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Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a Rural University on the land-grant pattern of USA. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of USA, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960.
The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country.
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ThesisItem Open Access Production and utilization of non-toxic biologically active fungal pigment(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-01) Parul; Sharma, A.K.Since prehistoric times mankind use colors to make the things more attractive whether it is for decoration or in food. But after industrialization of synthetic dyes, many countries, including India are facing a serious problem in ground. Besides this consumption of synthetic dyes also present many side effects to human health, animals and environments. These dyes are challenging for bioremediation using by microorganisms therefore results in environmental pollution. Considering all these issues industries must replace synthetic colors with natural colors, but the major problem tackling dye industries using natural colors is: stability of natural color at high temperature, pH, high production cost and seasonal. To deal with this problem the present study was under taken to screen different fungi for production of red colour pigments. Fungal cultures were isolated from different waste materials by serial dilution and spread plating method. The culture isolate produces diffusible red pigment in the medium were selected for further studies. The selected fungal isolated was identified as Talaromyces purpureogenus F. The pigment characterization shows the presence of red and yellow polyketides and azaphilone pigments. The growth of the fungus and pigment production were optimized by submerged fermentation. The pigment yield of 24 ± 0.16 AU/ml at 510 nm and 20.59 ± 0.48 AU/ml at 410 nm was achieved after optimization of fermentation conditions. At 100 °C the red and yellow pigment was found more stable in acidic conditions (Half-life 161.19 ± 1.93 min and 169.06 ± 2.98 min). The red and yellow pigment was more stable in dried form of pigment than liquid form. The antioxidant properties, total phenolic content and total protein of extracellular and intracellular pigment was stable in all storage conditions. The extracted pigment does not show any toxic effect on microalgae Parachlorella kessleri GB1.ThesisItem Open Access Exploring native arbuscular mycorrhizal diversity of agricultural lands of Kumaun Himalaya and its potential for plant growth promotion(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-11) Pallavi; Sharma, A.K.Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) is a symbiotic relation between roots of higher plants and members of Glomeromycota class of fungi. This symbiotic relationship results in increased water and nutrient uptake along with enhanced tolerance towards biotic and abiotic stress of plants. Although commercial AM inoculum are available but, now it is widely accepted that native AM fungi (AMF) are more efficient in imparting benefits to the plant. In the current study, the native mycorrhizal status of ten agricultural lands located at different altitudes of Kumaun Himalaya was studied. The native AMF population was enriched in glasshouse by traditional trap culturing. The potential augmentation of native AMF population by application of Parthenium based biochar was also performed. Further, the enriched AMF was used as inoculum to investigate the potential of native AMF communities to promote plant growth under irrigated and water stressed condition. in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana). The studied sampling sites showed rich AMF communities with highest spore density of 28 spores/ g soil was observed at highest altitude i.e. Ghorpatta (2185 m asl). The AMF diversity varied along the altitude, however, morphological evidence suggested Funneliformis mosseae and Claroideoglomus claroideum as the common species found across the altitudinal range indicating some influence of same agricultural practices and cropping system. Parthenium biochar amendment at application rate of 5 g/ kg soil enhanced the mycorrhizal activity along with promoting maize (Zea mays) plant growth and foliar nutrient content. After enrichment by trap culturing, the native AMF communities were tested for their plant growth promotion potential in wheat and finger millet. All the developed inoculum improved the plant growth in both crops but the response varied. Nachini and Dwarson were found to be the most effective inoculum and were able to ameliorate drought tolerance in finger millet by enhancing SOD activity and proline content, while reducing the level of MDA and H2O2. Illumina MiSeq results indicated that trap culturing enhanced the population of opportunistic AMF species, out of which unidentified species of Acaulospora genus was the most dominant (56.8 %) and it is possible that this species is responsible for the growth promotion of plants. It is also found that under drought condition external phosphorus application of 15.5 ppm reduced the mycorrhizal intensity in finger millet plants. However, the expression of common symbiotic genes SYMRK and CCaMK didn’t show a statistically significant reduction, thus, they might not be responsible for phosphorus mediated inhibition of mycorrhizal symbiosis.ThesisItem Open Access Micromorphology and distribution of Trichomes in the family Fabaceae Lindl.(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Gauri; Rawat, D.S.Fabaceae, also called Leguminosae or pea family, is the third largest Angiosperm family with about 741 genera and 20200 species on Earth. Large number of Fabaceae members exist in Pantnagar area and a study of trichomes of 26 species was conducted during 2018-19 to understand diversity in structure of trichomes and distribution of trichomes on different surfaces. Different surfaces of plant parts- stem, petiole, rachis, both surfaces and margins of leaf or leaflets, stipule, bract, sepal, petal, androecium, gynoecium, pod, were examined under light microscope for the presence, distribution and structural diversity of trichomes. Studied species belongs to 4 subfamilies of Fabaceae following recent and highly phylogenetic system of legumes by Legume Phylogeny Working group. All 26 species bear trichomes on any one or more surfaces examined. Gynoecium bear trichomes in maximum (20) species, followed by sepal and leaf axes (19 spp.), and stem and leaves (17 spp.). Stamens bear trichomes in minimum number (5) of species. 32 structural types of trichomes were recorded of which 7 were glandular and 25 were non-glandular types. In 15 species trichomes are only non-glandular types whereas, 11 species bear both glandular as well as non-glandular trichomes. Non-glandular, unicellular, subulate (NU-subulate) trichomes are most common in Fabaceae and recorded in 16 species while among the glandular trichomes, glandular, multicellular, uniseriate, clavate (GMU-clavate) trichomes are more common and recorded in 7 taxa. Maximum seven types of trichomes were recorded in Bauhinia tomentosa. In Caesalpinia pulcherrima trichomes are present only at the base of filaments. In family Fabaceae trichome structure and distribution were found useful for differentiating species within genera thus proves their systematic utility. The study concludes that wide variety of trichomes exists in Fabaceae, though the exact role of trichomes is yet to be ascertained. Presence of trichomes on gynoecium in more than two-third species suggests their role in protection of developing pods and seeds by warding off creeping insect pests.ThesisItem Open Access Diversity of bryophytes in Berinag (Uttarakhand), Kumaun Himalaya(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Dhami, Deeksha; Chaturvedi, PreetiBryophytes are the cryptogamous, herbaceous plants generally found in a transition zone between the land and water. Bryophyte cover of an area is a clear indication of the health of the ecosystem. These archegoniates constitute 5.62% of total plants of India. Luxuriant forests, varied topography and suitable climatic conditions made Kumaun Himalaya rich in bryophyte diversity. Nature’s furies and human interference have, however, started posing a toll on the diversity of the region. Hence, taxonomy and documentation of its flora is essential for conservation and management of the biodiversity. Present study was an attempt to survey, collect and taxonomically describe the bryoflora of Berinag region including the villages and forest of Berinag. In the investigation, total of 33 species were reported, out of which eight were liverworts and 25 were mosses. Out of 25 mosses, 15 mosses were acrocarpous and 10 mosses were pleurocarpous in habit. Liverworts species belonged to six genera of five families and two orders whereas mosses belonged to 24 genera of 17 families and eight orders. Out of the 10 orders dealt in the present work, Hypnales was the largest consisting of seven families, nine genera and nine species followed by Dicranales and Marchantiales both consisting of three families, five and four genera respectively. In mosses, Bryaceae was the dominant family consisting of three genera and four species followed by Calymperaceae, Leucobryaceae, Anomodontaceae, Leskeaceae and Polytrichaceae. In liverworts, Aytoniaceae was found dominant. Marchantia, Frullania and Bryum were the dominant genera of the region. Majority of the taxa were terricolous in habitat.ThesisItem Open Access In vitro propagation, elicitation and phytochemical characterization of Rheum emodi Wall. ex Meisn. (Himalayan Rhubarb)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Singh, Ruchi; Chaturvedi, PreetiRheum emodi Wall ex. Meisn (Family- Polygonaceae) is an important folk medicinal herb of Himalayan Region. Underground parts (roots and rhizome) of the plant possess anticancer, antifungal, antidiabetic, antiulcer, antioxidant, nephroprotective and hepatoprotective properties. Being highly medicinal, the species is constantly uprooted from the nature for trade. As a result, the availability of the species in its natural habitat is decreasing. Besides, propagation through seeds is also very poor. The present study was henceforth aimed to enhance its seed germination potential, to develop an efficient, rapid and reproducible protocol for in vitro establishment along with enhancing secondary metabolites production by using various elicitors. Among all in vitro treatments applied for increasing seed germination, chilling treatment with alternate (16/8hr white light:dark) light condition on filter paper at 20ºC was found most effective to improve seed germination. Maximum callus induction frequency was achieved on MS + Kn+ 2,4-D+ TDZ and MS + BAP + 2,4-D + NAA from mid-rib and leaf explants respectively. MS + BAP + NAA+ IAA showed highest frequency of shoot induction from callus in 19 days with 9.0 number of shoots per explant. Maximum direct shoot induction frequency from leaf explant was achieved on MS medium fortified with BAP + TDZ + IBA in 14 days. Microshoots inoculated on MS + IBA+ NAA + BAP showed maximum frequency of root induction with 11.0 ± 0.33 roots in 23 days. Biochemical analysis of in vivo and in vitro raised plants showed that DPPH radical scavenging activity, TAA, total phenolic content and total protein content was highest in in vivo rhizome while TFC was highest in in vivo shoots. In vitro callus showed highest SOD, CAT and POD activity. Further, GCMS analysis showed 31, 38, 27 and 47 compounds in methanol extracts of rhizome, fruits, leaf and callus respectively. Among all tested elicitors (JA, SA and CH), SA(100 μM) was found most effective for enhancement of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities in callus of R. emodi. An effort was also made for root culture of R. emodi on both solid and liquid media. Liquid culture was more effective for production of adventitious roots with 93.33 ± 1.67 % root induction frequency from nodal explant along with highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, TAA, TPC and TFC. HPLC-MS analysis of cultured roots also revealed the presence of important anthraquinones viz., emodin and chrysophanol. The present study recommends the in vitro grown shoots and liquid root culture of R. emodi as an alternative source of anthraquinones relieving the dependence on natural population.ThesisItem Open Access Elucidation of phytoconstituents and antioxidant & in vitro antiinflammatory activities of nine members of family Lamiaceae(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Thakurathi, Gayatri; Rao, P.B.Medicinal herbs offer an important traditional way to prevent and cure several diseases. Various anti-inflammatory drugs have been used to reduce pain and inflammation. However, there are many side effects associated with non- steroidal drugs. Therefore, a search for non-toxic natural compounds with antioxidant activity has intensified in recent years. In the present study, nine wild plant species of family Lamiaceae were selected to assess their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. The extraction yield (%) was maximum in Pogostemon benghalensis (21.01) and Vitex negundo (18.71) in aqua-methanol and aqua-acetone, respectively. All the phytochemicals are present in all the species except saponins present in Clerodendrum infortunatum, Colebrookea oppositifolia and V. negundo; terpenoids were absent in Roylea elegans. In both aqua-methanol and aqua-acetone, the values in different plant species was maximum in C. oppositifolia in terms of DPPH (80.17 and 70.35 %), FRAP (109.38 and 83.72, μg BHTE/mg), FCA (57.1 and 54.55 μg BHTE/mg) and TAA (116.13 and 69.95 μg VCE/mg) assays, respectively. The TPC (μg GAE/mg) was maximum in C. oppositifolia (36.10) and P. benghalensis (30.20) in aqua-methanol and aqua-acetone, respectively while the TFC ((μg QE/mg) was maximum in V. negundo (41.93 and 44.266) in both aqua-methanol and aqua-acetone. The IC50 values (μg/ml) of DPPH were comparatively higher in R. elegans (409.0) in aqua-methanol and Lamium amplexicaule (178.97) in aqua-acetone and low in C. oppositifolia (26.17 and 41.08 in aqua-methanol and aqua-acetone, respectively); and IC50 values of FCA ranged from 106.13 (C. oppositifolia) to 594.69 (V. negundo) in aqua-methanol; and 111.608 (C. oppositifolia) to 676.48 (R. elegans) in aqua-acetone. Anti-inflammatory potential against protein denaturation (%) was comparatively higher in C. oppositifolia in both aqua-methanol (73.93) and aqua-acetone (64.78) than other species. Among the solvents, aqua-methanol showed comparatively higher antioxidant activity than aqua-acetone. Positive and significant correlation in terms of FRAP, DPPH, FCA, TAA and TPC was obtained in all species. Thus, the above mentioned plant species with comparatively higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential than the others and can be a potent natural plant source of nutritional and anti-inflammatory drugs which can be utilized for developing natural curatives against synthetic ones. It can be exploited in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical profiling and antiinflammatory potential in some selected invasive alien edible plant species of Kumaun Himalaya(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-01) Saxena, Shaiphali; Rao, P.B.Invasive alien medicinal plant species have been evolved under harsh environmental conditions by possessing secondary metabolites due to their novel genetic constitution that can be beneficial in several remedial formulations in pharmacological industries. Since ancient civilizations, several tribes still rely upon these wild herbs for curing their ailments with minimal adverse effects and affordability in nature. In the present study, sixteen invasive alien edible plant species were selected and evaluated for their antioxidants, anti-inflammatory potential, protein, tracer mineral content, functional groups and biochemical analysis. In all selected species, the yield, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were higher in aqua-methanol than in aqua-acetone. Interestingly, all plant species possessed carbohydrates, proteins, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and terpenoids in both solvents. The maximum values in aqua-methanol and aqua-acetone in different species in different parameters are in: E. hirta and L. camara for TAA (μg VCE/mg) and albumin-denaturation inhibition (%), E. hirta in both solvents for DPPH (%) and FRAP (μg TE/mg), E. hirta and B. pilosa for FCA (%) and TPC (μg GAE/mg), E. hirta and C. Sativa for TFC (μg QE/mg), respectively. The SOD (U/mg FW), POD (nmole/mg protein) and CAT (μmole/mg protein) activities were higher in M. coromandelianum (17.40±0.47), P. oleracea (106.48±2.71) and B. pilosa (35.67±3.06), respectively. The total protein content (mg/ml FW) was higher in E. Hirta (39.56±2.73). The tracer mineral elements (Mn, Co and Cu) were present in all plant species and were comparatively higher in U. lobata (0.93±0.03), T. procumbens (0.30±0.03) and E. hirta (0.52±0.02), respectively. The FT-IR spectra in different plant species ranged from 1015 to 3362 cm-1 unveiling carbonyls, primary and secondary amides and amines, hydrocarbons, unsaturated aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acid, esters, nitro compounds, phosphoryls and nucleic acids, aromatics, aryl hydrocarbons and ethers, etc. Further, GC-MS analysis revealed various bioactive compounds ranging from 33 (M. coromandelianum) to 91 (P. quadrifida) and important ones are: geraniol, caryophyllene, carotol, neophytadiene, phytol, vitamin E, glycerin, squalene, β-amyrin, stigmasterol, lupeol, γ-sitosterol, D-allose, indole, mome-inositol and tyrosinol. These results clearly explain the potential of these selected invasive alien edible plant species as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory sources, which can be utilized by pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries for developing natural remedies and nutritional supplements due to endless availability in nature.ThesisItem Open Access Cultivated flora of Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-10) Rana, Sumita; Rawat, D.S.The flora of a particular region may contain both type of plants, i.e., wild as well as cultivated. Assessment of flora at the local level is essentially important for better management. Since the floristic diversity of cultivated flora is yet not assessed in Pantnagar area the present study was carried out during June 2014 - June 2018. The present work enumerates total 529 species belonging to 367 genera and 105 families cultivated in Pantnagar area. Dicotyledon taxa constitute the largest group (79.52 %) and represented by 419 species of 290 genera within 80 families. Monocots (18.71%) are represented by 99 species of 70 genera within 20 families. Gymnosperms (2.08 %.) are represented by 11 species of 7 genera within 5 families. The Dominant families of cultivated flora of Pantnagar are Leguminosae (Fabaceae) (48 spp.; 34 genera), Asteraceae (42 spp.; 35 genera), Malvaceae (21 spp.; 13 genera), Lamiaceae (20 spp.; 10 genera), Euphorbiaceae (19 spp.; 7 genera), Acanthaceae (16 spp.; 9 genera), Moraceae (16 spp.; 3 genera), Apocynaceae (14 spp.; 10 genera), Rubiaceae (13 spp.; 8 genera) and Solanaceae (11 spp.; 9 genera), together, these 10 dominant families have 133 genera (37.60 %) of the total genera recorded and 220 species, (41.58 %) of total species recorded within the area. In this study Ficus (Moraceae) is found to be the dominant genus in the cultivated flora of Pantnagar with 12 species, followed by Euphorbia ( Euphorbiaceae, 9 spp.), Jasminum (Oleaceae), Acacia (Leguminosae) and Hibiscus (Malvaceae) 6 spp. each; Bauhinia (Leguminosae, 5 spp.), Brassica (Brassicaceae), Cassia (Leguminosae), Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae), and Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae, 4 spp.). Habit analysis shows that herbs are dominant with 184 species (34.52%), followed by shrubs (137 spp.; 25.89%), trees (134 spp.; 25.33%), climbers (40 spp.; 7.56%), grasses (20 spp.; 3.78%) and succulents (14 spp.; 2.64%). It has also been observed that maximum number of cultivated species bloom during the months of March (51.9%), April (64.5%), May (57.4%), and June (42.7%) in this area making spring and summer flora to be the richest. The overall picture of the utility of cultivated flora of Pantnagar shows that a maximum number of species are cultivated as ornamentals 365 spp.(68.99%), followed by medicinal plants (69 spp., 13.04%), edible plants (100 spp., 18.90%), timber plants (56 spp., 10.58%), and plants for miscellaneous purposes (8 spp., 1.51%). Three threatened flowering plants of India- Santalum album (Santalaceae), Saraca asoca (Fabaceae) and Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) are also cultivated here. Nativity of species indicated that 156 spp. (29.48%) are American, 250 spp. are Asian (47.25%, also includes 94 indigenous species), 72 spp. are African (13.61%), 42 spp. are European (7.94%), 20 spp. are Australian (3.78%), 12 spp. are Mediterranean (2.26%). Total 435 (82.07%) species are non-indigenous/exotic cultivated taxa and show a preponderance of American elements. Indigenous elements (native to this region) are represented by only 94 (17.96%) species. Pantnagar being a centre of research in horticulture, floriculture, cereals and pulse crops, fodder crops, medicinal and aromatic plants, agro-forestry, olericulture, has been introduced with various useful species, their wild relatives, improved varieties and thus becomes rich in cultivated flora.ThesisItem Open Access Morpho-anatomical and biochemical studies on some selected edible Lichens of Kumaun Himalaya(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Pant, Vartika; Rao, P.B.Since the beginning of Egyptian and Chinese civilizations, lichens are incessantly explored in folklores as medicines in different parts of the world. In the present study, ten lichen species were selected and collected from natural habitat (Narayan Ashram, Kumaun Himalaya, Uttarakhand) to assess their morpho-anatomical features, antioxidants and antimicrobial potential, mineral contents and biochemical and chemical parameters. All the selected lichen species possessed biochemicals such as fats, flavonoids, phenols and tannins. Interestingly, alkaloids are completely absent in all the solvents (acetone, ethanol and methanol) extracts in all the 10 species. The extraction yield (%) in different species and solvents is comparatively higher in soxhlet extraction than in cold extraction. The yield (%) is maximum in R. conduplicans, D. vellerum and H. nepalense, respectively in acetone, ethanol and methanol. The maximum values in acetone, ethanol and methanol in different species in different parameters are in : D. longissima, H. nepalense and P. polydactylon TAA (μg AE/mg); D. longissima, D. longissima and T. subuliformis DPPH (%); P. reticulatum, F. caperata and P. polydactylon reducing power (nm); and H. cirrhatum, F. caperata and F. caperata FCA (%), respectively. The total phenol (mg GA/g) and flavonoid (mg QE/g) contents were maximum in R. conduplicans (97.31±2.385), F. caperata (108.94±2.279) and F. caperata (121.97±1.120); and D. vellerum (28.39±4.884), F. Caperata (32.20±1.196) and T. subuliformis(18.93±1.428) in acetone, ethanol and methanol, respectively. The SOD (U/mg), POD (U/mg) and CAT (U/mg) activities were higher in P. polydactylon (9.86±0.04), P. Reticulatum (18.20±0.388) and R. conduplicans (21.09±0.176), respectively than in other species. Maximum tannin (μg TA/g) and o-dihydroxy phenol (mg CE/g) content was in H. nepalense (16.197±0.206 and 13.459±0.690, respectively). Among the species, the protein content (mg/ mg dry wt.) is maximum in P. reticulatum (1.562 ±0.010) and minimum in F. caperata (0.474±0.003). Comparatively higher mineral content is obtained in H. nepalense (iron - 3.06±0.016, zinc - 3.63±0.062 and copper - 1.67±0.031); F. caperata (calcium - 9.84±0.040); and T. subuliformis (manganese - 0.82±0.004). The MIC (mg/ml) was maximum in P. reticulatum (1.87, 3.75 and 1.87 for B. ceraus, B. licheniformis, B. megaterium, respectively); H. nepalense (3.75, S. aureus); P.polydactylon (7.5, E. coli); while, D. longissima, T. subuliformis and U. subflorida (15, R. solanacearum). The FTIR analysis in different species showed the peaks between 1070 - 3800 cm-1 indicating the presences of compounds like free hydroxyl-alcohol, phenols, primary, secondary amines, amides, etc. Further, GCMS analysis revealed that the number of compounds in different species ranged from 28 (F. caperata) to 79 (H. nepalense) and the important compounds are: usnic, evernic, vulpinic, benzoi, octadecanoic acids; phytol, squalene, vitamins, and etc., possessing anticancerous, anti-inflamatory, antimicrobial properties. Among the species, H. nepalense and F. caperata are more potent than other species. Thus, the selected lichen species in the present study has a potential natural source of antioxidants, antimicrobial and biochemical compounds and can be used in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.