Diagnosis and Management of Lower Urinary Tract Affections in Dogs
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Date
2022-12-31
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CSK HPKV, Palampur
Abstract
The present investigation was aimed to study the Diagnosis and Management of Lower Urinary Tract
Affections in dogs. A total of 2276 dogs presented to the Department of Veterinary Medicine, Dr. G C Negi
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Palampur were screened for lower urinary tract affections. On the
basis of history and clinical signs, haematological examination, biochemical analysis, urine examination,
radiographic, ultrasonographic and endoluminal imaging studies, 86 cases suffering from lower urinary tract
affections were included in the present study representing an incidence of 3.78%. Amongst 86 dogs, 42 dogs were
affected with cystitis, 20 dogs with urolithiasis, 6 dogs with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and 18 dogs with
prostate affections. Incidence of lower urinary tract affections was highest in age group >8 years (34.88%). The
incidence of cystitis was highest in the age group >8 years (28.57%), urolithiasis was highest in the age group >8
years (30%), whereas transitional cell carcinoma incidence was highest in 2 months - 2 year and >8 years age
group (33.33%) each and prostate affections incidence was highest in the age group >8 years (55.56%). Labrador
Retriever, Mongrel, Pug and German Shepherd were the most common affected dog breeds. Haematuria, dribbling
of urine and pollakiuria were the most common clinical signs associated with cystitis and urolithiasis, whereas
haematuria, dysuria and pollakiuria were commonly observed in dogs suffering from transitional cell carcinoma.
Pollakiuria, stranguria, dysuria and rectal tenesmus/tapered stools were the common clinical signs associated with
prostate affections. Leucocytosis was observed in all the groups whereas thrombocytopenia was observed in
urolithiasis and prostate affections. BUN and Creatinine were significantly increased in urolithiasis with no
significant change in cystitis, whereas BUN value was increased significantly in TCC and Prostate affected dogs.
The phosphorus value was significantly increased in cystitis, calcium and phosphorus were increased in
urolithiasis affected dogs, whereas phosphorus value was increased in prostate affections. Upon urinalysis, the
urine pH and urine specific gravity were increased in cystitis, urolithiasis and prostate affections, whereas urine
specific gravity was increased in TCC. Radiographically, out of 20 uroliths, multiple cystoliths were detected in
15 cases and in 5 cases stones were present in the urethra whereas in prostate affections, distended urinary bladder
along with enlarged prostate was evident in 2 cases and enlarged prostate alone was evident in 11 cases.
Ultrasonographically, in cystitis, distended bladder was reported in 35 cases, where the mean urinary bladder wall
thickness was 4.47 ± 0.28 mm. In urolithiasis, there was thickened urinary bladder with hyperechoic foci which
casted clear one or multiple acoustic shadows, whereas TCC was evident as urinary bladder thickening with
lobular mass protruding into the lumen of the bladder. In prostate affections, ultrasound detected 18 cases with
prostate affections, out of which 6 cases were prostatic cysts, 7 cases had enlarged prostate, 4 cases had prostate
abscess and one case was prostatic neoplasia. In 4 cases, urethroscopy diagnosed stones located in the lumen of
the urethra. Venous acid base status of renal failure dogs concurrent with lower urinary tract affections revealed
significantly decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and bicarbonate (HCO3) which were indicative
of metabolic acidosis. The ratio of uALP: uCreatinine and uGGT: uCreatinine were 0.05 ± 0.091 and 0.24 ± 0.088.
On antibiogram, the bacterial isolates were most sensitive to Meropenem (70%, 28/40), followed by
Marbofloxacin (60%, 24/40), Nitrofurantoin (50%, 20/40), Enrofloxacin (47.5%, 19/40), whereas Metronidazole
(67.5%) and Oxytetracycline (55%) showed maximum resistance. The survivability rate was 83.33% (35/42) in
cystitis, 85% (17/20) in urolithiasis, 33.33% (2/6) in transitional cell carcinoma and 77.77% (14/18) in prostate
affections. The overall survivability rate was 79.07% (68/86).