EVALUATION OF RENAL RESISTIVE INDEX IN DOGS WITH ACUTE AND CHRONIC RENAL DISEASES
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Date
2022-02-10
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COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY
Abstract
The study entitled “Evaluation of Renal Resistive Index in Dogs with Acute and Chronic renal diseases” was conducted in the Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, during the period 2020-2021. A total of 70 dogs presented to the University Veterinary Hospital Kokkalai and TVCC, Mannuthy with the clinical signs suggestive of renal involvement were screened and among them 40 dogs identified with primary renal diseases were included in the study. Renal failure occurs when there is 75 percent or more loss in functioning of nephrons and includes both acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Out of 40 dogs identified with primary renal diseases, 27 were diagnosed with AKI and 13 with CKD. High occurrence of AKI and CKD was noticed in the age group of 2 to 4 years and 6 to 8 years, respectively. Twenty-seven dogs with AKI were characterized into five grades and 13 dogs with CKD into four stages as per the guidelines provided by International renal interest society. The aetiology of AKI was multifactorial which included viper snake envenomation, pyometra, B. gibsoni infection, canine parvo viral infection, Ehrlichia canis infection, leptospiral infection, bone meal poisoning and tetracycline-induced nephrotoxicity. Chronic kidney disease prevailed primarily in geriatric dogs and definite cause could not be established in two dogs with CKD. Urine protein-creatine ratio was increased in both AKI and CKD cases. No significant variation was noticed in blood pressure of dogs with AKI. But there was significant increase in dogs with CKD. B-mode ultrasonography of kidneys revealed enlargement in size, hyperechoic renal cortex, decreased corticomedullary distinction and loss of architecture in majority of the dogs with AKI whereas in CKD there was reduction in size, irregular kidney shape, hyperechoic cortex, reduced cortico-medullary distinction and loss of architecture. Renal resistive index (RRI) was significantly increased in both AKI and CKD groups and a positive correlation was established between RRI and serum creatinine. All the dogs were treated with specific, supportive and reno-protective therapy. On second week of treatment, mortality was noticed in three dogs each with AKI and CKD due to secondary complications of renal failure. Assessment of RRI seventh day post-treatment showed considerable decrease of RRI in AKI group, whereas, no change was noticed in CKD group. Both in AKI and CKD an increase in RRI was associated with severity of renal parenchymal injury. High RRI in CKD indicated poor prognosis whereas in AKI a reduction in RRI post-treatment correlated with favourable prognosis.