Loading...
Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad
Browse
12 results
Search Results
ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGY OF HYPOTHYROIDISM IN PIGS(College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 1995) K. S PRASANNA; T. SREEKUMARANAn experimental model of hypothyroid state was induced in piglets, using thiourea with the objective of studying the sequence of clinico pathological changes and its influence on the animal health and growth. Tweleve Large White Yorkshire male piglets of 2-3 months age were selected for the study. The animals were divided into control group of six animals and experimental group of SIX animals. Experimental hypothyroidism was induced by feeding thiourea daily for a period of three months at the dose level of 50 mg per kg body weight. Haemogram, body weight, plasma proteins, serum chloesterol and serum thyroxine values were estimated at periodic intervals. The piglets were subjected to detailed autopsy after sacrifice. Gross lesions were recorded and detailed histopathological examination of tissues was carried out. During the course of experiment all the experimental animals recorded stunted growth and appreciable reduction in feed intake and alopecia of neck and shoulder regions. There was significant increase in blood cholesterol values and plasma protein level in thiourea fed group. A significant reduction in serum thyroxine level was also recorded. There was significant increase in the relative weight of thyroid, adrenal and pituitary glands of experiinental animals. Gelatinisation of subcutaneous fat and dilatation of right ventricles were common findings at autopsy. Histologically the thyroid glands exhibited varying degree of hyperplastic changes and depletion of colloid in the follicles: Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the lining epitheluim was also observed. Predominant histological changes in the pituitary was hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the basophil cells and degranulation of the acxdophil cells. Adrenal glands showed diffuse hyperplasia of zonafasiculata and accessory cortical nodule formation. Skin revealed acanthosis, hyperkeratosis and keratini sation of harifollicles. In all the hypothyroid animals testis showed varying degree of tubular degeneration. A random survey study was conducted to assess the thyroid status of pigs from different parts of Kerala using serum thyroxine as the marker. This concluded that most of the animals had the normal range of serum thyroxine levels.ThesisItem Open Access PREVALENCE AND PATHOLOGY OF POLIOENCEPHALOMALACIA IN GOATS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 1999) N. DIVAKARAN NAIR; A. RajanPolioencephalomalacia is a significant emerging disease problem in goats Although, PEM in goats was disease problem m goats. recognized and reported as early as 1956, its etiology is poorly understood and symptomatolgy, pathological features and therapeutic approach have not been well defined and documented. Hence an investigation was undertaken to assess the prevalence of the disease based on the data available from i -F i-hw citate for a period from 1991 76 Veterinary hospitals of to 1994. This data documented revealed an increasing trend to the occurrence of the disease and significantly high o n 4 Pt +-hP first five months of which incidence was recorded m the first a. amVhcprvpd in the month of April, the peak incidence was observe spontaneous cases of the disease were studied m detail and experiments were conducted taking goat as a model using selected incriminating agents such as Amprolium ;350 mg/kg body weight), Amprolium and rice gruel (350 mo/kg, and ad libitum rice gruel), nee gruel (ad libitum), sodium sulphate (150 mg/kg body weight followed by 500 mg/kg body weight on the 10th day) BHC (2.5 mg/kg followed py 5 mg/kg body weight on the 10th day) and Ficus tsiela mOXb. The experiment was for a period of 45 days. 5V ii /-mptomatology, weight of the animals at fortnightly intervals, weight of the brain, CSF protein concentration. Drain autofluorescence, gross and histopathological alterations of the brain and ultrastructural pathology were the markers utilized for evaluating the disease processes. The sodium sulphate, BHC and Amprolium and rice gruel created group showed symptoms and lesions more or less similar to the spontaneous cases. Only few animals in each group developed the disease such as two in amprolium and rice gruel treated group, four in BHC treated group and chree in sodium sulphate group. This showed that individual idiosyncracy plays an important role in the manifestation of the disease. The symptoms developed at different latent periods were not progressive as compared to the spontaneous cases where Che symptoms were progressive. The symptoms included lethargy, depression, knuckling at the fetlock, frequent cremors, opisthotonos and loss of eye preservation reflex. Blindness was seen in one of the, natural cases. The histological lesions of the brain in all the cases were comparable in different segments of the brain. Mostly ic was characterized by diffuse laminar cortical aeaeneration and necrosis, occasional neuronal swelling, ii i giial cell reaction and white matter vacuolation. Vascular changes predominated in the sodium sulphate group and also in the natural cases. There was glial cell response in the form of nodules in sodium sulphate group and natural cases. A predominant perivascular and neuropil accumulation of lymphocytes, gitter cells and monocytes were .seen in the natural cases. These were considered as secondary deposition following a toxic degenerative neuropathy. The necrotic focicould well be delineated in few of these cases by the bluish or creamy autofluroscence of the affected brain, but was not found to be of any primary diagnostic value as all the affected brain did not show fluorescence. Ultrastructural investigation revealed the basic reaction of the brain tissue to be similar in both the experimental and natural cases except for their intensity. Ultrastructural lesions were characterized by neuronal swelling, membrane lysis, segregation of the filamentous and granular component of nucleolus, cytoplasmic organellar aamage such as fragmentation of RER, partial degranulation of ribosomes, mitochondrial swelling, cristolysis and lornplete disappearance of organelle. Neuropil spongiosis and splitting of myelin at the intraperiod line and firmation of multiple vacuolations of the white matter were • onaracteristic. From this observations it was clearly iv deiineated that the primary insult was a biochemical one which caused much damage to the volume control mechanism of the cell and subsequent cellular damage. The CSF protein evaluation revealed high protein level in the spontaneous cases whereas in the experimental cases, the concentration remained within the normal range indicating that it has no diagnostic value. In this investigation it has not been possible to induce PEM with Amprolium even at a dose rate of 350 mg/kg body weight and it was proved that amprolium is not a cause for PEM. Rice gruel ad libitum was found to be tolerated by the animal except one which showed dullness and abdominal distension towards the end of the experiment. Diffuse neuronal degeneration was observed in the brain of this animal. Based on this observation it was concluded that rice gruel consumption every day as a component of the concentrate feed in goats might not cause any detrimental effects and the problem comes only when it is fed in large quantities on a single day. B'^icus tsiela Roxb. though produced vascular damage and aiifuse neuronal degeneration in one of the experimental animals, goats were found to be highly resistant to Ficus r-iela Roxb. toxicity and the variation in the susceptibility of different species to this toxicity was brought to light. From this investigation it was also clarified that sodium sulphate, BHC, rice ^ and amprolium could be initiating agents of PEM under certain circumstances and no single cause seems to be responsible for PEM.ThesisItem Open Access NEUROPATHOLOGY AND DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1996) SILAMBAN, S.; Ramachandran, K.M.; SILAMBAN, S.An investigation was made to study the epidemiology, clinical signs, pathologic lesions and diagnosis of rabies in domestic animals in the state of Kerala. Epidemiology of rabies for the last 12 year period from July 1983 to June 1995 was assessed from the post-mortem records maintained at the department of Pathology. Regional distribution. Prevalence in each species and year-v/ise occurrence were studied. Canine rabies v/as found preponderant. Rabies was recorded in wild animals also. Detailed clinical signs and gross pathological changes in the rabies positive cases were .-tudied. One hundred and six rabies suspected carcasses of different species of animals were examined for the disease employing Sellers' impression smear staining, histopathology, fluorescent antibody test (FA test) and immunoperoxidase test (IP test). Twenty-two of them were confirmed positive for rabies. Negribodies were demonstrated with Sellers' staining and histopathological staining. Sellers' staining was identified to be the simple and rapid staining method that could be employed in the field laboratories. In addition to H & E, Mann's stain and Sellers' stain weii "T O staining histological sections. H & E was found to be satisfactory for routine staining. Histological changes in the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum and hippocampus), salivary gland (parotid and submaxillary) and trigeminal nerve of rabies positive animals were studied. The efficacy of the diagnostic techniques used for rabies diagnosis was compared. FA test confirmed maximum number of rabies positive cases. The results of the rabies diagnosis was cross-checked by Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, USA.ThesisItem Open Access IMMUNOPATHOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF THE JAPANESE QUAIL (Coturnix coturnix japonica) IN EXPERIMENTAL AFLATOXICOSIS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1999) SURESHKVMAR, M.; Divakaran Nair, N.; SURESHKVMAR, M.One month old Japanese quails vaccinated with Ranikhet disease vaccine (Lasota strain) on 7th day, v.'ere divided into three groups viz.. A, B and C of 35 birds each for assessing the inununopathological responses in experimental aflatoxicosis. Birds of group B and C were administered aflatoxin B^ by oral intubation at the rate of 0.5 ppm twice weekly for two months and group A were vaccinated with R^B strain vaccine at the age of 46 days. Seven birds from each group were sacrificed at fortnightly intervals for the evaluation of various organ weights, haematological, biochemical and haemagglutination inhibition titre values. Liver weights and spleen weights were significantly increased in the toxin treated birds while bursal weights were significantly depressed from that of controls. Packed cell volume, erythrocyte count and leucocyte counts wervB significantly increased in the toxin treated birds at the end of the experiment with a significant increase i,n erythrocyte sedimentation rate at the 45th and 60th day of the experiment. A relative heterophilia and lymphopenia were observed in the toxin treated birds. Serum total protein, albumin and globulin ievels were significantly depressed in the toxin treated birds but the albumin-globulin ratio was unaltered. A relative decrease in the haemagglutination inhibition titre values of the toxin treated birds was recorded. The gross and histopathological lesions in the liver of the toxin treated birds were suggestive of progressive hepatic degeneration, necrosis and fatty changes. There was lymphoid depletion and vascular sclerosis in the spleen while the bursae of the treated birds showed lymphoid depletion, necrosis of lymphocytes, intra and interfollicular cyst formation in increasing intensities in a time dependant manner. The pathomorphological alterations and a relative depression of HI titres in the aflatoxin treated quajIs indicates a moderate depression of the immune status by aflatoxin at such a low dose level.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF AFLATOXIN IN THE AETIOLOGY OF CARCINOMA OF THE MUCOSA OF THE ETHMOID(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1995) SURINDER CHAUDHARY, K.; Rajan, A.; SURINDER CHAUDHARY, K.The present investigations were planned to assess the role of aflatoxin B, (APE.) and/or virus in the aetiology of ethmoid carcinoma using pig as a model in yivQ and bovine ethmoid mucosa culture in vitro. Thirty-two, Large White Yorkshire piglings of two-three months age were procured from the University Pig Breeding farm, Mannuthy and divided at random into four groups of eight each. The pigs in group I and group II were administered aflatoxin B^ (0.070 mg/kg b.wt/inoculum by intravenous route at weekly interval for six months) and/or ethmoid tumour extract (2 ml/pig/inoculum, intranasally, at fortnight interval for three months) . The pigs in group III were administered ethmoid tumour extract alone, while the pigs in group IV were kept as negative controls. During the period of observation of 18 months all the pigs of different groups given AFB, and/or ethmoid tumour extract appeared healthy and no clinical manifestation of the carcinoma of the mucosa of ethmoid was observed. However, there was appreciable reduction in the weight and mild degree of depression. 11 In the AFBj^ treated pigs, sacrificed at 9, 12, 15 and 18 months of investigation, the ethmoid mucosa had greyish white, soft and oedematous appearance along with scattered small pale elevations at necropsy. Histologically, the ethmoid mucosa exhibited hyperaemia, varying degree of mononuclear cell infiltration and fatty degeneration in the initial stages. In the later stages, there was proliferation of mucous glands showing acinar, tubular or papillary arrangements. Occasionally papillary projection of the surface epithelium and focal squamous metaplasia were also observed. Ultrastructural features of the cells of the ethmoid mucosa consisted of both productive and degenerative changes. The cells had sparse cytoplasmic organelles. The poor cytoplasmic contents and irregular nucleus with nucleolar margination were the other electron microscopic features observed in the ethmoid mucosa of AFB^ treated pigs. AFB^ in the range of 43.12-139.43 ppb could be detected in the blood of 52.37 per cent of the ethmoid tumour bearing cattle analysed in the present study. The blood samples from the AFB^ treated pigs were positive for AFB^ (40-160 ppb) upto 10 days after the withdrawal of treatment whereas AFM^ could be detected in blood sample of one pig only upto 3 days after the treatment. The ethmoid mucosa analysed after 3 months and at subsequent specified intervals was consistently negative for AFB and AFM By concerted efforts cells of the mucosa of the ethmoid were established ^ vitro. AFB^^ treatment of long term epithelial cultures initiated from the primary culture of bovine ethmoid mucosa origin resulted in morphological transformation accompanied by increased growth in soft agar and cytochemical positivity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. This confirmed the tumourigenicity of AFB^. The xenotransplantation of these iji vitro transformed epithelial cells in mice was not successful. Electron microscopic studies of the cells of the carcinoma of the ethmoid mucosa in spontaneous cases of cattle revealed varying ultrastructural features. The neoplasticoells were either well differentiated secretory structures or undifferentiated ones. Desmosomes and tight junctions were seen between the epithelial cells. Endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria varied in their contents and degree of disorganization. Nucleus was highly pleomorphic and predominantly euchromatinic. The retroviral like particles were demonstrated intracellularly and occasionally in extracellular spaces in the neoplastic cells of 7 tumour bearing cattle. Similar particles were also seen in the cell free ethmoid tumour extract in three of 21 tissues examined.ThesisItem Open Access AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMMUNOPATHOLOGICAL RESPONSE IN BOVINE MASTITIS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCE,MANNUTHY, 1996) BIJU, P; Lalithakunjamma, C RThe i^nunopathologlcal response o£ cows suffering fro. hUnroal and suh-olinlcal .astifis was evafuafed and compared "Tth healthy non-.astitlc cows using various i^unological markers. Significant enhancement of the humoral immune response was noticed in suh-clinical cases of mastitis, whereas those suffering from clinical mastitis had only a slight difference as ccmpared to the healthy cows. Elevated T lymphocyte count was noticed in acute ,38 33 t 0.8i, and chronic ,35 r 0.93%) stages of mastitis. Those Offering from sub-clinical cases had a slight reduction in the mean T cell count (299- 83%) a=s compared to that of the healthy non-mastitic cows (31.3 ± 1.42%). Three hundred and thirty one samples ,22.23%, were sub- Clinically positive out of the 1489 samples examined by California Mastitis Test • OOuu^t Of ,t-hv.e 520 samples subjected or cultural examination 186 were cultur,.!! n n tiJie culturally positive. Fifty pen ceo, SCaphylococci, which included both coagulase positive and coagulase negative group, other pathogenic organisms isolated included Streptococci, Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, and gram positive bacilli. Direct correlation between the somatic cell count and California Mastitis Test score was noticed. Neutrophils were the predominant cells in the milk samples. The major pathogens were more sensitive to Gentamicin (98.21%) followed by Pefloxacine (96.42%), Chloramphenecol (91.07%), Streptomycin (82.14%), Cotrimoxazole (80.35%), Ampicillin (73.21%), Oxytetracycline (71.43%) and Penicillin (60.71%) . Haematological examination of sub-clinical cases revealed leukopaenia. Slight increase in the serum total protein was noticed in sub-clinical cases. Gross changes of mastitis was noticed in 18 mammary glands tissues examined. Histologically out of the 336 glands examined, 271 were having inflammatory changes of varying degrees. Acini as well as interstitium contained inflammatory cells in 37.68 per cent of cases. The entire parenchyma was affected in 14.49 per cent a cases. Oedematous appearance of the supramammary lymphnodes was noticed. Microscopically marked expansion of the cortex by numerous lymphoid follicles in various stages of activity was noticed.ThesisItem Open Access DETERMINATION OF PERMISSIBLE LEVEL OF AFLATOXIN IN BROILER CHICKEN FEED(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCE,MANNUTHY, 1999) ARULMOZHl, A; Koshy VargheseThe study was undertaken to assess the effect of various levels of aflatoxin on the performance of broilers and to establish the permissible level of aflatoxin in the broiler feed. One hundred and eighty day old broiler chicks were divided into SIX groups of 30 birds each and were given feed containing graded levels of aflatoxin at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 ppb for a period of 45 days. Feed intake, weekly body weight gain, feed efficiency, haemogram, serum profile, organ weight, residual aflatoxin in tissues and pathological changes in liver, kidney, bursa and spleen were studied at fortnightly intervals to evaluate its dose related effects. A dose dependent decrease in the daily feed intake and mean body weights were noticed in all the groups. The cumulative FCR was extremely poor at 80 and 100 ppb levels at sixth week of age. The toxicopathological changes in the birds varied in its intensity in relation with the level of aflatoxin in the feed, with most severe changes being at higher dose levels. The values of haemoglobin, PCV, total leucocyte count, lymphocytes, total serum protein and albumin showed a decrease whereas the ESR, heterophil and serum enzyme were increased. The aflatoxin, even at 20 ppb levels caused degenerative and necrotic changes in liver and kidneys and the intensity of the lesions increased with higher levels of toxin. Attempt for regeneration and repair processes were well pronounced by the 30th and 45th day, Lymphoid depletion was a charactenstic feature in bursa and spleen. Degeneration and lysis of lymphocytes with cyst formation was also seen m bursal follicles. Residual aflatoxin was detected in the liver and muscle in all groups by the 45th day. The net returns from the toxin treated birds showed a dose related decline compared to control and the loss in profit at 20 ppb level was marginal About 24 per cent of the poultry feed samples tested during the period from January to July 1999 were contaminated with aflatoxin quantitatively ranging from 20 to 200 ppb. The results of the present study shows that even at 20 ppb aflatoxin causes cellular and subcellular damage to the tissues. However, the economic loss at this level was marginal when compared to higher dose levels. Hence 20 ppb can be considered as permissible level in broiler chicken feed.ThesisItem Open Access PREVALENCE AND PATHOLOGY OF DERMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS IN CATTLE(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCE,MANNUTHY, 1996) ANILKUMAR, R; Rajan, AA study was undertaken to assess the prevalence and pathology of dermatological disorders encountered in cattle in Kerala. To study the prevalence of various types of skin disorders data were collected from the Disease Suiveillence Report published by the Directorate of Animal Husbandly during the period 1989-1993. The various skin disorders encountered according to this data were tail necrosis (1.44 per cent), cutaneous mycosis (10.58 per cent), Eczematosis (6.09 per cent), pox (4.75 per cent), tick infestation (37.22 per cent), lice infestation (25.72 per cent), mangy dermatitis (13.82 per cent), wart (0.36 per cent),. In this study tick infestation was found to be highly prevalent. During the course of this investigation skin biopsies collected from 97 cattle were subjected to detailed gross and histopathological examination. They were classified as Cutaneous ulceration (22.68 per cent). Fly bite dermatitis (15.46 per cent), Decubitus ulcers (12.47 per cent), Hyperkeratosis (9.3 per cent), Papillomatosis (9.27 per cent), Hypertrichosis (8.25 per cent), Ectoparasitic injuiy (6.19 per cent). Teat lesions (6.19 per cent). Fibroma (2.07 per cent), Dermatophilosis (1.03 per cent). Squamous cell carcinoma (1.03 per cent), and Fibrosarcoma (1.03 per cent). Cutaneous ulceration was the most common disorder encountered and Biopsies revealed epidermal lysis. In fifteen animals, fly bite dermatitis was noticed with greyish white necrotic papules and wheals on the neck, shotrlder, ears and around eyes. Perivasctilar changes were seen microscopieally. Nme cases of hyperkeratosis were studied which may be associated with hypovitaminosis A. Udder and teat papillomatosis was encottntered in nine animals with ballooning degeneration and clumping of keratohyalin granules microscopically. Eight crossbred cattle recovered from the foot and mouth disease had hypertnchosis. Hair coat was shaggy and wavy Ectoparasitic injury was eneountered in cattle mainly due Boophilus infestation. Teat lesions encountered were mainly due to traumatic injury and chapping. Two cases of fibroma and one case of fibrosarcoma were encountered on the teat of cattle. A growth on the vulval region was diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma. An experimental study on the cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction in cattle to PHA, 2,4-DNCB and BCG was carried out. Mast cell response to these mitogens was also studied. Effect of Agropesticides Furadan and BHC on local application on the skin of cahes were studied. Dermatosis was the characteristic response. The need for taking care to avoid pesticide contamination on the skin of animals was stressed.ThesisItem Open Access AFLATOXIN INDUCED CYTOLOGiCAL ALTERATIONS IN DUCKS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1996) VIGIL ANBIAH, S.; MANOMOHAN, C.B.; VIGIL ANBIAH, S.An experimental study was conducted in desi ducks to assess the cytological alteiations induced by aflatoxin B1 (AFBl) and 4 dimethyl ainino axo benzene (4 DAB). One hundred and eight desi ducks of one month age were selected for tlu: study flu- birds were divided into two treatment groups which were given AFBl ( l(bg/kg. body weight and I5^g/ kg body weight) and 4 DAlt (5 mg and 10 mg/kg. body werght) and a control group 1 ,ach group consisted of thirty six birds Body weigirt, haemognun, clotting time, total serum protein, serum albumin, serum globulin, albumin-globulin ratio, serum aspartate amino transterase, serum alanine amino transferase, serum bilirubin and cytogenetic assay were estimated at periodic intervals T he ducks were subjected to detailed autopsy and histopathology. C, linically, the experimental birds were healthy. Anaemia, leucocytosis and increased blood clotting time were noticed in birds which received I ^g/kg body weight of AFBl and both the dose levels of 4 DAB Total serum protein was reduced in all the treated birds In the aflatoxin group, serum albumin and globulin levels weie decreased Albumin-globulin ratio was increased in ^ tieated buds Serum cuspartate amino transferase level was elevated in birds which received lO^g/kg. body weight of Al Bl and 10 mg/kg body weigl.t olM I/tAB Birds which received AF B1 as well