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Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a Rural University on the land-grant pattern of USA. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of USA, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960.
The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country.
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ThesisItem Open Access Comparative studies on reproductive performance of common carp and amur carp with different types of feed(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-02) Tamta, Mahima; Ram, R.N.Proper nutrition is one of the most important factors influencing the ability of fish to attain the genetic potential for growth, reproduction and longevity. Nutrition is essential for egg development, fertilization rate, and ability of reproduction, ovarian tissues, growth and development of embryo. Feed should be formulated to meet the nutritional needs of the reproducing fish. The present study was conducted to compare the reproductive performance of common carp and Amur carp with different types of feed. Four different kinds of diets were prepared i.e. control diet, protein diet, lipid diet, carbohydrate diet. Both species including males and females were divided accordingly into the five groups i.e. control group with fix feeding (fish fed both the times morning and evening), and control group with random feeding (fish fed only once in a day in a random manner), protein group, lipid group, and carbohydrate group. All the fish in all the groups fed in split doses both morning and evening except for the control group with random feeding. The experiment was carried out for the 13 months from March 2019- March 2020. Improved growth in terms of length, weight, percent weight gain, GSI & HSI was observed in the group that was fed with protein diet. All the serum biochemical parameters evaluated found in optimal range. Serum steroid hormones were found elevated in lipid diet. Live sperm, motility duration, and spermatocrit are found highest in the diet enriched with lipid. Fecundity, ova diameter, was found maximum in the lipid and protein diet for both species. While observing the embryonic development between the two experimental fish i.e. common carp and Amur carp fed with the protein, lipid and carbohydrate diet and with different feeding schedules the present study revealed that both of the experimental fish fed with protein, lipid, carbohydrate and conventional diet had customary standard embryonic development with clear and normal organogenesis. However, at the same time the fish group with random feeding (once a day) displayed retarded development. From the present study it is revealed that quantity and quality of food along with an optimum feeding frequency are equally crucial for a superior growth, better health and a successful reproductive cycle of fish. These observations indicate that Amur strain of common carp displayed improved somatic growth as well as gonadal growth, so if it is cultured in large scale, it will definitely help in augmentation of fish production.ThesisItem Open Access Mapping of high-altitudinal lakes for coldwater fisheries development in Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh using geospatial technology(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-02) Saikia, Antareepa; Saxena, AmitaThe incorporation of geospatial technology with multi criteria decision-making method using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in this study has made it possible for the identification of the potential sites in the selected lakes for the development of coldwater fisheries in the district of Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh. The highly suitable areas of 6.24 ha (33.50 %), 1.14 ha (33.26 %), 2.19 ha (26.89 %), 0.27 ha (29.99 %) and 1.58 ha (16.90 %); moderately suitable areas of 1.45 ha (7.76 %), 0.63 ha (18.53 %), 5.61 ha (68.95 %), 0.40 ha (44.02 %) and 2.18 ha (23.27 %) were recorded for Sela, Nagula, Panga Teng Tso, an un-named lake and Sangestar, respectively. The physico-chemical parameters ,i.e., temperature ( 4.9±0.05°C to 8.2±0.05°C), electrical conductivity (3.1±0.00 μS/cm to 52.35±2.35 μS/cm), total dissolved solids (2.0±0.0 mg/L to 33.5±1.5 mg/L), dissolved oxygen (6.77±0.010 mg/L to 8.33±0.100 mg/L), carbon dioxide (2.00±0.000 mg/L to 2.50±0.09 mg/L), pH (6.7±0.15 to 7.9±0.05), phosphate (0.010±0.000 mg/L to 0.270±0.010 mg/L), nitrite (0.003±0.000 mg/L to 0.0085±0.0005 mg/L), iron (0.07±0.020 mg/L to 0.265±0.015 mg/L) and ammonium (0.010±0.000 mg/L to 0.020±0.001mg/L) were found to be quite conducive for coldwater fisheries development in the selected lake resources. The biological parameters, i.e., phytoplankton and zooplankton numbers were comparatively greater in the highly and moderately suitable areas than that in the unsuitable areas of the lakes. However, 10.94 ha (58.73 %), 1.65 ha (48.21 %), 0.34 ha (4.15 %), 0.24 ha (25.99 %) and 5.60 ha (59.83 %) were accounted as the unsuitable areas in Sela, Nagula, Panga Teng Tso, un-named lake and Sangestar lakes, respectively which are, therefore, deemed inapt for any fisheries development. Overall, it was found that coldwater and sports fisheries development can be taken up in the selected lake resources of the district.ThesisItem Open Access Bio-monitoring - a tool for assessment of biotic and abiotic parameters in two major Riverine ecosystem(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-02) Sumit Kumar; Saxena, AmitaBiomonitoring of two major riverine ecosystem Ganga and Yamuna was carried out to know the present situation of rivers. In Ganga river three sites from each district viz: Haridwar (A1), Bijnor (A2) and Muzaffarnagar (A3) and One site from Union territory Delhi (B1) and two sites from districts of U.P. viz: Mathura (B2) and Agra (B3) were selected from Yamuna river.In Ganga river a total of 39 fish species belonging to 8 orders and 16 families were recorded whereas in Yamuna river a total of 45 fish species belonging to 8 orders and 16 family were recorded. The Physico-chemical parameter of Ganga river was found better than Yamuna river. The occurrence of heavy metals in fishes of Ganga river were in order Pb > Zn > Cu > Cr > Hg > Cd. The level of Pb was found above the recommended level of WHO in fishes.The occurrence of heavy metals in Yamuna river were found in the order Zn> Cr > Pb > Cu > Cd > Hg. The level of Pb, Cd, Hg & Cr were found above the recommended level of WHO in fishes. In Ganga river water heavy metals were found in the order: Pb> Cu> Zn> Cr> Cd> Hg while in Yamuna river found in the order: Cr> Zn> Pb> Cu> Cd> Hg. Pb in Ganga &Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr & Zn in Yamuna water was found above the recommended level of WHO. The accumulation of heavy metals in Eichhornia crassipesof Ganga and Yamuna river was found in the order: Zn >Cr >Pb > Cu >Cd >Hg and Zn >Pb >Cr > Cu >Cd >Hg respectively. The level of heavy metals in sedimentof Ganga and Yamuna river was found in the order: Zn >Cr >Pb >Cu >Cd >Hg and Cr >Zn >Pb >Cu > Cd >Hg. In macro-benthic community of Ganga river were found in the order:Cr>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd>Hg while in Yamuna Zn>Cr>Pb>Cu>Hg>Cd. Planktonic density was greater in Yamuna river. Suitable bio-indicators from both the rivers were also documented.ThesisItem Open Access Synergic effect of plant extract and heavy metal (Cu) on hematological and biochemical parameters of Cyprinus carpio haematopterus(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-02) Goswami, Kusumlata; Ram, R.N.The present investigation was designed to evaluate the biosorption efficiency of leaves and bark extract of our multipurpose indigeneous trees i.e. Kafal (Myrica esculenta) as well as Banj (Quercus leucotrichophora) against copper ion adsorption. Assessment of acute and chronic toxicity of copper sulphate and the synergic effect of plant extract and heavy metal copper was checked in Amur carp for the duration of 6 months. Amur carp fingerlings were exposed for the duration of 96 hours against 7 different concentrations of copper starting from 1ppm to 4ppm with an increment of 0.5ppm i.e. 1ppm, 1.5ppm, 2ppm, 2.5ppm, 3ppm, 3.5ppm and 4ppm. The 96 hrs LC50 value of CuSO4 to Amur carp fingerlings was found to be 1.811 ppm by Finney’s probit analysis method of data evaluation for acute toxicity bioassay. The lethal toxicity test (LC50) concluded that there is direct positive relationship between the copper concentration and mortality count. During the biosorption experiment, it was observed that Kafal leaves served as best biosorbent as it can remove upto 61.8% of copper ions from the solution in 120 minutes. The per cent removal of copper by Banj leaves, Banj Bark and Kafal bark were 59.8%, 58.7% and 56.9% respectively in decreasing order. There was increasing trend of percentage removal and adsorption capacity with contact time, which may be due to availability of binding sites in biosorbent materials, but after 90 minutes it become constant due to saturation of available metal binding sites. The present study also showed that the chronic sub-lethal copper concentration has a profound effect on Amur carp health, which is represented by noticeable changes in its behavior, growth parameters, haematological parameters and serum biochemical parameters. However, the use of biosorbents which are prepared from our indigenous tree resources can partially reduce the ill effects of copper toxicity against Amur carp upto a certain extent.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Vitamin C supplementation in feed of sodium fluoride exposed amur carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Rajinder Kaur; Saxena, AmitaThe present study was carried out to study the effect of sodium fluoride on growth, hematological, serum biochemical parameters and tissue changes in Amur carp and also to study the effect of vitamin C supplementation in feed of sodium fluoride exposed Amur carp. Firstly, 96-hrs LC50 experiment was conducted to finalize the dose of sodium fluoride (NaF) for the main experiment. The 96-hrs LC50 value of sodium fluoride to Amur carp fry (average weight 8.73±0.14 g and average length 5.52±0.25 cm) at water temperature 26.6 ± 0.40 ºC and water hardness 226.00 ± 30.00 mg/L was found to be 986.28 mg/L. The duration of main experiment was 90 days. A total of 150 fish of average weight of 170 g were randomly divided into five groups with 30 fish each viz. group G1 (Control), group G2 (NaF @100 ppm), group G3 (Vit C @100 ppm), group G4 (NaF + Vit C @100 ppm) and group G5 (NaF @100 ppm + Vit C @200 ppm) and each group was set in triplicates. Fluoride concentration estimated in the ground water was 0.05 mg/L. After 10 days of acclimatization period, fish were exposed to NaF in groups G2, G4 and G5 whereas fish in groups G3 and G4 were fed with vitamin C supplemented diet. During the experimental period, blood and tissue sampling was done after every 15 days. No significant changes were observed in the group G1. Groups G2 and G4 showed significant decrease in the growth (PWG and SGR), hematological (TEC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC) and serum-biochemical (total serum protein, serum albumin, serum globulin, serum glucose, serum triglyceride) parameters whereas TLC, serum creatinine, AST and ALT levels were increased in the group from 0th DPT to 90th DPT. All these changes were higher in the group G2 than G4. In the group G5, from 0th DPT to 60th DPT, variation in the values were similar to the Group G2 but at 75th and 90th DPT, the values showed the reverse trend towards the normal values. Fluoride residues were found to be highest in the group G2 and lowest in the group G4. The gills accumulated the highest levels of fluoride followed by the liver > intestine > kidney > muscle > gonads. No histopathological changes could be recorded in the group G1 and G3 throughout the study period. In the gills of groups G2 and G5, the histopathological lesions were comprised of overall thickening of secondary gill lamellae (SGL) at places, mucoid hyperplasia, blunting and clubbing of the tip of SGL at places, congestion of the large blood vessels of gills, curling and severe congestion of the SGL. Liver showed severe vacuolar degeneration leading to the swelling of hepatocytes, kupffer cell hyperplasia, pancreas showed huge infiltration of RBCs and severe shrinkage of the hepatic cells leading to increased sinusoidal spaces. Spleen showed multi focal hemosiderosis at many places. The histopathological changes of intestine included necrosis and sloughing of the villi, fusion and blunting of villi, infiltration of mono-nuclear cells, degeneration of villous epithelium, shrinkage of glomeruli, swelling of kidney tubular epithelial cells and at places complete absence of glomeruli from the Bowman’s space. In the group G4, the histopthaological lesions were less severe than the group G2. In the group G5, at 75th DPT and 90th DPT, severity of the lesions was less in comparison to the group G2 at these DPT. Thus, the study concluded that vitamin C supplementation @100 ppm partially reduced the effect of NaF @100 ppm.ThesisItem Open Access Population characterization of three different stocks of C. catla by using microsatellite markers(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Singh, Garima; Singh, I.J.The present study was conducted to assess the genetic variation in Catla catla from three different sources, namely, the hatchery of College of Fisheries, Pantnagar, the fish farm at Sainik farm, Pattharchatta and the Baigul reservoir using well-characterized microsatellite DNA markers. A total of 90 fin samples, 30 fish from each of the three sampling sites and seven microsatellite primers (CcatA7, CcatA12, CcatG2, Cc-1, Cc-31, Cc-40, Cc-42) showing successful amplification and polymorphism were used in the present study. Various genetic variability indices like observed and expected heterozygosity, fixation index or inbreeding coefficient, Shannon’s Information Index, AMOVA and cluster analysis were calculated by using software GenAlEx and POPGENE Version 1.32. Least observed heterozygosity as compared to the expected heterozygosity was found in Pantnagar population. Along with this, the maximum value of the coefficient of inbreeding was also observed in Pantnagar population indicating a little more level of inbreeding as compared to all the three populations. The increased amount of inbreeding in atchery stock may be due to low effective population size, hatchery breeding of farmed stock and a lack of regular germplasm exchange of appropriate genetic diversity. The heterozygosity in the reservoir stock was also found to be significantly lower than expected alike the hatchery population. The genetic variability of stock of the fish farm was however found to be moderate, which subsequently indicates a better handling and management of the fish stock by the farm managers. Shannon’s Information Index (SI) was in the optimum range for all the populations suggesting the good abundance and evenness of the species studied. AMOVA results showed that there was a low i.e. 12% but significant molecular variance among populations because of the populations representing three different sources with varied hydro-biological conditions and there was a high i.e. 85% individual variance indicating almost no impact of inbreeding on the genetic variance at the individual level. UPGMA dendogram based on Nei’s genetic distance was prepared at the end and the maximum genetic distance value was found in between the stocks of Sainik farm and Pantnagar hatchery mostly due to the distant origin of broods. However, the stocks of Baigul reservoir and Pantnagar population were found to be more closely related with the lowest extrapolated genetic distance value giving a hint of some past parental relationship of Baigul reservoir with the stock of Pantnagar Hatchery.ThesisItem Open Access Morphometric and meristic characteristics of Rohu and Nain as a measure of stock variability in different habitats(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Negi, Deepti; Ram, R.N.The present study was undertaken to obtain a current database of the hydrological parameters and planktonic communities of the selected habitats (Baur reservoir, Haripura reservoir and stocking pond) and to study their impact on the health of the candidate species (Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala) in order to develop effective strategies and appropriate management measures. Water samples were collected and plankton was filtered monthly from September 2018 to April 2019. Various physicochemical parameters of water such as temperature, TDS, pH and DO were analysed. The values of K for L. rohita were observed to be 1.34 (Baur), 1.21(Haripura) and 1.31 (pond). On the other hand, for C. mrigala, the values were 1.19 (Baur), 1.14 (Haripura) and 1.05 (pond) revealing better fish growth in Baur as compared to other habitats. Furthermore, the specimens of L. rohita selected from Baur reservoir manifested positive allometric growth (b=3.17) while those from Haripura (b= 2.85) and pond (b= 2.42) showed negative allometric growth. C. mrigala specimens showed positive allometric growth for all the three habitats with b= 3.83 (Baur), b= 3.46 (Haripura) and b= 3.12 (pond).A relation between the morphometric lengths and TL was established and it was noted that in Baur and Haripura reservoirs, two morphometric characters were environmentally controlled for both the species suggesting that presently the habitats are less affected by environment. In Haripura, intermediate characters were more i.e. ten for Rohu and nine for Nain, evincing that if proper management techniques are not implemented in the future, they would be converted into nvironmentally controlled characters and the habitat may get further degraded. This study concluded that Baur has a better hydrological regime and is less environmentally degraded, providing favourable environmental conditions from fisheries point of view. Thus, the need for the scientific management and development of the reservoirs has been taken into consideration not only to harness the optimal benefits of the system but also to maintain the ecosystem that they represent. The ecological monitoring of these reservoirs is very significant in the sustainable use and protection of water resources in the country. Herein, lies the relevance of the conducted study.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of tempo-spatial climatic changes in Bhimtal and Naukuchiatal lake using geospatial technology(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-03) Kuveskar, Sagar Vijay; Saxena, AmitaThe present study was conducted to study the decadal changes occurring in Bhimtal and Naukuchiatal Lake catchment area. 4 classes were defined as Agriculture, Forest, Water and Built-up land. Maximum changes have been observed in built-up area in Bhimtal Lake and Naukuchiatal Lake catchment area. Decadal changes of water-spread area of both the Lake were studied by ENVI 4.7 software which showed that the decadal change in pre-monsoon i.e. from 2008 to 2018 was observed to be decrease in 4.05 ha whereas in post monsoon it was observed to increase by 0.72 ha in Bhimtal Lake. In Naukuchiatal Lake the decadal change in pre-monsoon i.e. from 2008 to 2018 was observed to be increase in 1.44 ha. Whereas in post monsoon it was observed to increase by 0.54 ha. Monthly physico-chemical parameter like DO, CO2, alkalinity, transparency, pH, TDS and temperature of both the Lakes were studied. Naukuchiatal Lake had better DO. Thematic map of planktonic bloom showed that highest phytoplankton distribution was found in May 2018 at 79ᵒ 33’ 25 “ E longitude and 29ᵒ 20’ 49.82 “N latitude. In Naukuchiatal Lake phytoplankton were more concentrated at 79ᵒ 35’ 1.5 “ E longitude and 29ᵒ 19’ 12.05 “N latitude in May. The highest zooplankton distribution was found in May 2018 at 79ᵒ 33’ 38 “ E longitude and 29ᵒ 20’ 26“ N latitude in Bhimtal Lake. In Naukuchiatal Lake zooplankton were more concentrated at 79ᵒ 35’ 8.5 “ E longitude and 29ᵒ 19’ 17.05 “N latitude in May. In broad sense Zooplankton were more in Bhimtal Lake and phytoplankton were more in Naukuchiatal Lake. Biodiversity of fishes and macrophyte was more in Bhimtal Lake. Among which commonly occurred species in both lakes were Tor tor, Nemachilus montanus, Tor putitora, Barilius bendelisis, Schizothorax progastus, Chanda spp, Cirrhinus mrigala, Cyprinus carpio.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of Schizothorax richardsonii stocks of different lotic water bodies of Uttarakhand using truss network analysis and microsatellite markers(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-01) Lohani, Vibha; Ram, R.N.Uttarakhand state has plenty of water resources in the form of rivers, streams and the glaciers of Western Himalayas make these rivers more sacred and eye-catching. Schizothorax richardsonii is an indigenous Himalayan fish species commonly called as Snow trout” due to its similarity with trout that is sharp teeth. It contributes to the cold water fishery in the Himalayan region and dwells in fast flowing snow-fed rivers (8-22°C), streams and lakes. The present study investigated the patterns of phenotypic and genotypic variations of this economically important fish. The sampling sites included four natural lotic water bodies of the state Uttarakhand and one farmed stock of the target fish i.e. Kosi River, Alaknanda River, Chirapani stream, Gaula River and captive stock of DCFR Farm, Bhimtal. Biometrics revealed that Alaknanda River showed isometric growth (b = 3.08) while the others have negative allometric growth and the condition factor was also highest in Alaknanda River (K=1.81). Phenotypic study was performed using Truss Network of 14 landmarks making 31 characters which reported high degree of significant morphometric heterogeneity among the populations with size within landmarks and shape as major factors of divergence in the selected ecosystems. Between-groups Principal Component Analysis revealed that the first and second principal components accounted for 91.2% and 5.4% of variance respectively. 94.5% of original grouped cases were correctly classified each original group for morphometric measurements of S. richardsonii and formed separate clusters supporting the fact that environment plays a vital role in shaping the phenotypic characters. Inter- population microsatellite assay analyzed that mean of observed number of alleles were 5.20, mean of effective number of alleles were 3.50, Observed heterozygosity was 0.57, expected heterozygosity was 0.63, Shannon’s Information Index was 1.40, Fixation Index (FST) was 0.12 and gene flow (Nm) was 1.83. The results revealed a low molecular variance of 13% among populations, 3% of difference within populations and 84% of molecular variance within individuals. The genotypic results suggested moderate level of genetic diversity among populations. The complimentary study of phenotypic and genotypic variations is an attempt of stock assessment of Snow Trout in Uttarakhand for the rational exploitation, conducting conservation and sustainable management measures.
