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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access INVESTIGATIONS ON ASCITES IN DOGS(CSKHPKV Palampur, 2020-12-29) BHATTI, ABHINEET KAUR; Wadhwa, Des RajThe present study was aimed to study the clinical, haemato-biochemical and therapeutic aspects of ascites in dogs. The study was conducted on 2063 dogs presented to TVCC, from October 2018 to March 2020. Based upon the history, clinical signs and laboratory findings and imaging techniques, 47 dogs were found to be positive for ascites, thus representing overall incidence of 2.27%. Out of the 47 dogs, 35 dogs suffered ascites due to liver disorders (74.46%), 6 dogs due to cardiac disorders (12.76%) and 6 dogs due to renal disorders (12.76%). The incidence of ascites was higher in younger age group (1-4 years of age, 48.93%), in male dogs (76.59%) and Labrador retriever (29.78%) was the most commonly affected breed. Abdominal distension, exercise intolerance, melena, vomiting, anorexia, pale mucous membrane, dullness and depression were the common clinical signs observed. Haematology revealed normocytic hypochromic anaemia and leucocytosis. Biochemically, hypoproteinemia, hypogylcemia, increased levels of ALT, AST and ALP was observed in all the ascitic dogs. An increased level of BUN and creatinine was observed in ascitic dogs with renal disorders. The ascitic fluid analysis revealed increased levels of total protein in all the dogs and Serum Ascitic Albumin Gradient was >1.1 g/dl in dogs with liver disorders. Radiographically, ground glass appearance was observed in majority of the cases and pleural effusion and increased vertebral heart size was observed in dogs with cardiac disorders. Increased echogenicity and size of liver, kidneys and spleen, presence of free fluid, round margins of the liver lobes were some of the common ultrasonographic findings. Echocardiography revealed pericardial effusion, pleural effusion, regurgitation of the blood, ventricular hypertrophy in ascitic dogs with cardiac disorders. Electrocardiography of ascitic dogs with cardiac disorders revealed ventricular arrthymia, ventricular hypertrophy and first degree heart block. The ascitic dogs with liver disorders were treated with diuretic (Frusemide + Spironolactone), Silymarine, liver safe antibiotic and liver supportive and 13 (37.14%) dogs showed signs of recovery. Diuretic (Frusemide+Spironolactone), digoxin, ACE inhibitor (Enalapril), antibiotic and liver supportive was used for the treatment of ascitic dogs with cardiac disorders and one dog showed signs of recovery. The ascitic dogs with renal disorders were treated with 8.4% sodium bicarbonate, fluid therapy, diuretic (Frusemide+ Spironolactone), antibiotic, liver supportive and one dog showed signs of recovery. It was concluded that silymarine along with liver safe antibiotic, diuretic and liver supplements was quite useful for the treatment of ascitic dogs with liver disorders.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON CANINE DIABETES MELLITUS.(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07-23) Kapoor, Smriti; Wadhwa, Des RajThe study was conducted on 12 diabetic dogs presented at Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, CSKHPKV, Palampur (H.P.) between February 2018 and March 2019. On the basis of history, clinical examination and laboratory findings, dogs affected with diabetes were subjected to haemato-biochemical examinations. The overall incidence of the disease was 0.99% (12/1212) in the cases presented to College Veterinary Clinics. Maximum no. of cases (7/12) were recorded in old dogs (>5 years) and in winter season (8/12). The prominent clinical signs observed in diabetic dogs were polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weight loss and lethargy. The mean fasting blood glucose (FBG) in diabetic dogs at the time of diagnosis was 403.08±31.99 mg/dl. Out of 12 dogs, 8 were having blood glucose level above 350 mg/dl and 4 dogs were having fasting blood glucose level below 350 mg/dl. The mean activities of aspartate amino transferase, alanine transferase and alkaline phosphatase were markedly higher in diabetic dogs. The mean cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, amylase and lipase level were markedly increased in diabetic dogs as compared to healthy dogs. Mineral and electrolyte profile revealed hypercalcaemia in diabetic dogs. Urine examination revealed hypersthenuria, glycosuria, variable ketonuria and leucocytes in urine samples of diabetic dogs. Anion gap was increased along with decreased blood pH and base excess which indicated metabolic acidosis. Oral hypoglycemics were not found to be effective in diabetes management in dogs. Insulin treatment was given @0.5 IU/kg bwt in dogs with mean fasting blood glucose >350 mg/dl (group I) and @0.25 IU/kg bwt in dogs with mean fasting blood glucose <350 mg/dl (group II) . Adjustments in the initial insulin dose were made in individual animals after generating serial blood glucose curve. Insulin treatment showed reduction in overt clinical signs of DM (polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weight loss and lethargy), fall in FBG (63.32 percent in group I and 44.6 percent in group II) and improvement in haemato-biochemical parameters, at the end of 4 weeks treatment. Insulin therapy along with dietary modification showed marked therapeutic efficacy and improvement in overall quality of life in diabetic dogs.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON HAEMOPROTOZOAN AND RICKETTESIAL DISEASES OF DOGS.(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07-22) Kalia, Rishabh; Wadhwa, Desh RajThe present investigation was aimed to study the clinical, haemato-biochemical and therapeutic aspect of haemoprotozoan and rickettesial diseases of dogs. The study was conducted on 1747 dogs presented to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Comple x, Palampur from November 2017 to May 2019. On the basis of history, clin ical signs and physical e xa mination, 259 dogs were screened using various parasitological or molecular techniques and among them, 66 dogs were found to be positive for either haemoprotozoan or rickettesial diseases, thus representing an overall incidence of 3.78%. Out of 66 affected dogs, 25 (37.88%) suffered from haemoprotozoan diseases consisting of B. gibsoni (n= 21), B. canis (n=3) and H. canis (n=1) and 41 (62.12%) suffered from rickettesial diseases and all were of ehrlichiosis. These diseases were more prevalent in warm and humid seasons (81.82%, summer and monsoon), in adult dogs (42.42%, 1-5 years of age) and in male dogs (81.82%). Ge rman Shepherd and Labrador (18.18 % each) were the most common affected breeds. Major clin ical signs were fever, inappetence, vomiting, melena, pale mucous membranes, dark yellow urine, dullness and depression, epistaxis, dehydration and lymph node enlargement. Neurological signs like fits, chorea etc., skin lesions like petechiae, ocular signs like eye discharge, hyphema, scleral bleeding etc. and ascites were less commonly observed. Haematology revealed macrocytic hypochromic anaemia and thrombocytopenia. Biochemically, hypoglycemia, hypoproteinemia and raised BUN, ALP and total bilirubin values were observed. Splenomegaly, pleural effusion, evident bronchial pattern, hepatitis, decreased vascularity of renal cortex and medulla, cystitis and cholecystitis were main radiographic and/or ultrasonographic findings. Babesia affected dogs were randomly divided into 4 groups for treatment including supportive therapy. Group I (n= 8) were treated with Imidocarb dipropionate which led to recovery in 62.5% dogs. Group II (n= 7) were treated with combination of Imidocarb dipropionate with Do xycycline which led to recovery in 71.4% dogs. Group III (n= 5) were t reated with Do xycycline which led to recovery in 40% dogs and Group IV (n=4) dogs were treated with Do xycycline and Clindamycin which led to recovery in 50% of dogs. Ehrlichia affected dogs were also randomly divided into 4 groups for treatment including supportive therapy. Group I (n=12) were treated with Do xycycline and recovery in 66.66% dogs was observed. Group II (n=8) were t reated with combination of Do xycycline and Oxytetracycline and recovery in 87.5% dogs was observed. Group III (n=12) were treated with combination of Do xycycline and Imidocarb and recovery in 66.66% dogs was observed and Group IV (n=9) were treated with combination of Do xycycline and Clindamycin and recovery in 55.5% dogs was observed. It was concluded that combination of Imidocarb dipropionate and Do xycycline along with supportive therapy was most efficacious in treating babesiosis whereas combination of Do xycycline and Oxytetracycline along with supportive therapy was most efficacious in treating ehrlichiosis.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON HAEMOPROTOZOAN AND RICKETTSIAL DISEASES OF CATTLE.(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07-23) Chauhan, Samar; Wadhwa, Des RajThe present investigation was aimed to study the clinical, haemato-biochemical and therapeutic aspect of haemoprotozoan and rickettsial diseases of cattle. The study was conducted on 918 cattle presented to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Palampur from November 2017 to May 2019. On the basis of history, clinical signs and physical examination, 120 cattle were screened using parasitological techniques and among them, 39 cattle were found positive for either haemoprotozoan or rickettsial diseases and co-infections, thus representing an overall incidence of 4.25%. Out of 39 affected cattle, 29 (74.36%) suffered from single infection of haemoprotozoan diseases consisting of B. bigemina (n=6) and T. annulata (n=23), 7 (17.95%) suffered from rickettsial diseases all of which were of anaplasmosis and 3 (7.69%) suffered from co-infections of T. annulata and A. marginale. These diseases were more prevalent in humid seasons (53.85%, monsoon), in age group of 5-9 years (48.72%), in female cattle (79.48%) and in Jersey cross breds (43.59%). Major clinical signs observed were fever, anorexia, lymph node enlargement, pale & icteric mucous membranes and dehydration. Respiratory signs like nasal discharge, tachypnoea etc., ocular signs like ocular discharge, corneal opacity etc., coffee coloured urine, melena, incoordination in gait etc. were less commonly observed clinical signs. Haematology revealed macrocytic hypochromic anaemia. Biochemically, raised levels of ALT, ALP, AST, BUN, creatinine, total bilirubin along with hypoproteinemia and hyperglycemia were observed. Babesia affected cattle (n=6) were treated with Imidocarb dipropionate along with supportive therapy and recovery in 50.00% cattle was observed. Theileria affected cattle were randomly divided into 3 groups for treatment along with supportive therapy. Group I (n=8) were treated with Buparvaquone and recovery in 87.50% cattle was observed. Group II (n=8) were treated with Oxytetracycline and recovery in 75% cattle was observed. Group III (n=7) were treated with combination of Buparvaquone and Oxytetracycline and recovery in 100% cattle was observed. Anaplasma affected cattle (n=7) were treated with combination of Imidocarb and Oxytetracycline and recovery in 85.71% cattle was observed. Anaplasma and Theileria co-affected cattle (n=3) were treated with a combination of Buparvaquone and Oxytetracycline and recovery in two cattle was observed. It was concluded that combination of Buparvaquone and Oxytetracycline proved to be most efficacious in treating theileriosis and combination of Imidocarb with Oxytetracycline proved to be efficacious in treating Anaplasmosis.ThesisItem Open Access INVESTIGATIONS ON BOVINE CUTANEOUS PAPILLOMATOSIS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-07-20) Sultan, Tahir; Wadhwa, Des RajThe present work was conducted with the objective to study the prevalence of Bovine Cutaneous Papillomatosis, clinical appraisal of affected animals, efficacy of different therapeutic measures and to formulate strategic therapy against bovine cutaneous papillomatosis. The prevalence of bovine papillomatosis was recorded as 6.52 per cent in a total of 429 animals screened. The disease was more prevalent in the age group of 1 to 3 years (58.89%). Crossbred cattle were mostly affected particularly Jersey cross cattle (72.22%). The incidence was highest in females (98.88%). The affected cattle were either heifers (41.57%) or in their first lactation (34.83%). Teats were affected in maximum cases (85.55%). Warts on other body parts were present in 28.88 per cent cases, which include warts on face, muzzle, periorbital area, neck, shoulder, ventral abdomen, perineal region, fore and hind limbs. Warts were mostly of moderate (37.77%) or mild severity (35.55%), upto 1 cm in size (86.66%) and cauliflower (35.55%), ricegrain (22.22%) or flat (12.22%) shaped. Most warts were sessile in nature (47.77%), rough surfaced (63.33%) and brown (36.66%), grey (22.22%) or black (21.11%) coloured. Histopathologically, the wart tissues were classified as Papilloma and Fibropapilloma. Combined use of Anthiomaline, Autohaemotherapy and Levamisole was more efficacious (72.22%) than combination of Autohaemotherapy and Levamisole (54.54%). Autogenous wart vaccination was effective in 75 per cent cases while Ivermectin was effective only in 20 per cent cases. On the basis of these observations, it is advised to use either combination of Anthiomaline, Autohaemotherapy and Levamisole or Autogenous wart vaccine for the treatment of bovine cutaneous papillomatosis.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON CANINE DISTEMPER(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-07) Sharma, Monika; Wadhwa, Des RajThe study was conducted on 80 dogs presented at Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex CSKHPKV, Palampur (H.P.) with the history of ocular or nasal discharge, respiratory distress, digestive disturbances, cutaneous lesions and nervous symptoms between November 2015 and April 2017. The dogs were screened for canine distemper infection by using Scanvet Canine Distemper Virus Antigen Detection kit marketed by Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Ahmedabad (India). Out of total cases screened, 35 were found to be positive for canine distemper infection. The overall incidence of canine distemper was 2.34 per cent (35/1493) in the cases presented to College Veterinary Clinics. The infection was distributed more (40%) in younger dogs (< 6 month of age), males (82.85%) and in Mongrel dogs (51.43%). Most of the cases were presented in nervous form (54.28%) alone and in rest of the cases, combination of nervous form along with respiratory, digestive, cutaneous or ocular form in various combinations were presented. The prominent clinical signs were diarrhoea (2.85%) and vomition (2.85%) in digestive form; coughing (8.57%) and nasal discharge (22.85%) in respiratory form; pustules over ventral abdominal area (14.28%) and hyperkeratosis of nose and footpads (5.71%) in cutaneous form; ocular discharge (28.57%) in ocular form; generalized seizures(28.57%), myoclonus of head (25.71%), limbs (8.57%), abdominal muscles (11.42%), jaw champing (34.14%), incoordination and ataxia (14.28%) and hind limb paralysis (25.71%) in nervous form. Other clinical signs included anorexia, inappetance, dehydration and general depression. Haematology revealed neutrophilic leukocytosis along with lymphopaenia. Biochemically, hypoproteinemia and raised AST values were observed. Main histopathological findings were interstitial pneumonia, demylenating changes in the brain besides swollen astrocytes with mild to moderate lymphocytic infilteration and hyperkeratosis of the foot pad. The symptomatic and supportive therapy was not much effective in treating the cases presented with nervous form of the disease as the recovery rate was only 16.67 per cent.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON ENZOOTIC BOVINE HEMATURIA(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-07) Garpha, Deepa; Wadhwa, Des RajThe present investigation was conducted on 59 cattle presented with history of hematuria at clinical camps held at Sainj valley of district Kullu, Barot and Janjheli valley of district Mandi. Enzootic bovine hematuria (EBH) is prevalent in Kullu, Mandi, Shimla, Chamba and Sirmour districts of Himachal Pradesh. Maximum incidence of EBH was reported in age group of 2 to 8 years (34 cases, 57.62%). Males (50.84%) were equally affected as females (49.15%). Breed wise, maximum cases of hematuria were recorded in Zebu cattle (64.40%) followed by Jersey-cross (30.50%) and Holstein Friesian (5.08%). The prominent clinical signs were voiding of blood stained urine, pale visible mucous membranes, mild tachycardia (76.47 ± 1.39 per min), general debility, depressed rumen motility (1.79 ± 0.05 per 2 min) with normal appetite. Haematological examination revealed significantly low haemoglobin (7.59 ± 0.20 g/dl), packed cell volume (25.28 ± 0.71%), total erythrocyte count (4.61 ± 0.13×10⁶/μl), mean corpuscular volume (55.19 ± 0.84 fl) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (16.58 ± 0.21 pg) values indicating microcytic hypochromic anaemia. Leucopenia (5.64 ± 0.29× 103/μl), lymphopenia (53.16 ± 1.61%) and monocytosis (6.94 ± 0.31%) were also observed. Biochemically, EBH affected animals had hypoproteinaemia (5.83 ± 0.09 g/dl), hypoglycaemia (49.05 ± 1.07 mg/dl), hypocalcaemia (7.88 ± 0.05 mg/dl), hypophosphataemia (3.42 ± 0.03 mg/dl) and iron deficiency (84.03 ± 1.20mg/dl) with elevated blood urea nitrogen (37.27 ± 2.32 mg/dl) and creatinine levels (2.00 ± 0.16 mg/dl). BPV-2 DNA was detected from 19 out of 45 blood samples of EBH affected cattle. Urine was alkaline in nature (pH 8.48 ± 0.14), normal specific gravity (1.020 ± 0.001) and average erythrocytic count of 0.35 ± 0.03× 10⁶/cu mm of urine. Urine was positive for protein (100%) and glucose (48%). Microbiological investigation of urine samples revealed that Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Proteus spp. were the major associated bacterial infections. Ultrasonography proved to be a useful tool for evaluation of vesicular diverticular neoplasm and is a very sensitive indicator for detecting space occupying lesions at a very early stage. Symptomatic therapy comprising of antibiotic, haemostat, haematinic mixture and mineral mixture lead to mild and transient response suggesting long term therapy to increase longevity of affected animal.ThesisItem Open Access INVESTIGATIONS ON HEPATIC DYSFUNCTIONS IN CANINE(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2010-09-13) SHARMA, Saurabh; Wadhwa, Des RajThe study was conducted on 894 dogs presented at Veterinary Clinical Complex CSKHPKV, Palampur (H.P.). On the basis of history and clinical examination, dogs suspected for hepatic dysfunction were subjected to haemato-biochemical examinations, radiography and ultrasonography to confirm hepatic diseases. Among these, 26 dogs (2.91%) dogs with different hepatic dysfunctions were diagnosed, out of which 80.77% were of primary liver disorders and 19.23% were of reactive hepatopathies. Among primary hepatopathies, the acute hepatitis formed the largest group (57.69%) followed by cirrhosis (19.23%) and hepatitis with jaundice (15.38%) and a single case (3.85%) of hepatic tumour. The mean age of dogs having primary hepatic dysfunctions was higher (53.09 ± 9.23 months) than the dogs having reactive hepatopathies (23.80 ± 7.94 months). The dogs suffering from liver dysfunctions showed symptoms like inappetance/anorexia, ascites, vomition, dullness, constipation, fever, diarrhoea, pale mucosa, jaundice, weight loss, melaena and weakness. Haematological examination revealed significantly decreased haemoglobin and packed cell volume in primary hepatic dysfunctions and neutrophilic leucocytosis in hepatitis and reactive hepatopathy. The mean activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatse were markedly higher in all the hepatic dysfunctions. Biochemical examination revealed hypoproteinaemia and hypoalbuminaemia in primary hepatic dysfunctions. Ultrasonographic studies were found very helpful in evaluation of liver status and classification of hepatopathies. Following the combined therapy comprising hepatoprotectant (Silymarin), fluid therapy, liver extract, antibiotic, antiemetic and diuretics, 60 per cent cases of hepatitis and 40 percent cases of cirrhosis could be treated successfully.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON BOVINE CUTANEOUS PAPILLOMATOSIS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2010-12) Rana, Sanjeev; Wadhwa, Des RajThe present investigation was undertaken to carry out epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic studies on bovine cutaneous papillomatosis. Epidemiological survey at various dairy farms comprising 843 cattle revealed papillomatosis in 6.16 per cent. The warts were more frequent in the age above 3 years (68.04%). The incidence was higher in cross bred animals and Jersey cross was maximum affected (74.22%). All the affected animals were females. Mostly heifers (29.89%), 1st lactation (26.80%), and 2nd lactation (21.64%) animals were affected. Teats papillomatosis was recorded in 93.81 per cent cases. Warts on other body parts were present in 17.53 per cent cases, which included warts on muzzle, neck, shoulder, ventral abdomen, legs and inner aspect of thigh. The warts were severe (more than 20) in most animals (55.67%), less than 1 cm (72 %) and mostly of flat type (62.88%). Haematobiochemical profile of affected animals revealed no change than control group. Histopathologically, there was thickening of epidermis, degenerative changes in stratum granulosum and hyperkeratinization of stratum corneum. Combined use of anthiomaline along with levamisole was more efficacious (60 %) than anthiomaline alone (54.54%). Autogenous wart vaccine was effective in 71.42 per cent cases. Levamisole and ivermectin were effective in early and mild cases only and were effective in 27.27 and 36.36 per cent cases respectively. Based on the present study, it is advocated to use combination of anthiomaline and levamisole or autogenous vaccine for treatment of papillomatosis in cattle.
