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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Efficacy of rhizospheric bacteria for the management of rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola in rice nursery(CCSHAU, 2019) Shweta; Anil KumarResearch work was carried out on the efficacy of rhizosphecric bacteria against rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola in rice nursery using in vitro and screen house conditions. In vitro effect of native rhizobacterial strains for the nematoxicity against hatching and juvenile mortality of Meloidogyne graminicola at different concentration level i.e. S/2 and S/4. In intact bacterial culture, maximum and significantly highest larval mortality was observed, where M. graminicola larvae was exposed to Pseudomonas putida followed by Providencia rettgeri, Vibrio sp., Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus sp.in S/2 and S/4 concentration. Among all the bacterial cultures, P. putida showed highest mortality at both concentrations and more mortality rate was found atS/2 concentration. All the other intact bacterial culture and CFCs significantly increased the larval mortality at both the concentrations as compared to untreated check.Effects of the different intact bacterial culture and CFCs on hatching behavior of rice root-knot nematodeat different concentration level i.e. S/2 and S/4 showed that all bacterial culture were observed to inhibit the egg hatching as compared to the untreated check. Maximum inhibition was observed in Bacillus sp.followed by to P. putida and P.fluorescens at S/2 concentration.The rate of hatching was inversely proportional to concentration of the strains at exposure period as it decreased with the increase in the concentration. The interaction between exposure period and isolates was found significant. Under screen house condition, plant growth parameters (plant height, fresh plant weight and dry plant weight) maximum and significantly high plant growth in P. putida treated plants as compared to untreated check (infested soil). The minimum plant growth parameters were observed in untreated check in soil drenching and seed soaking modes of application of rhizobacterial strains. Minimum and significantly lowest number of nematode reproduction parameters (number of galls/10 seedlings, number of eggs/10 seedlings and FNP/200cc soil) were obtained in P. putida as compared to untreated check in both methods of application. Present study revealed that management of M. graminicolaby using rhizobacteria is feasible, economical and environmentally safe in rice nursery and also proved effective component of nematode management in rice nursery.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on interaction between Heterodera avenae and Urocystis agropyri causing flag smut in wheat(CCSHAU, 2019) Sharma, Lochan; Kanwar, R.S.Present study was conducted to investigate the effect of different soil types on interaction of Heterodera avenae and Urocystis agropyri, the effect of sowing times on interaction between H. avenae and U. agropyri and the effect of different nematode inoculum levels on interaction of H. avenae and U. agropyri. The experiments were conducted in screen house of Department of Nematology, CCSHAU, Hisar during Rabi-2018. For evaluating the effect of different soil types on interaction between H. avenae and U. agropyri wheat cultivar HD2967 was sown in 1 kg earthen pots and observations of plant growth parameters, disease incidence and nematode population were recorded at crop maturity. Chlorophyll was measured by SPAD meter. Plant growth parameters and chlorophyll was minimum in H. avenae and U. agropyri simultaneous inoculation in loamy sand soil. There was no effect on germination and tillering by either of the pathogen. Final cyst population was more in loamy sand soil and in presence of fungus nematode population was decreased. For comparing the effect of different sowing times, wheat was sown in first week of November, last week of November and second week of December. Maximum reduction in plant growth parameters and chlorophyll was observed in simultaneous inoculation of nematode and fungus in last week of November. Maximum reduction of chlorophyll was observed 60 days after sowing in N+F as compared to uninoculated control. There was no effect of either pathogens alone or in combination on germination and tillering. Maximum cyst population was recorded in last week of November sown plants. In the experiment on effect of different inoculum levels viz. 5, 10 and 15 eggs and J2/g soil of H. avenae and constant level of U. agropyri 20g/kg seed on plant growth parameters and chlorophyll content, plant height, weight and chlorophyll were minimum in simultaneous inoculation of at 15 eggs and J2 of nematode with fungus. Maximum cysts were obtained at highest inoculum of H. avenae i.e. 15 eggs and J2/ g soil. In presence of fungus, cyst population was decreased.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of growing seasons on the development and pathogenicity of Meloidogyne javanica in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)(CCSHAU, 2019) Deepak Kumar; Verma, K.K.Investigation were carried out to study the effect of different growing seasons on the development and pathogenicity of Meloidogyne javanica in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) under screen house conditions. In development and life cycle experiments, the penetration of M. javanica was observed at initial 24 hrs of inoculation in summer and monsoon season as compared to three days of spring season. The total life cycle of M. javanica was completed in 35 days during spring season at mean temperature range between 15.4 to 33.20C and mean relative humidity 34.0 to 69.7 per cent. During summer season, it was completed in 27 days with mean temperature range of 25 to 410C and relative humidity of 39 to 67 per cent. whereas during monsoon season, M. javanica took 31 days to complete its one generation in okra crop under mean temperature range of 26 to 330C and relative humidity of 73 to 90 per cent. The experiments of pathogenicity were also carried out to study the effect of different growing seasons on the plant growth parameters as well as nematode reproduction and multiplication. With increase in inoculum levels from 10 to 10000 J2/kg soil, there was significant reduction in all growth parameters. But the inoculum level of 1000 J2/kg soil was observed pathogenic during spring and summer season while, during monsoon season, 100 J2/kg soil was found pathogenic level to okra crop. The nematode reproduction and multiplication factors was observed in increasing trend with increase in inoculum levels of nematode under all the three seasons. The reproduction factor was observed negatively correlated with increasing inoculum level of nematodes. At 10000 J2/kg soil, minimum reproduction factor was observed. The prevailing temperature during all seasons and soil moisture during monsoon season due to higher rainfall were crucial factors for development, reproduction and multiplication.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of organic amendments on the efficacy of bacterial parasite, Pasteuria penetrans, for the management of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) in tomato(CCSHAU, 2018) Sujata; Anil KumarInvestigations were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of Pasteuria penetrans (a bacterial parasite of root-knot nematode) and organic amendments (neem cake, mustard cake, castor cake and farmyard manure) in the management of root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica infecting tomato. The experiments were conducted in laboratory and screen house of Department of Nematology, CCSHAU, Hisar. Leachates were collected after application of organic amendments to the soil and were tested in vitro, for their effect on the encumbrance of endospore of P. penetrans to second stage juvenile (J2) of root-knot nematode. Maximum spore adherence to J2 was observed in leachate collected from soil, where no organic amendment was applied, indicating that water along with soil chemical does not influence the attachment of endospores to juveniles. Among the tested organic amendments, higher attachment of endospores was observed in mustard cake and neem cake. Minimum spore encumbrance was observed in leachate collected from the pots where farmyard manure was applied. However, the number of spores adhered to J2 were sufficient to parasitize root-knot nematode. Another aspect of the present investigation was to study the effect of different organic amendments on the life cycle development of P. penetrans on the M. javanica infecting tomato. The life cycle of P. penetrans on root-knot nematode was completed in all the organic amendments but, it was well synchronised where mustard and castor cakes were applied. There was a slight delay in life cycle of bacterium in neem cake and FYM. All life cycle stages of bacterium viz., microcolony, thallus, quartets, diads, immature spore and mature spore were observed. Integration of P. penetrans @ 1x104 spores/g soil with the organic amendments improved plant growth parameters and reduced nematode multiplication in tomato infected with M. javanica. Minimum number of galls (20.7), eggs per root system (656.0) and final nematode population per 200 cc soil (92.1) and improved plant growth parameters were recorded in combined application of P. penetrans with mustard cake @ 10 g/kg soil. The application of P. penetrans at different spore load (1x103, 1x104, and 1x105 spores/g soil) in combination mustard cake at the rate of 10 g/kg soil was also tested for the management of M. javanica in tomato nursery. The nematode reproduction reduced with the increase in spore load of bacterium. P. penetrans @ 1x105 spores/g soil was found best in increasing plant growth parameters and decreasing nematode reproduction followed by spore load 1x104 spores/g soil.ThesisItem Open Access Investigations on resistance in barley against cereal cyst nematode, heterodera avenae(CCSHAU, 2018) Chhachhia, Anshul; Kanwar, R.S.Study was done to find out the sources of resistance in barley against Heterodera avenae and to study the nature of resistance in resistant varieties. Experiments were done during 2016-17 and 2017-18, under screen house conditions at CCS HAU, Hisar. In total 95 genotypes of barley were screened against Heterodera avenae population from Haryana (Hisar). Out of these 14 were found resistant (DWRB 137, DWRB 163, DWRB 170, DWRB 73, DWRB 91, RD 2948, RD 2957, RGT PLANET, TRAVELLER, KWS IRINA, PL 895, PL 897, PL 898, PL 751) and three susceptible (DWRB 127, BK 1508, RD 2903) and remaining were found highly susceptible. Life cycle of Heterodera avenae was studied in BH 393, BH 959, RD 2035, DWRB 91 (resistant) and BH 902 (susceptible) varieties. Penetration and number of cyst formed were less in resistant varieties than susceptible and no cyst development on RD 2035. In susceptible as well as resistant varieties, development was similar. Average cyst content was also higher in susceptible variety than resistant varieties. Phenols and total sugar contents increased after infection in roots and shoots of both susceptible and resistant varieties. Both pre- and post- infection resistance were found in resistant varieties of barley.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on physiological changes induced by cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) in wheat (Triticum aestivum)(CCSHAU, 2017) Sindhu, Ajay Singh; Kanwar, R.S.Present study was conducted to investigate the the sequential effect of Heterodera avenae on physiology of wheat, the effect of sowing time on physiology of H.avenae infected wheat and the effect of different inoculum levels of H.avenae on physiology of wheat. The experiments were conducted in screenhouse of Department of Nematology, CCSHAU, Hisar during Rabi-2016. For evaluating the sequential effect of H.avenae on wheat cultivar WH 1105 was sown on 7th Nov. and observations on physiological parameters were recorded 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS). Total chlorophyll, carotenoid and chlorophyll fluorescence were significantly lower in inoculated plants as compared to uninoculated plants at 90 DAS. They were reduced to the tune of 37.78%, 36.73% and 10.46%, respectively. Total chlorophyll, carotenoid and chlorophyll fluorescence increased till 60 DAS and decreased at 90 DAS. Photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance decreased with the increase in age of plant. Inoculated plants when compared with uninoculated plants showed significant decrease at 60 DAS by 38.17, 47.39 and 42.85%, respectively. For comparing the physiology of H.avenae infected wheat sown on 1st, 15th and 30th Nov., observation were taken 30 DAS. Total chlorophyll (25.00%), carotenoid (28.94%), chlorophyll fluorescence (6.27%), photosynthetic rate (57.33%) and stomatal conductance (62.50%) showed maximum reduction in inoculated plants of 15th Nov. sowing when compared with uninoculated plants while transpiration rate decreased significantly (56.19%) in inoculated plants of 30th Nov. sowing. Inoculated plants showed significant reduction in these parameters when compared with uninoculated plants at all the three sowing dates. Biomass of 15th Nov. sown plants was greatly hampered by nematode parasitism as compared to plants sown on 1st and 30th Nov. Maximum nematode population was obtained in 15th Nov. sown plants. Effect of different inoculum levels viz. 5, 10 and 15 eggs and juveniles/g soil of H.avenae on physiology of wheat was studied by recording observations 30 DAS. With the increase in inoculum level of H.avenae, there was significant decrease in total chlorophyll, carotenoid, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance at each level. Maximum reduction in these parameters was observed at 15 eggs and juveniles/g soil that was 39.71, 30.55, 7.90, 39.75, 51.58 and 64.86% respectively. Maximum nematode population build up and least biomass were obtained at highest inoculum level.ThesisItem Open Access Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp. on tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura F.(CCSHAU, 2017) Babita kumari; Sewak RamOut of 120 soil samples collected from different habitats, 9 samples (7.5%) were found to be positive for EPN. The highest frequency of occurrence of EPNs (58.3%) was recorded in Ber orchard with 7 samples infected for EPNs followed by citrus and cactus (8.3%). Amongst them, the frequency of occurrence of Steinernematid and Heterorhabditid nematodes were 41.7 and 16.7 per cent, respectively. As the inoculum level increased, there was a gradual increase in progeny production of both S. abaasi and H. indica. The present study revealed that both the species strain of EPNs were found to be virulent and could cause 50 per cent mortality at 10 infective juveniles/larva under in vitro conditions. Among all the isolates of EPNs, S. abaasi isolate HAR-EPN-Sa-3 was highly virulent against S. litura. It was followed by other isolates in the order of HAR-EPN-Sa-2, HAR-EPN-Sa-5 and HAR-EPN-Sa-4. The strain HAR-EPN-Sa-1 recorded the least virulence of all the isolates. However, nearly 50 per cent mortality of the larvae was observed at an inoculum level of 10IJs per larva after 24h. In case of H. indica, isolate HAR-EPN-Hi-2 was highly virulent and HAR-EPN-Hi-1 recorded the least virulence against S. litura. Mass multiplication of EPNs, highest yield of S. abaasi isolate HAR-EPN-Sa-3 followed by HAR-EPN-Sa- 2, HAR-EPN-Sa-5 and HAR-EPN-Sa-4. The strain HAR-EPN-Sa-1 recorded the least multiplication of all the isolates. In case of H. indica, highest yield of HAR-EPN-Hi-2 followed by HAR-EPN-Hi-1. Laboratory studies revealed that S. abaasi in combination with H. indica had been more virulence than S. abaasi and H. indica when applied alone. S. abaasi in combination with H. indica caused 72.5, 87.4, 97.3 and 99.7 per cent mortality, respectively against S. litura as compared to virulent strain of Steinernema spp alone. Mass production of IJs of tested EPNs from S. litura larva showed highest yield of EPNs (H. indica+S. abaasi) followed by S. abaasi alone and H. indica.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on gnotobiology, and effect of sowing dates and varieties of wheat on reproduction of root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei Sher and Allen)(CCSHAU, 2011) K Kranti K V V S; Kanwar, R. S.Investigations were carried out on in vitro culturing of Pratylenchus thornei, and effect of sowing dates and wheat varieties on reproduction of this nematode. In gnotobiology study, carrot discs on 1% water agar and alfalfa callus on MS medium with 4 mg 2, 4-D were compared for culturing P. thornei, by inoculating 40 surface sterilized nematodes per flask. For callus production, 5-day-old seedlings grown aseptically from alfalfa seed sterilized in conc. sulphuric acid for 15-20 min were used. Carrot disc proved better than alfalfa callus technique in having higher nematode multiplication rate (18.01 in carrot disc, 13.25 in alfalfa callus). In date of sowing experiment, December 5 sowing resulted in maximum final nematode population (394) with reproduction factor 1.9. Reproduction factor was 1.0 and 0.6 in November 15 and October 30 sowings, respectively. The nematode reproduction rate increased with the delay in sowing from October 30 to December 5. Of the 20 wheat varieties/lines evaluated for resistance and tolerance, nine varieties/ lines namely AUS 15854, PBW 343, PBW 550, Raj MR1, Raj 3765, Turkey line (CROC 1/AE. SQUARROSA (224)//OPATA), WH 542, WH 896 and WHD 943 were rated as resistant (Rf <1) whereas 11 varieties viz., C 306, DBW 16, DBW 17, PBW 373, UP 2425, WH 147, WH 711, WH 912, WH 1021,WH 1025 and WH 1080 were rated as susceptible (Rf ≥ 1). Varieties PBW 550, UP 2425, Raj 3765, WH 147, WH 912, WHD 943 and WH 1025 were found tolerant and remaining varieties (AUS 15854, C 306, DBW 16, DBW 17, PBW 343, PBW 373, Raj MR1, Turkey line, WH 542, WH 711, WH 896, WH 1021 and WH 1080) were found intolerant. Bread wheat varieties PBW 550 and Raj 3765 and durum variety WHD 943 proved resistant as well tolerant to this nematode.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of some biotic and abiotic factors on the endospore adherence and development of bacterial parasite, Pasteuria penetrans on meloidogyne javanica(CCSHAU, 2011) Jasbit Singh; Walia, R. K.Influence of plant root exudates, and culture filtrates (CFs) of rhizobacteria and fungi on the attachment of Pasteuria penetrans endospores to J2 of Meloidogyne javanica was studied in lab experiments. Soil leachate did not affect the endospore attachment. Endospore attachment increased significantly with time. Brinjal, tomato, chickpea and onion root exudates enhanced endospore attachment. Garden bean root exudates promoted the growth and multiplication of protozoans that decreased the number of leftover endospores drastically. CFs of Azotobacter chroococcum, Gluconoacetobacter diazotrophicus and Providentia rettgeri promoted, while that of Enterobacter cloacae reduced the endospore attachment to J2 of M. javanica. The CFs (autoclaved or not) of soil fungi adversely affected the endospore attachment to nematode juveniles. Studies on attempted in vitro culture of P. penetrans in CFs of rhizobacteria revealed the growth of P. penetrans-like stages (tetrads, diads etc.) only in case of A. chroococcum, E. cloacae and G. diazotrophicus. In a screen-house experiment to study the development of P. penetrans during rabi season, it was observed that the life cycle of host nematode M. javanica was prolonged; although eggs were formed in the genital tracts of females but no egg masses were formed till the end of March. The sporogenesis phase of P. penetrans did not occur in any of the five sets inoculated on different dates. P. penetrans development was restricted to vegetative phase only (microcolonies and thallus stages). The nematode development continued albeit slowly; while that of bacterium failed to synchronize with that of nematode.