Effect of Vitamin C supplementation in feed of sodium fluoride exposed amur carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus)
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Date
2019-08
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G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand)
Abstract
The present study was carried out to study the effect of sodium fluoride on growth, hematological, serum biochemical parameters and tissue changes in Amur carp and also to study the effect of vitamin C supplementation in feed of sodium fluoride exposed Amur carp. Firstly, 96-hrs LC50 experiment was conducted to finalize the dose of sodium fluoride (NaF) for the main experiment. The 96-hrs LC50 value of sodium fluoride to Amur carp fry (average weight 8.73±0.14 g and average length 5.52±0.25 cm) at water temperature 26.6 ± 0.40 ºC and water hardness 226.00 ± 30.00 mg/L was found to be 986.28 mg/L. The duration of main experiment was 90 days. A total of 150 fish of average weight of 170 g were randomly divided into five groups with 30 fish each viz. group G1 (Control), group G2 (NaF @100 ppm), group G3 (Vit C @100 ppm), group G4 (NaF + Vit C @100 ppm) and group G5 (NaF @100 ppm + Vit C @200 ppm) and each group was set in triplicates. Fluoride concentration estimated in the ground water was 0.05 mg/L. After 10 days of acclimatization period, fish were exposed to NaF in groups G2, G4 and G5 whereas fish in groups G3 and G4 were fed with vitamin C supplemented diet. During the experimental period, blood and tissue sampling was done after every 15 days. No significant changes were observed in the group G1. Groups G2 and G4 showed significant decrease in the growth (PWG and SGR), hematological (TEC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC) and serum-biochemical (total serum protein, serum albumin, serum globulin, serum glucose, serum triglyceride) parameters whereas TLC, serum creatinine, AST and ALT levels were increased in the group from 0th DPT to 90th DPT. All these changes were higher in the group G2 than G4. In the group G5, from 0th DPT to 60th DPT, variation in the values were similar to the Group G2 but at 75th and 90th DPT, the values showed the reverse trend towards the normal values. Fluoride residues were found to be highest in the group G2 and lowest in the group G4. The gills accumulated the highest levels of fluoride followed by the liver > intestine > kidney > muscle > gonads. No histopathological changes could be recorded in the group G1 and G3 throughout the study period. In the gills of groups G2 and G5, the histopathological lesions were comprised of overall thickening of secondary gill lamellae (SGL) at places, mucoid hyperplasia, blunting and clubbing of the tip of SGL at places, congestion of the large blood vessels of gills, curling and severe congestion of the SGL. Liver showed severe vacuolar degeneration leading to the swelling of hepatocytes, kupffer cell hyperplasia, pancreas showed huge infiltration of RBCs and severe shrinkage of the hepatic cells leading to increased sinusoidal spaces. Spleen showed multi focal hemosiderosis at many places. The histopathological changes of intestine included necrosis and sloughing of the villi, fusion and blunting of villi, infiltration of mono-nuclear cells, degeneration of villous epithelium, shrinkage of glomeruli, swelling of kidney tubular epithelial cells and at places complete absence of glomeruli from the Bowman’s space. In the group G4, the histopthaological lesions were less severe than the group G2. In the group G5, at 75th DPT and 90th DPT, severity of the lesions was less in comparison to the group G2 at these DPT. Thus, the study concluded that vitamin C supplementation @100 ppm partially reduced the effect of NaF @100 ppm.
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