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Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad
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ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF COAGULATION STATUS IN MITRAL VALVE DISEASE OF DOGS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2023-02-28) GREESHMA J.; Dr. Sindhu K. RajanMitral valve disease (MVD) is the most common acquired cardiac disease in dogs. In the present study, 100 dogs presented to TVCC Mannuthy with clinical signs suggestive of cardiac diseases were screened and cardiac ailments were diagnosed in 47 dogs. The different cardiac disorders diagnosed included MVD (59.57 per cent), dilated cardiomyopathy (23.4 per cent), congenital mitral valve dysplasia (4.25 per cent), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (4.25 per cent), tricuspid valve disease, congenital tricuspid valve dysplasia, congenital pulmonary stenosis and idiopathic pericardial effusion (2.13 per cent each). In cases of MVD, a higher prevalence was noticed in small breed dogs. An over presentation of males compared to females was recorded. Dogs in the MVD group were predominantly middle to old aged and had mean body weight of 16.84 ± 2.06 kg.Ten dogs selected for coagulation and therapeutic study belonged to stage C MVD as per American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement. The animals underwent detailed clinical examination which included physical examination, haematology, blood pressure measurement, radiography, electrocardiography, echocardiography and estimation of coagulation parameters on the day of presentation. Treatment was initiated with enalapril and torasemide and clinical reassessment was done after 30 day treatment period. The major clinical signs and physical examination findings were exercise intolerance, cough, dyspnoea, lethargy, syncope, oedema of body parts, murmurs on auscultation and recumbency. Radiographic and electrocardiographic changes associated with MVD were detected. A significant increase in left atrium to aortic root ratio and transmitral A wave velocity was noticed pre-treatment. The treatment was well tolerated by all the animals. Noticeable improvement with respect to clinical signs, echocardiographic parameters and radiographic findings were recorded post treatment. A significant decrease in D-Dimer value was noticed post treatment. No other variation in the coagulation parameters were noticed in these animals. The Pearson’s correlation between coagulation and echocardiographic parameters revealed that D-Dimer had a significant positive correlation with ejection fraction (EF) and transmitral A wave velocity. A significant negative correlation was observed between activated partial thromboplastin time and E point to septal separation. Platelet count was positively correlated with left ventricular internal diameter during systole and negatively with EF and fractional shortening.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND EFFICACY OF ANTIOXIDANT THERAPY ALONG WITH PLASMA TRANSFUSION IN HAEMORRHAGIC GASTROENTERITIS IN DOGS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2023-03-23) KRISHNA NATH M. R; Dr. Madhavan Unny N.The present study was undertaken to assess the oxidative stress associated with haemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) in dogs and to evaluate the efficacy of antioxidant therapy along with plasma transfusion. Fifteen animals presented to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Mannuthy and University Veterinary Hospital, Kokkalai with clinical signs suggestive of haemorrhagic gastroenteritis were included in the study.The common aetiologies recorded were canine parvoviral enteritis, ancylostomosis and dietary indiscretion. Detailed physical examination followed by faecal scoring and estimation of haemato-biochemical parameters and oxidative stress parameters viz. lipid peroxidation level by assessing serum malondialdehyde level (MDA), total antioxidant status (TAS) and glutathione peroxidation level (GSH-Px) were carried out. All animals in the study were treated with N-acetylcysteine, fresh frozen plasma, and racecadotril along with conventional therapy with antibacterial and/or antiparasitic drugs, antiemetics, proton pump inhibitor and intravenous fluid therapy. Haemorrhagic diarrhoea, vomiting, epigastric pain, anorexia and lethargy were the major clinical signs noticed. The mean faecal score was 4.83 ± 0.06 on 0th day that decreased to 3.47 ± .11 by day seven. Serum MDA and TAS levels were significantly elevated and the activity of GSH-Px enzyme was found to be markedly reduced. A decrease in oxidative stress indices and an increase in GSH-Px activity were noted in the animals after treatment. Severe anaemia and leucopaenia were detected on haemogram at the start of the study. Sodium and potassium imbalances noticed at the start of study resolved after treatment. Hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia recorded on 0th day did not improve at the end of study period. Coagulopathy, as evidenced by increased activated partial thromboplastin time with a mean value of 23.35 ± 0.78 sec significantly reduced to 18.88 ± 0.82 sec after plasma therapy. Inclusion of N-acetylcysteine, fresh frozen plasma and racecadotril were beneficial in management of oxidative injury, coagulopathy and acute diarrhoea respectively, associated with HGE.ThesisItem Open Access OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ANTIOXIDANT STATUS IN ORIENTAL THEILERIOSIS AND ITS THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT IN CROSSBRED COWS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-11-07) LAKSHMI MOHANAN; Dr. Ajithkumar S.Bovine theileriosis is an economically important tick- borne haemoparasiticdisease of cattle. A study on oriental theileriosis was conducted in the Department ofVeterinary Clinical Medicine Ethics and Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary andAnimal Sciences, Mannuthy during the period from May 2021 to April 2022. Onehundred and fifty nine cows in different farms of Thrissur and Wayanad districts werescreened using blood smear examination. Out of 159 samples screened, 74 (46.54 percent) animals were positive for theileriosis. The PCR was conducted in 16 clinicalcases positive for theileriosis by blood smear, using genus and species specificprimers for T. orientalis. The genus specific primers amplified 1098 bp fragment andspecies specific primers amplified 601 bp fragment of T. orientalis in all 16 cases. Real time PCR assay was developed using recombinant plasmids of parasite (p23) andhost (hprt) to estimate the level of parasitemia. Major clinical signs noted were dullness, reduced milk production, excessive salivation, anorexia and pallor of mucous membranes. Haematological study of thediseased animals revealed anaemia with low erythrocyte count, haemoglobin andvolume of packed red cells. A significant increase was noted in total leukocyte countand monocyte levels in infected animals. On serum biochemistry, creatinine valuesrevealed a significant reduction in diseased animals. No significant difference wasnoted in the values of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione, betweendiseased and control animals. Sixteen cows positive for theileriosis on blood smearexamination were classified into two groups. Animals belonging to group I weretreated with a single dose of Inj. Buparvaquone @ 2.5 mg/kg body weightintramuscularly. In addition to buparvaquone, group II animals were supplementedwith a single dose of Inj. vitamin. E –Se combination @ 1 mL/45 kg intramuscularly. Haematological parameters of animals of group I were improved significantly aftertreatment, but no significant difference was noted in group II animals. In group I, asignificant increase was noted in total protein and A:G ratio after treatment, whereasonly total protein revealed a significant increase in animals of group II. In animals ofgroup I, significant reduction was noted MDA levels following treatment, whereas no significant difference was found with reduced glutathione. Significant reduction was noted in MDA and reduced glutathione revealed significant increase in group IIanimals. Osmotic fragility test revealed that erythrocytes of cattle infected with T. orientalis were more susceptible to haemolysis and the fragility of erythrocytes decreased in both groups after treatment. Parasitemia levels did not reveal any significant difference in both groups after treatment. Statistical analysis between groups showed no significant difference in any of the parameters after treatment.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF POINT-OF-CARE TESTS FOR THE DETECTION OF SUBCLINICAL KETOSIS IN EARLY POST-PARTUM COWS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-11-10) ANJALY FRANCIS; Dr. Ambily V. R.A study on subclinical ketosis in cows in early lactation was conducted in the Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, during the period from May 2020 to April 2022. One hundred and fourteen multiparous animals were screened for subclinical ketosis (SCK) on 14th and 28th day postpartum. Cows with blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) value ≥ 1.2 mmol/L without any overt clinical signs were considered as positive for SCK. Concurrent transition period abnormalities and other risk factors for occurrence of SCK were assessed. Subclinical ketosis was confirmed in 23.7 and 14.04 per cent of animals on 14th and 28th day, respectively. Occurrence of SCK was highest in animals in second lactation, between four and six years of age. Crossbred Holstein Friesian herds were more affected. Body condition score (BCS) of diseased animals were higher than normal animals and a non-significant reduction was observed in BCS of diseased animals on 28th day. Highest incidence was noticed in animals calved during July to September and 58.1 per cent of diseased animals had male calf. Mastitis (32 per cent), metritis (12 per cent) and retention of foetal membranes (8 per cent) were the important concurrent transition period abnormalities detected in diseased animals. Significant reduction (p≤0.01) was observed in blood glucose concentration of diseased animals on both test days. Significant increase (p≤0.01) was noticed in milk fat per cent of diseased animals on both test days. No significant difference was noticed in milk BHB and milk fat to protein ratio (F:P) between affected and normal animals. Milk production on test days and milk yield in previous lactation were higher in dairy cows positive for SCK. Haemato-biochemical parameters of diseased and normal animals were analysed. Haematological parameters of diseased animals were normal except for a significant reduction in haemoglobin value on both test days. No significant variations were recorded in biochemical parameters of diseased and normal animals except for a significant reduction in total bilirubin value and a significant increase in serum creatinine value in diseased animals. Five point-of-care tests were evaluated in comparison to blood BHB to find a suitable cow-side test for detection of SCK in cows in transition period and data were analysed statistically. Statistical analysis revealed a fair agreement with blood glucose, moderate agreement with milk F:P, substantial agreement with milk BHB and urine tests for the detection of SCK using blood BHB as standard. None of these point-of-care tests were sensitive in detection of disease during early lactation in multiparous dairy cattle.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON NON-REGENERATIVE ANAEMIA IN DOGS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO Babesia gibsoni INFECTION(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-11-28) PARVATHY J.; Dr. Arun GeorgeThe study titled “Clinico-therapeutic studies on non-regenerative anaemia in dogs with special reference to Babesia gibsoni infection” was conducted in the Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, during the period beginning June 2021 to April 2022. A total of 68 dogs presented with anaemia, pallor of mucous membranes, dullness and lethargy were screened for non-regenerative anaemia on the basis of reticulocyte count (<60,000 cells/µL). Among them, 40 dogs were identified with non-regenerative anaemia and 28 dogs with regenerative anaemia.The different etiological agents/ factors associated with non-regeneration in the study were Babesia gibsoni infection, Babesia canis, Ehrlichia canis, Hepatozoon canis, chronic kidney disease, ancylostomosis, parvoviral infection, hepatic insufficiency, nasal tumour, acute myeloid leukemia and a case of haemolytic anaemia of unknown etiology. Among the 40 dogs, 20 were positive for B. gibsoni and were grouped together (NRA_BGIB). The remaining 20 dogs formed a highly heterogenous group and hence for better statistical comparison, these dogs were divided into three subgroups on the basis of etiology viz. nonregenerative anaemia associated with haemorrhage (NRA_HAEM), nonregenerative anaemia due to chronic kidney disease (NRA_CKD) and nonregenerative anaemia due to other blood parasites (NRA_OBP). Haematology revealed significant anaemia and thrombocytopenia in all the sub-groups. Serum total protein and albumin were similar in all the groups. Serum iron was significantly lower in NRA_HAEM group than the NRA_BGIB and healthy control. Serum iron was lower in NRA_CKD and NRA_OBP sub-groups. Total iron binding capacity was similar in all the subgroups. Percentage transferrin saturation was significantly lower in the NRA_HAEM subgroup than the healthy control. Twenty dogs positive for B. gibsoni by PCR were randomly divided into two groups (I & II) to evaluate efficacy of darbepoetin therapy. Animals of group Iwere administered clindamycin and doxycycline daily for three weeks. Animals of group II were given clindamycin and doxycycline as in group Ⅰ along with three doses of darbepoetin at weekly intervals. Response to therapy was evaluated on the basis of clinical signs and haematological parameters. Marked improvement in clinical signs and haematological parameters was noticed in both the groups, but a statistically significant difference could not be found between groups.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF FLURALANER AND DORAMECTIN FOR THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF CANINE DEMODICOSIS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-11-24) KAMALU S. KUMAR; Dr. Ambily V. R.A study on canine demodicosis was conducted in the Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy during the period from March 2020 to March 2022. Among the total of 1655 dermatological cases in dogs presented, 356 cases were diagnosed as demodicosis by examination of deep skin scrapings. Out of these, 24 animals were selected for detailed study with 12 animals in each group. Animals of group Ⅰ were treated with single oral dose of fluralaner @ 25 mg/kg body weight and animals of group Ⅱ were treated with doramectin injection @ 0.6 mg/kg body weight once weekly as subcutaneous injection until two consecutive skin scrapings were negative. All the animals were subjected to periodic examination of deep skin scraping at weekly intervals until two consecutive negative skin scrapings were obtained. All the animals were treated with multivitamin and mineral supplements as supportive therapy. Six apparently healthy dogs brought for vaccination were kept as control. High infestation rates were observed in female dogs less than 1.5 years of age with highest occurrence in Labrador retriever breeds. Microscopical examination of deep skin scrapings revealed the presence of different stages of Demodex mites including ova. Haematological analysis revealed leucocytosis with neutrophilia, eosinophilia and anaemia. A non- significant elevation in serum C- reactive protein (CRP) value was noticed in diseased animals.Major histopathological findings associated with canine demodicosis were lymphoplasmacytic, histiocytic, eosinophilic and neutrophilic periadnexal dermatitis, mural folliculitis, perifolliculitis, follicular and epidermal hyperplasia, orthokeratotic and parakeratotic hyperkeratosis with intrafollicular mites. Micrometry of Demodex mites was performed and identified three types of mite, type ‘a’, ‘b’ and ‘c’ with morphological features suggestive of D. canis, D. cornei and D. injai, repsectively. Molecular confirmation of Demodex canis was done using PCR amplification of specific region of CHS gene. In group I, the leukogram of diseased dogs showed a significant post treatment decrease in the absolute eosinophil count when compared to pre-treatment. A statistically significant increase in haemoglobin, volume of packed red cell and total erythrocyte count were observed on post- treatment. The mean post- treatment value of ESR decreased significantly. The mean value of CRP in group I showed a statistically non- significant decrease post- treatment. In group II, a significant decrease was noticed in the mean post-treatment values of total leukocyte count, neutrophil, monocyte and eosinophil count. The mean erythrocyte sedimentation rate showed a significant decrease post- treatment. No significant change was observed in the CRP values pre and post treatment in animals of group II.The mean time period required for getting two consecutive negative skin scrapings in animals of group Ⅰ was 7.42 ± 1.51 weeks and in group II, it was 8.67 ± 2.64 weeks. In animals of group Ⅰ, 100 per cent of clearance of mite was observed by week 10 and in group II, it was by week 12. The animals in group I showed 100 per cent remission of clinical signs by 11th week where as in group II, even after 3 months of treatment, only 99.17 per cent of remission of clinical signs was observed. A better response to treatment was noticed in animals of group Ⅰ treated with fluralaner when compared to animals of group II treated with doramectin. Hence, a single oral dose of fluralaner @ 25 mg/kg was found to be effective for the therapeutic management of generalized demodicosis in dogsThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES ON CANINE ATOPIC DERMATITIS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FILAGGRIN GENE POLYMORPHISM(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-11-10) AMBILY V. R.; Dr. Usha Narayana PillaiIn the present study conducted on canine atopic dermatitis, among the total 2032 dermatological cases in dogs presented to the clinics from different parts of Kerala, 245 cases were diagnosed as various allergies over a period of three years. Out of these, 63 cases were recorded as canine atopic dermatitis based on Favrot’s criteria with the exclusion of other differentials. All the 63 cases diagnosed as CAD were utilized for epidemiological as well as clinical lesion distribution pattern studies using CADESI-04 scoring system. A total of hundred animals, 50 each of atopic and healthy controls were subjected to polymorphism studies. Sixteen atopic animals, which satisfied atleast six out of eight Favrot’s criteria with alesional pruritus at onset and pruritus score above two with clinical lesional scores above 20 were selected for detailed study to reduce variations due to extent and severity of clinical signs. In the present study, occurrence rate of allergic dermatitis recorded was 13 per cent, atopic dermatitis being second to flea allergy dermatitis. Male dogs below 3 years of age were found more affected with CAD. Distribution of lesion follows a pattern in atopic dermatitis with both paws and flexural areas were affected followed by axillae and ear pinnae, which can be better utilized for diagnostic purpose. Haemato-biochemical studies of atopic dogs revealed hypoalbuminaemia with reduced AG ratio, anaemia with leukocytosis, neutrophilia and eosinophilia. Absolute eosinophil count with positive correlation with neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in atopic dogs was of diagnostic significance. Serum Ig E and IL-31 were found significantly elevated in atopic dogs. The IL-31which was correlated significantly with clinical scores, indicated the role of IL-31 as key cytokine in atopic dermatitis. Invitro serum allergen testing revealed allergens such as grass mix, weeds, pollen grains of mulberry and acacia tree, house dust, house dust mites and storage mites sensitive to dogs in the region studied. Histopathological examination of atopic skin was characterized by diffuse epidermal hyperplasia with acanthosis, spongiosis and prominent rete ridges, as well as orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis as major findings. Immunohistochemical staining of filaggrin protein in lesional and non lesional skin of atopic animals exhibited faint granular staining, where as normal skin of healthy animals exhibited intense discrete staining in the stratum granulosum. Transmission electron microscopic studies revealed varying changes in the epidermis, dermis and subepidermal areas. The corneal area, epidermal cells belonging to stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum and stratum lucidum could be seen with retrograde changes of varying intensity. Further non keratinocyte cells that inhabit the epidermis such as melanocytes, Langerhan cells also showed changes. Dermal components were seen loosely textured and contained collagen fibrils, fibroblasts, macrophages and blood vessels. Polymorphism studies revealed 12 SNPs in the amplified fragment of exon 3 FLG, out of which 11 were novel. Genotype frequencies revealed that one novel SNP (Exon 3: c.2584G>T) and other reported SNP (c.2337T>G) were associated with CAD. The novel variation was found to have deleterious effects on protein function as analysed by five bioinformatics tools in combination and, it was also identified as a disease causing one, which affects protein stability and function. The treatment response was evaluated by the periodic reduction in clinical lesional score, heamato-biochemical, serum Ig E and IL-31 values. Cyclosporine @ 5mg/kg body weight was an effective and well tolerated drug for treating atopic dermatitis in dogs, with considerable improvement noticed in pruritus and skin lesions during the first month of treatment followed by tapering the dose by reducing the frequency of administration to every other day. Regular bathing with a nonirritant shampoo helped in reducing the pruritus and this might be due to the restoration of skin barrier function by its moisturizing and cleansing action. Omega-3 fatty acids could lower Ig E production in allergic individuals and could lower the overall drug requirement. Based on the above studies, it was concluded that follow-up evaluation of these parameters could be a relevant approach to find out the therapeutic effectiveness. A therapeutic plan should consist of both calcineurin inhibitors like cyclosporine and clinically supportive treatments with moisturising shampoos and essential fatty acids to improve epidermal barrier function in atopic skin. Further studies are warranted to uncover new therapeutic targets like filaggrin monomers or drug candidates that upregulate FLG in skin, which can provide more treatment options rather than the current symptomatic therapy, in the increasing eve of atopic dermatitis in dogsThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF RENAL RESISTIVE INDEX IN DOGS WITH ACUTE AND CHRONIC RENAL DISEASES(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-02-10) ROHINI B. G.; Dr. Arun GeorgeThe study entitled “Evaluation of Renal Resistive Index in Dogs with Acute and Chronic renal diseases” was conducted in the Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, during the period 2020-2021. A total of 70 dogs presented to the University Veterinary Hospital Kokkalai and TVCC, Mannuthy with the clinical signs suggestive of renal involvement were screened and among them 40 dogs identified with primary renal diseases were included in the study. Renal failure occurs when there is 75 percent or more loss in functioning of nephrons and includes both acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Out of 40 dogs identified with primary renal diseases, 27 were diagnosed with AKI and 13 with CKD. High occurrence of AKI and CKD was noticed in the age group of 2 to 4 years and 6 to 8 years, respectively. Twenty-seven dogs with AKI were characterized into five grades and 13 dogs with CKD into four stages as per the guidelines provided by International renal interest society. The aetiology of AKI was multifactorial which included viper snake envenomation, pyometra, B. gibsoni infection, canine parvo viral infection, Ehrlichia canis infection, leptospiral infection, bone meal poisoning and tetracycline-induced nephrotoxicity. Chronic kidney disease prevailed primarily in geriatric dogs and definite cause could not be established in two dogs with CKD. Urine protein-creatine ratio was increased in both AKI and CKD cases. No significant variation was noticed in blood pressure of dogs with AKI. But there was significant increase in dogs with CKD. B-mode ultrasonography of kidneys revealed enlargement in size, hyperechoic renal cortex, decreased corticomedullary distinction and loss of architecture in majority of the dogs with AKI whereas in CKD there was reduction in size, irregular kidney shape, hyperechoic cortex, reduced cortico-medullary distinction and loss of architecture. Renal resistive index (RRI) was significantly increased in both AKI and CKD groups and a positive correlation was established between RRI and serum creatinine. All the dogs were treated with specific, supportive and reno-protective therapy. On second week of treatment, mortality was noticed in three dogs each with AKI and CKD due to secondary complications of renal failure. Assessment of RRI seventh day post-treatment showed considerable decrease of RRI in AKI group, whereas, no change was noticed in CKD group. Both in AKI and CKD an increase in RRI was associated with severity of renal parenchymal injury. High RRI in CKD indicated poor prognosis whereas in AKI a reduction in RRI post-treatment correlated with favourable prognosis.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON IDIOPATHIC CYSTITIS IN DOMESTIC CATS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCS, POOKODE, WAYANAD, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-12-29) NITHIN B.; Dr. Sindhu O.K.Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) is a chronic inflammation of the bladder wall with waxing and waning clinical signs associated with painful voiding of urine namely, pollakiuria, periuria, stranguria, hematuria, oliguria and vocalization with no known etiology. Diagnosis of FIC deals with the exclusion of associated diseases of the lower urinary tract. A detailed systematic study was conducted to elucidate the clinicopathological changes in FIC, evaluate urinary glycosaminoglycan (GAG) as clinical biomarker and to compare therapeutic efficacy of intravesical therapies. A total of 12 cats with lower urinary tract signs diagnosed with FIC after exclusion of other probable causes were included for the study. Six apparently healthy animals were selected as control group. Persian male cats belonging to the age group of one to two years were found most susceptible to FIC in the present study. Indoor cats fed with dry diet were found at higher risk of acquiring FIC. Stranguria (91.67 per cent), haematuria (83.34 per cent) and vocalization (83.34 per cent) were the common clinical signs reported by owners. Serum biochemistry revealed significantly elevated levels alanine amino transferase (p<0.05), creatinine (p<0.01) and blood urea nitrogen (p<0.001). Serum electrolyte analysis showed a significant increase in potassium (p<0.05), magnesium (p<0.001) and phosphorous (p<0.01) levels whereas, sodium (p<0.001), chloride (p<0.001) and calcium (p<0.01) showed a significant decrease compared to the control cats. Mild thickened urinary bladder, pericystic fat, pericystic effusion, blood clots, suspended linear strands, urine sediment and suspended hyperechoic foci were the common ultrasonographic findings. Urinary glycosaminoglycan concentration was significantly decreased in cats with FIC compared to healthy cats (p<0.001). The 12 cats under study were randomly divided into two groups of six animals each. One group received 500 IU/kg body weight heparin sulfate intravesically once weekly for two weeks and the other group received two milli liter of autologous platelet rich plasma (PRP) once. Necessary supportive therapy involving anti-inflammatory, analgesics, fluid therapy, bethanechol and dietary modifications were given wherever necessary. Intravesical administration of heparin sulphate and autologous PRP was well tolerated by all the cats without any adverse effects. All the cats under study showed remarkable clinical improvement during the study period with normal haemato-biochemical and urinary parameters.
