean-pea” remained economically efficient under conventional and natural farming, respectively. Among different farming systems, integration of CS + Vegetable + Dairy+ Mushroom+ Poultry resulted in highest net returns under conventional farming; whereas under natural farming, combination of CS + Vegetable + Mushroom + Poultry resulted in highest net returns under existing farm plan. Optimization of farming system was done using linear programming. With optimal resource allocation it was predicted that under conventional integrated farming system, maximum returns can be obtained with allocating maximum area and resources to field crops and vegetable cropping systems components. Whereas, maximum returns can be obtained by integrating and allocating available resources to vegetable based cropping systems component and poultry component under natural farming. The study suggests that farm resources were not optimally allocated in existing plan. With modification in existing component combinations emanated from the linear programming net farm profit can be increased.ThesisItem Open Access Ultrasonographic and Echo biometric evaluation of canine renal dysfunction.(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-23) Ganjoo, Vasvi; Kumar, AdarshThe study was conducted on all the canine clinical cases referred to the Department of Surgery and Radiology, DGCNCOVAS, CSKHPKV, Palampur. The main aim of the study was to assess the sonographic parameters and echo-biometry of renal dysfunctions in dogs. A total of 100 client-owned canine patients were the subject of the study. the ultrasonographic examination included both greyscale as well as doppler ultrasonography to facilitate diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic protocols. As the serum creatinine levels increase, there was evidence of an increase in renal cortical echogenicity. There were alterations in renal size concerning various renal dysfunctions. Since both these renal parameters depict irreversible changes, further grading of various dysfunctions like AKI and CKD was also carried out. Significant reduction in renal length was observed in conditions like ESRD and CKD. Contrariwise, a significant increase in renal length was observed in the case of AKI. Pyelectasia was also found to be an important sonographic finding, therefore can be explored while staging chronic kidney disease into grades III and IV. Detection of renal echogenicity was found to be difficult in ESRD, the sonographic topography of great vessels helped in locating almost isoechoic undifferentiated and damaged renal entities. Doppler examination revealed increased vascular resistance in most of the renal dysfunctions. Colour doppler is a very good indicator of the renal vasculature. Renal vascular resistance (RI and PI) was found to be significantly increased in diffuse renal parenchymal abnormalities like AKI, CKD and ESRD. Sonography was found to be a sensitive diagnostic modality used for detecting nephrolithiasis even in asymptomatic dogs (73%) that did not exhibit any pain thus aiding to institute corrective and preventive management.ThesisItem Open Access Diagnosis and Management of Lower Urinary Tract Affections in Dogs(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-31) H B, Vinay; Katoch, AjayThe present investigation was aimed to study the Diagnosis and Management of Lower Urinary Tract Affections in dogs. A total of 2276 dogs presented to the Department of Veterinary Medicine, Dr. G C Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Palampur were screened for lower urinary tract affections. On the basis of history and clinical signs, haematological examination, biochemical analysis, urine examination, radiographic, ultrasonographic and endoluminal imaging studies, 86 cases suffering from lower urinary tract affections were included in the present study representing an incidence of 3.78%. Amongst 86 dogs, 42 dogs were affected with cystitis, 20 dogs with urolithiasis, 6 dogs with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and 18 dogs with prostate affections. Incidence of lower urinary tract affections was highest in age group >8 years (34.88%). The incidence of cystitis was highest in the age group >8 years (28.57%), urolithiasis was highest in the age group >8 years (30%), whereas transitional cell carcinoma incidence was highest in 2 months - 2 year and >8 years age group (33.33%) each and prostate affections incidence was highest in the age group >8 years (55.56%). Labrador Retriever, Mongrel, Pug and German Shepherd were the most common affected dog breeds. Haematuria, dribbling of urine and pollakiuria were the most common clinical signs associated with cystitis and urolithiasis, whereas haematuria, dysuria and pollakiuria were commonly observed in dogs suffering from transitional cell carcinoma. Pollakiuria, stranguria, dysuria and rectal tenesmus/tapered stools were the common clinical signs associated with prostate affections. Leucocytosis was observed in all the groups whereas thrombocytopenia was observed in urolithiasis and prostate affections. BUN and Creatinine were significantly increased in urolithiasis with no significant change in cystitis, whereas BUN value was increased significantly in TCC and Prostate affected dogs. The phosphorus value was significantly increased in cystitis, calcium and phosphorus were increased in urolithiasis affected dogs, whereas phosphorus value was increased in prostate affections. Upon urinalysis, the urine pH and urine specific gravity were increased in cystitis, urolithiasis and prostate affections, whereas urine specific gravity was increased in TCC. Radiographically, out of 20 uroliths, multiple cystoliths were detected in 15 cases and in 5 cases stones were present in the urethra whereas in prostate affections, distended urinary bladder along with enlarged prostate was evident in 2 cases and enlarged prostate alone was evident in 11 cases. Ultrasonographically, in cystitis, distended bladder was reported in 35 cases, where the mean urinary bladder wall thickness was 4.47 ± 0.28 mm. In urolithiasis, there was thickened urinary bladder with hyperechoic foci which casted clear one or multiple acoustic shadows, whereas TCC was evident as urinary bladder thickening with lobular mass protruding into the lumen of the bladder. In prostate affections, ultrasound detected 18 cases with prostate affections, out of which 6 cases were prostatic cysts, 7 cases had enlarged prostate, 4 cases had prostate abscess and one case was prostatic neoplasia. In 4 cases, urethroscopy diagnosed stones located in the lumen of the urethra. Venous acid base status of renal failure dogs concurrent with lower urinary tract affections revealed significantly decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and bicarbonate (HCO3) which were indicative of metabolic acidosis. The ratio of uALP: uCreatinine and uGGT: uCreatinine were 0.05 ± 0.091 and 0.24 ± 0.088. On antibiogram, the bacterial isolates were most sensitive to Meropenem (70%, 28/40), followed by Marbofloxacin (60%, 24/40), Nitrofurantoin (50%, 20/40), Enrofloxacin (47.5%, 19/40), whereas Metronidazole (67.5%) and Oxytetracycline (55%) showed maximum resistance. The survivability rate was 83.33% (35/42) in cystitis, 85% (17/20) in urolithiasis, 33.33% (2/6) in transitional cell carcinoma and 77.77% (14/18) in prostate affections. The overall survivability rate was 79.07% (68/86).ThesisItem Open Access Biocontrol potential of Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (Esben-Peterson) against greenhouse whitefly(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-26) Vishrava; Kumar, SurjeetThe investigation entitled “Biocontrol potential of Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (Esben-Peterson) against greenhouse whitefly” was carried out during the year 2021-22 in the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, CSKHPKV, Palampur (HP), India to study important biological parameters, morphometrics, feeding potential, prey preference and functional response of C. zastrowi sillemi on two prey species viz. rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica and greenhouse whitefly (GHWF), Trialeurodes vaporariorum under lab conditions (temperature 25±1oC, RH 65±5% and photoperiod 16L:8D). Biological parameters of the predator differed significantly on the two prey species. The third instar had the longest duration on both the prey species (5.40 and 4.13 days, respectively). The total larval duration was significantly higher on T. vaporariourum (10.20 days) than on C. cephalonica (9.13 days), however, the total developmental period was statistically at par, 20.53 days on rice moth eggs and 20.83 days on GHWF. The overall survival rate of the larvae fed on C. cephalonica was significantly higher (50%) than the larvae fed on T. vaporariourum (26.67%). The larval and total growth indices were also observed to have significantly different values for male and females of the predator on two different prey species. Oviposition period of the predator was higher (22.33 days) on GHWF than on rice moth eggs (11.00 days), however, the number of fertile eggs/female was more on former (52.60) than on the later prey (42.93). The total life span of male and female predator showed variations on different prey species. Measurements of different life stages of the predator, reared on different preys, did not show any significant difference except for the length and breadth of third larval instar. During its whole larval period of 9 to 10days, a single larva of the predator consumed a total of 349.5, 351.3, 328.9 and 486.4 nymphs of first, second, third and fourth instar of GHWF, respectively. The corresponding average consumption rates of the predator remained 33.52, 44.05, 33.66 and 38.46 nymphs per day. The predator exhibited preference for particular stage of the prey in no-choice experiment, the younger instars of the predatory larva had more prey preference for younger nymphal instars of GHWF and vice versa. All the predatory instars showed Type-II functional response. The evaluated parameters indicated that the third instar had the maximum searching efficiency (0.125) and lowest handling time (0.125h) than younger instars. Along with this the effectiveness of the third instar of the predator was also estimated to be highest (1.003) and it also possessed maximum predation rate (192.487). Study concluded that the chrysopid predator, C. zastrowi sillemi has very good biocontrol potential against the strain of GHWF prevalent under agro-climatic conditions of Himachal Pradesh and it can be effectively utilised for the management of the pest in an augmentative approach of biological control and, therefore, further investigations are necessary to investigate its biocontrol potential under field and greenhouse conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Physico-chemical characterization of hill honey(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-21) Goswamy, Yashasvini; Sharma, Surender KumarThe present investigation was carried out at Bee Research Station, Nagrota Bagwan of CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India, during the year 2021-2022. In this study, sixty samples of honey were analyzed for various physico-chemical characteristics viz., pH, moisture, colour (optical density), ash content, EC, sucrose, TRS, fructose, glucose, F:G ratio, acidity, diastase activity and HMF content. The physico-chemical characteristics of honey from different locations ranged between 3.85±0.16 to 5.63±0.01 for pH, 15.57±0.08 to 25.94±0.10 per cent for moisture, 0.06±0.01 to 0.28±0.03 g/5g for ash content, 0.21±0.01 to 1.13±0.01 mS/cm for EC, 0.42±0.01 to 1.65±0.27 for optical density, 3.20±0.08 to 4.66±0.04 per cent for sucrose, 34.65±0.09 to 42.06±0.24 meq/kg for acidity, 66.95±0.62 to 70.79±0.55 per cent for TRS, 28.71±0.50 to 31.45±0.50 per cent for glucose, 36.88±0.61 to 42.26±0.10 per cent for fructose, 1.19±0.03 to 1.47±0.02 for F:G ratio, 14.00±0.54 to 17.50±0.24 DN for diastase activity and 16.33±0.66 to 20.90±1.09 mg/kg for HMF content. Among the bee species, the highest pH (5.19±0.08), sucrose (4.59±0.07%) and HMF content (20.62±0.61 mg/kg) were recorded in the honey of Apis cerana whereas higher ash content (0.23±0.01 g/5g), acidity (39.27±0.61 meq/kg), total reducing sugars (67.37±0.55%) and glucose (31.90±1.43%) were observed in the honey of Apis mellifera. The highest moisture (25.93±0.11%), electrical conductivity (0.72±0.06 mS/cm), fructose (39.07±0.44%), F:G ratio (1.40±0.02), diastase activity (17.28±0.33 DN) and optical density (1.42±0.09) were recorded in the honey of Apis dorsata. During storage, the moisture content, optical density, sucrose, acidity, glucose and HMF content increased whereas pH, TRS, fructose, F:G ratio and diastase activity decreased. Storage of honey at room temperature for six months resulted in granulation of twenty-one honey samples and fermentation in one honey sample. The physical and chemical characteristics of almost all the hill honey samples were within acceptable limits and met FSSAI criteria.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic diversity in bacterial wilt tolerant genotypes of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum Sendt.) using agro morphological and molecular markers(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-18) Sood, Tamanna; Sood, SoniaThe present investigation was undertaken to estimate the genetic parameters of variability, associations among traits and characterize the bell pepper genotypes using agro-morphological and molecular markers to identify superior genotypes for future breeding programmes. The experimental material comprised 24 genotypes, including one susceptible (California Wonder) and two resistant (EC-464107 and EC-464115) checks, evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications during the summer rainy season, 2021. Sufficient genetic variability was observed among the genotypes for all the traits under study. Based on mean performance, BWT-39-DR exhibited the highest marketable fruit yield per plant followed by BWT-39, BWT-39-BR, Kandaghat Selection and BWT-3Y-4L. These genotypes were also promising for other traits viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, days to first picking, harvest duration, fruit width, average fruit weight, marketable fruits per plant, capsanthin content, TSS and ascorbic acid content. High PCV and GCV along with high heritability and genetic advance were observed for fruit shape index, marketable fruits per plant and marketable fruit yield per plant suggesting that selection would be effective for these traits. Marketable fruit yield per plant showed a significant and positive correlation with marketable fruits per plant, harvest duration, capsanthin content, ascorbic acid content, average fruit weight and primary branches per plant. Marketable fruits per plant and average fruit weight were the best selection indices for increasing marketable fruit yield per plant. Principal component analysis revealed that the first five significant principal components explained 83.19 per cent of the variation. Genetic divergence analysis using the D 2 statistic grouped the genotypes into 11 clusters, whereas the genotypes were divided into two clusters using the UPGMA clustering method indicating that the population structure was primarily based on genetic origin along with moderate to high gene flow. Twelve genotypes viz., BWT-39, BWT-39-BR, BWT-39-DR, BWT-29, BWT-3Y, BWT-3Y-4L, Kandaghat Selection, BWT-48-AC, BWT-49-AC, BWT-22-HY, EC-464107 and EC-464115 were found common on comparing the agro-morphological and molecular clusters demonstrating the congruence between the morphological and SSR data. Thus, based on combined approach of agro-morphological and molecular characterization, it can be concluded that the genotypes viz., BWT-39-DR, BWT-39, BWT-39-BR, Kandaghat Selection and BWT-3Y-4L can be used either directly as varieties after multi-location testing as they are possessing high yields, superior quality traits and resistance to bacterial wilt, or as parents in hybridization programmes.
