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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Genetic divergence, correlation and path coefficients studies in Tulsi (Ocimum spp.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-06-09) Vijay Kumar C. Talawade; Krishan KumarThe present investigation comprising of 40 Tulsi (Ocimum spp.) genotypes received from ICAR- National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi were grown in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications in the Research Area of Medicinal, Aromatic and Potential Crops Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during Kharif 2022. The observations were recorded for 10 qualitative and 17 quantitative traits. The 40 Tulsi genotypes were characterized into different categories for each of the qualitative trait. Analysis of variance revealed the presence of sufficient amount of genetic variability for all the 17 quantitative traits studied. The GCV and PCV estimates were high for dry herbage yield (47.31% and 47.74%), seed yield (47.21% and 48.17%) and number of spikes per plant (47.18% and 47.35%), respectively. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for number of spikes per plant, 1000 seed weight, fresh herbage yield, dry herbage yield and oil content. Seed yield per plant showed highly significant and positive correlation with number of spikes per plant (0.507** and 0.501**), 1000 seed weight (0.471** and 0.459**), number of flowers’ whorls per spike (0.455** and 0.396**), seedling length (0.291** and 0.264**) and fresh herbage yield per plant (0.262** and 0.257**) at both genotypic as well as phenotypic level, respectively. Path coefficients analysis revealed that the maximum positive direct effect was exhibited by seedling length (0.582) followed by 1000 seed weight (0.487), number of spikes per plant (0.371), number of primary branches per plant (0.292), fresh herbage yield per plant (0.292), seed vigour index-II (0.232) and number of flowers’ whorls per spike (0.209). The 40 Tulsi genotypes were grouped into 10 different clusters indicating the presence of genetic divergence among different genotypes. The maximum intra-cluster distance was recorded for cluster 7 and maximum inter-cluster distance was recorded between cluster 2 and cluster 10. Relative contribution of different traits towards genetic diversity revealed that 1000 seed weight (41.41%) contributed maximum towards genetic divergence followed by number of spikes per plant (17.31%), fresh herbage yield per plant (13.46%) and oil content (10.77%). Based on the maximum mean performance for seed yield, number of primary branches, fresh as well as dry herbage yield, oil content and seed vigour index-I & II, the genotypes EC 338772, EC 388890 and IC 326732 may be exploited in the breeding programmes to develop the improved cultivars of Tulsi for higher seed yield, oil content and other economically important traits.ThesisItem Open Access Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical characterization of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-09) Jolapuram Siva Krishna; SomveerThe current investigation aimed to explore the “Morpho-physiological and biochemical characterization of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes”. A total of 77 upland cotton genotypes were examined in this experiment conducted at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, with a focus on estimating genetic variability, genetic diversity and correlation analysis among various traits. Among the 18 qualitative traits investigated, notable variations were observed in leaf color, leaf hairiness, leaf shape, plant stem hairiness, flower petal color, flower stigma position, pollen color, boll shape, and boll surface. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences in all studied traits among the progenies. The slightly higher value of PCV compared to GCV indicated that the traits were less influenced by environmental factors. Traits such as days to first flower, number of locules per boll, number of seeds per locule, ginning out turn, seed index, crude protein content, photosynthetic rate, sugar, phenol, oil, and seed cotton yield per plant exhibited moderate to low GCV and PCV values. Moreover, characters such as boll weight, plant height, number of seeds per locule, seed index, leaf area, chlorophyll (SPAD) value, crude protein, and seed cotton yield per plant displayed high heritability coupled with moderate genetic advance percent mean. Correlation analysis revealed a significantly positive relationship between seed cotton yield per plant and the number of bolls per plant, boll weight, number of locules per boll, ginning out turn, lint index, and other yield-contributing traits. Path-coefficient analysis highlighted the maximum positive direct effects of number of bolls per plant, boll weight, ginning out turn, photosynthetic rate, and sugar on seed cotton yield per plant. The genetic diversity analysis categorized the 77 upland cotton genotypes into three clusters. Cluster-I comprised the largest number of genotypes (36), followed by cluster II (30), which together accounted for nearly 90% of the genotypes. Cluster III, however, only consisted of 10% of the genotypes, exhibiting higher cluster mean values for several yield-contributing traits. Cluster II and cluster III demonstrated the maximum inter-cluster distance, followed by cluster I and cluster II, indicating greater genetic dissimilarity between genotypes of these clusters. Genotypes belonging to cluster I and II, characterized by a wider inter-cluster distance, hold potential for generating significant heterosis in breeding programmes.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic diversity and population structure analysis using morphophysiological and SSR markers in Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ssp. culinaris)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-08) Pilania, Prerna; Lakshmi ChaudharyHundred lentil genotypes along with three checks (WBL 77, Kota Masoor-2 and L-4717) were evaluated for morphophysiological and yield traits during rabi 2022-23 under two different environments (timely and late sown) to determine genetic variability, correlations, path coefficients, genetic divergence and population structure. Significant amount of variability was found for almost all the studied traits except leaf pubescence and pod anthocyanin colouration and the genotypes were categorized as per the DUS guidelines. High PCV and GCV coupled with high heritability was observed for number of pods per plant, biological yield per plant, seed yield per plant and total chlorophyll content in timely sown conditions whereas in late sown conditions high PCV and GCV coupled with high heritability was observed for 100-seed weight, seed yield per plant and total chlorophyll content suggesting that these characters are genetically controlled by additive gene action. The seed yield per plant was found positively correlated with days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, biological yield per plant and harvest index in both the environments. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis grouped the genotypes into six distinct clusters in both the environments indicating a higher degree of variability in the material under study. Genotypes present in cluster IV and III were found best for yield in timely and late sown environment, respectively. Out of 50 SSR markers studied, 23 were found to be polymorphic and UPGMA cluster analysis based on SSR marker data grouped the lentil genotypes into six genetic clusters. On the basis of population structure analysis, four distinct populations along with some admixtures were obtained. Genotypes PL-105, PL-04, PL-02, DPL-58, LH 09-03, LH 09-07 and IPL 406 were found to be superior with high genetic diversity and hence can be used in lentil breeding programmes for further improvement. On the basis of heat susceptibility index values, genotypes DPL-58, LH 18-49, LH 09-15 and LH 18-07 exhibited high heat tolerance and maybe used as a potential donor while breeding varieties for terminal heat tolerance.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic analysis of natural variability in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-07-24) Rohit; Subhash ChanderThe study was carried out to investigate genetic variability and to assess genetic diversity in 50 sesame genotypes. During kharif 2022, the experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design with three replications at the experimental area of Oilseeds Section, Department of Genetics and plant breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Each genotype was sown in single row of 3-meter length with spacing of 30 x 15 cm and evaluated for twelve quantitative characters. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences in the material for all the studied characters. Highest genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation was found for seed yield/plant followed by secondary branches/plant, number of capsules/plant, number of primary branches/plant and number of seeds/capsule. High heritability coupled with genetic advance was observed for number of primary and secondary branches/plant, number of capsules/plant, number of seeds/capsule and seed yield/plant. The seed yield/plant showed a significant positive correlation with plant height, number of primary branches/plant, number of capsules/plant, number of seeds/capsule, capsule length, capsule width and 1000-seed weight, and negative correlation with days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and oil content. Path analysis revealed that primary branches/plant and capsule length had positive effects on seed yield/plant while negative effect was shown by days to 50% flowering and oil content. The D2 analysis classified all the genotypes into five clusters. Cluster II had the highest number of genotypes followed by cluster III and cluster I. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II. Maximum contribution towards genetic divergence was due to secondary branches/plant (20.94%) followed by primary branches/plant (19.51%) and seed yield/plant (17.59). In conclusion, the genotypes NIC-17274-C and NIC-7897 (Cluster I), NIC-8394 (Cluster III) and HT-2 (Cluster IV) should be used in hybridization programme for improvement of seed yield and oil content in sesame.ThesisItem Open Access Exploitation of genetic parameters and variability in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-07-29) Gurpreet; Sunil KumarChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a widely consumed pulse in the world. In India, it is known by various local names in different states of India, like Chana in Haryana. The chickpea sown during the rabi season, is the most productive and important crop of all the pulses grown in India. In order to fulfil the demand of a growing population, chickpea production has increased recently throughout the nation, forcing the creation and application of high-yielding cultivars. The current experiment was carried out in the rabi season of 2022–2023 at the Pulses Research Area of the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The study included 81 different genotypes of chickpea, which were evaluated for yield and yield contributed traits. The whole experiment was conducted in a Randomised Complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replication. Significant genotype variation was found for all yield and yield-attributing traits. The morphological characterization of chickpeas was done in accordance with the DUS Guidelines. The seed yield had significant positive association with plant height, number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, number of pods, number of empty pods, pods weight, biological yield and harvest index. Path coefficient have high positive direct effects on plant height, biological yield, harvest index, number of secondary branches, days to 50% flowering, number of pods per plant and pods weight per plant and negative direct effect for number of empty pod per plant, days to first podding, number of pod per plant, days to first flowering, pods weight and days to 50 % flowering. High estimates of PCV % and GCV % of the chickpea genotypes were observed for plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of empty pods per plant, pods weight per plants, biological yield per plant and harvesting index. On the basis of phenotypic variance in genotypes viz H 20-20, H 20-105, H 20-142, H 20-74, GNG 2557, GNG 2461were found superior and genetically diverse. In the current study, these elite genotypes showed superiority for yield, and traits that contribute to yield can be taken advantage in future chickpea improvement programmes using advanced generation selection.ThesisItem Open Access Identification of Potential wheat genotypes for yield and grain quality under organic regime(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-07) Vivek K V; Bishnoi, O. P.The present investigation comprising of 52 wheat genotypes were grown in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications in the Research farm area, Wheat and Barley Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar for control conditions (E1) and in collaboration with the Deen Dayal Upadhyay Center of Excellence for Organic Farming, CCS HAU, Hisar for organic conditions (E2) during rabi 2022-23. The observations were recorded for 14 quantitative traits. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among all the genotypes under both the conditions. Under both the conditions, moderate genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were observed for most of the traits like effective tillers per plant, number of grains per spike, spike length, thousand grain weight, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant, harvest index, crude protein, total gluten, iron content and zinc content. Correlation coefficients and direct path effects revealed that the traits i.e. biological yield per plant, effective tillers per plant, harvest index, spike length and number of grains per spike had a true association with grain yield, whereas maximum indirect path were recorded for biological yield per plant and harvest index, hence these yield attributing traits could be considered as suitable selection criteria for wheat improvement programs under organic conditions. The 52 genotypes were grouped into 6 and 5 clusters using Tocher’s method under control (E1) and organic conditions (E2), respectively. The maximum inter-cluster distance was reported between cluster 4 and cluster 6 for control conditions (E1) and cluster 1 and 4 for organic conditions (E2), respectively, which indicates that the genotypes included in these clusters were genetically diverse. The genotypes namely WH 1292, WH 1293, WH 1318, WH 1314 and WH 1307 are selected based on the mean performance for different traits under both control as well as organic conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Graphical and conventional Line x Tester analyses for seed yield and attributes in fieldpea (Pisum sativum L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-06) Meenakshi; Yadav, RajeshIn self-pollinated crop like fieldpea, recombinant breeding is the most desirable approach to combine various desirable attributes. In the present study, genetic variation, combining ability and heterosis were studied for days to flowering and maturity, primary and secondary branches per plant, nodes per plant, height of first pod, plant height, pods per plant, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, biological and seed yield per plant and harvest index in fieldpea (Pisum sativum L.) using line x tester design involving ten lines, three testers and their 30 crosses and comparisons were made between the conventional and graphical approaches. The presence of adequate variability was revealed by significant differences among the parents and hybrids for almost all the traits studied. The meansquares due to parents vs crosses emerged significant for most of the traits revealing adequate amountof heterosis. Narrowdifferences between PCVand GCVof different traits indicated lesser influence of environment on the expression of these traits. Low heritability coupled with low genetic advance were observed for most of traits suggesting that these traits are genetically controlled by non-additive gene action. Among lines, HFP 715, RFP 2009-2 and GP02/1108 and among testers HFP 1711 exhibited good general combining ability and among the crosses Indira Matar 1 x HFP 1428, DDR23 x HFP 1711, GP 02/1108 x HFP 1428 expressed significant SCA for seed yield and its attributing traits according to conventional analysis. The lines and crosses exhibited superiorityin the present study can be exploited for isolating desirable transgressive segregants in advanced generations in future fieldpea improvement programmes. The σ2GCA/σ2SCA and the degree of dominance indicated predominant roleofdominancegeneaction.ThecrossesIndiraMatar1xHFP1711,AmanxHFP1711,GP02/1108 x HFP 1711, IPF 14-13 x HFP 1428 expressed significant desirable heterobeltiosis for seed yield andits attributing traits These may be utilised in crop improvement programme to obtain transgressive segregants in later generations. Graphical analysis results were almost same to those of traditional analysis with some variations. These methodologies provided easily interpretable output and it can be inferred that PCA biplot method can be used alone or together with GGE biplot method for evaluating parents and crosses in a line × tester design.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of genetic diversity for yield, fibre and seed quality traits in desi cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-07) Shubham; Minakshi DeviThe present investigation was conducted at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during kharif 2022 to evaluate genetic diversity among 50 genotypes of desi cotton based on 23 yield contributing, fibre and seed quality traits along with eight qualitative traits for morphological characterization. Variation among genotypes were found for leaf shape, leaf pubescence, leaf nectaries, petal colour, petal spot, boll shape and boll opening except pollen colour. Analysis of variance revealed presence of variability for all the traits among the genotypes except uniformity index. The GCV and PCV values were high for number of monopods/plant, seed cotton yield, lint yield, gossypol, sugar and phosphorous content. Additive gene action was dominant for the traits viz., number of monopods/plant, number of sympods/plant, boll weight, seed index, lint index, number of bolls/plant, seed cotton yield, lint yield, gossypol, sugar, crude fibre, crude protein, oil, phosphorous, sodium and potassium content as high heritability coupled with high genetic advance was reported for these traits. Correlation studies showed that seed cotton yield/plant was significantly and positively correlated with plant height, number of monopods/plant, number of sympods/plant, number of bolls/plant, boll weight, lint yield, lint index, ginning outturn and fibre fineness. Path analysis revealed that maximum direct effect on seed cotton yield was by lint yield followed by lint index, boll weight and number of bolls/plant. Genetic diversity analysis showed the presence of substantial genetic divergence. All 50 genotypes were grouped into three main clusters. The maximum inter-cluster distance was observed between Cluster II and III. Potassium content showed highest contribution towards divergence followed by oil, ginning outturn, sugar, lint yield, crude protein content. On the basis of mean performance; the genotypes HD 637, HD 640, HD 639 and HD 629 (high seed cotton yield), P 536 and P 410 (good fibre quality), HD 639 and HD 627 (high oil, crude fibre and crude protein) and DA-4/02 (lowest gossypol and highest crude fibre) were found promising. Hence, these genotypes can be utilized in breeding programmes for yield, fibre and seed quality improvement. Hence, evaluation of yield contributing, fibre and seed quality traits based on genetic diversity was helpful in identifying promising genotypes that can be utilized in future cotton breeding programmes.ThesisItem Open Access Study of genetic diversity based on morpho-biochemical and molecular markers in American cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-07) Somveer; Sandeep KumarThe present investigation “Study of genetic diversity based on morpho-biochemical and molecular markers in American cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.” was carried out at Farm Research Area of Cotton Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during kharif Season 2022 to find out genetic diversity for various traits in American cotton genotypes. On the basis of DUS characterization high variation was observed for traits viz leaf hairiness, plant stem hairiness, plant height (cm), boll shape, boll weight (g), seed index (g), ginning outturn (%), leaf petiole pigmentation, plant stem pigmentation, plant growth habitat (cm), days to 50% flowering, flower petal colour, flower stigma, flower pollen colour, boll surface, prominence of tip on boll and seed fuzz density. Analysis of variance revealed that sufficient variability was present for all the traits among the genotypes. Seed cotton yield (g), lint weight (g), number of bolls per plant, number of sympods per plant, boll weight (g) and seed index (g) exhibited moderate GCV and PCV. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was found for the traits like number of bolls per plant, number of sympods per plant, boll weight (g), seed index (g), lint weight (g), seed cotton yield (g), sugar content (%), gossypol content (%), phenol content (%) and tannin content (%). Hence, these characters have very low environmental effect therefore, direct selection can be used to improve these traits. Correlation analysis revealed that seed cotton yield had significant and positive correlation with days to 50% flowering, plant height (cm), number of bolls per plant, number of sympods per plant, boll weight (g), ginning outturn (%) and lint weight (g). Path coefficient analysis suggested that maximum contribution towards seed cotton yield is from lint weight (g), number of bolls per plant and boll weight (g). The genetic diversity analysis categorized 50 genotypes into five clusters. The Maximum inter cluster distance was found between cluster II and cluster IV. The use of genotypes from cluster II and IV would be useful to generate desirable genetic variability. Total 50 SSR markers were used to study diversity among genotypes; 26 markers showed polymorphism with 65 alleles. The PIC value varied from 0.275 to 0.679. The dendogram was obtained from polymorphic marker using DARWIN software. Dendrogram showed that 50 genotypes were classified into five clusters. Cluster I contains 42 genotypes, cluster II and cluster V contains two genotypes each and cluster III contains three genotypes while, Reba B 50 was single genotype in cluster IV.
