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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ULTRASOUND GUIDED RENAL BIOPSY USING 14 AND 16 GAUGE TRU-CUT BIOPSY NEEDLES IN ADULT DOGS.(AAU, Anand, 2005) PATEL, SUDHAKAR SUBHASH; PARIKH, P. V.An experiment was conducted on ultrasound guided renal biopsy using 16 gauge (Group I, n=12) and 14 gauge (Group IL n =5) needles in 17 clinically healthy dogs of either sex. The biopsy procedure was carried out under general anaesthesia using combination of ketamine (10 mg/kg bodyweight, i.v.) and diazepam (0.5 mg/kg body weight, i.v.) and premedication with acepromazine @ 0.05 mg/kg body weight, i.m. The renal biopsy was performed by routine ultrasound guided technique. The biopsy sample in group I was obtained by 16 gauge Tru-cut biopsy needle and in group II by 14 gauge Tru-cut biopsy needle with spring loaded gun. Pre-biopsy, immediate post-biopsy and 48 hrs. post-biopsy arterial blood and urine samples were obtained from animals of either groups for biochemical study and urinanalysis. Clinical observations and biopsy samples quality was recorded following biopsy in both the groups. Under post-biopsy clinical observation, general health, appetite, water intake and urination were found normal in all 17 animals. The anaesthetic protocol was found safe with smooth induction and uncomplicative recovery. The ultrasound images in either group were observed with use of 5.0 MHz Mechanical Sector Transducer with B-Mode. Renal cortex was having intermediate echogenicity, medulla was seen hypoechoic and renal pelvis was highly echognic. The cortex was hyperechoic relative to the medulla and a distinct demarcation between them was present and echogenic rim separated cortical from the rnedullary tissue. The needle were seen parallel to the dotted line in hyperechoic image. The biochemical study with arterial blood sample revealed a nonsignificant alteration in the determinants of glomerular filtration rate such as blood urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine and also in arterial blood gases like blood pH, partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide, total carbon dioxide and haemoglobin oxygen saturation percentage in either groups after biopsy. The plasma electrolytes such as sodium and chloride in group II and potassium in group I revealed a significant decrease and increase at 48 hrs. post-biopsy, respectively. The urinanalysis in both the groups recorded non-significant variations in urine pH and specific gravity, urine creatinine, urinary sodium and protein as well as in urine protein/urine creatinine ratio and urinary fractional excretion of sodium after biopsy. A significant increase in enzymuria like urinary N-acetyl-beta-DGlucosaminidase in either groups and urinary alanine aminopeptidase in group II was observed at immediate and 48 hrs. post-biopsy. Urinary gamma glutamyltransferase non-significantly increased at immediate post-biopsy in either groups followed by a non-significant decrease observed in group I at 48 hrs. post-biopsy. The histopathological findings revealed that the samples obtained using 16 gauge needle (Group I) yielded an average of 10.77 number of glomeruli per sample while the samples using 14 gauge needle (Group II) yielded an average of 7.75 number of glomeruli per sample. The cell morphology of the samples in both the groups was found to be normal. The average size of the biopsy sample obtained by using 16 gauge needle (Group I) was 1 X 0.1 cm. and biopsy sample obtained by using 14 gauge needle (Group 11) was 0.75 X 0.1 cm. The medulla content obtained in samples using 16 gauge needle (Group I) was 5 to70 per cent and samples obtained using 14 gauge needle (Group II) were found have 70, 50, 30, 20 per cent of medulla. Samples analyzed histopathologically for crushing and fragmentation of tissue obtained. One sample crushing using 16 gauge needle (Group I), while four sample obtained using 14 gauge needle (Group II) were found to reveal either crushing (1), fragmentation (1) or both (2) samples. The present study concludes that using ultrasound guided renal biopsy technique, 16 gauge Tru-cut biopsy needle still gives adequate quality biopsy sample, cell morphology and glomeruli number with less renal injury as compared to 14 gauge needle, hence useful, especially in dogs with high risk for renal failure.ThesisItem Open Access USE OF NEOSTIGMINE AS AN ADDITIVE TO LIGNOCAINE AND BUPIVACAINE FOR EPIDURAL ANAESTHESIA IN COW CALVES(AAU, Anand, 2006) KULKARNI, SHEETAL VIVEK; BARVALIA, D. R.A study on epidural anaesthesia was conducted in 24 cow calves allotted to 4 groups of 6 each by injecting the drug(s) into the first intercoccygeal site. In group A, 2% Hgnocaine hydrochloride @ 0.2mg/kg b.wt.; in group B, combination of 2% lignocaine hydrochloride @ 0.2mg/kg b.wt. with neostigmine 250µg; in group C, 0.5% bupivacaine @ 0.1mg/kg b.wt. and in group D, combination of 0.5% bupivacaine @ 0.1mg/kg b.wt. and neostigmine 250µg were injected epidurally through first intercoccygeal site. The total volume for epidural injection was kept constant (2ml) by adding normal saline solution in all the individuals. The efficacy of each drug alone and in combination was evaluated by observing induction time, return of reflex, duration of anaesthesia, heart and respiration rates, rectal temperature at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 minutes interval after injection. Onset of anaesthesia was found to be significantly (P < 0.05) early in animals of group D as compared to animals of groups B and C, however, inspite of longer time for onset no significant difference was observed in animals of group A as compared to the animals of group D. Duration of anaesthesia was found to be significantly longer (P < 0.05) in animals of group D as compared to animals of other groups. Moreover, duration of anaesthesia also significantly differ (P < 0.05) in animals of groups B and C as compared to animals of group A, however, no significant difference was observed in animals of groups B and C.Return of pinprick reflex was earliest in the animals when lignocaine HCl was used alone (group A) whereas it was almost similar when lignocaine-neostigmine combination (group B), and bupivacaine alone (group C) were used. However, it was much delayed when bupivacaine-neostigmine combination (group D) was used. Animals developed loss of hindlimb co-ordination i.e. ataxia whenever lignocaine HCl alone (group A) was used, however, all the animals of this group were standing throughout the period of study upto 60 min. post injection, whereas, animals of other groups did not showed any signs of ataxia. Analgesia was restricted only to the base of tail when pin prick reflex made in animals of group D where bupivacaine was used in combination with neostigmine, whereas, analgesia was present on entire tail in animals of other groups. In all the groups, alterations in mean heart and respiration rates and rectal temperature observed at various time intervals were non-significant and remained within the normal physiological limits throughout the period of study. Side effects such as ataxia was seen in some animals wherein lignocaine HCl was used. The present study infers that epidural neostigmine in combination with Hgnocaine HCL and bupivacaine is safe, effective and well tolerated by cow calves and as caudal additive to lognocaine HCl and bupivacaine increased the duration of analgesia vis-a-vis when used alone.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CRYOSURGICAL OOPHORECTOMY IN BITCHES(AAU, Anand, 2007) MANKAD, MANAN YOGESHBHAI; TANK, P. H.Cryosurgical oophorectomy (Group - I; n=6) and conventional surgical oophorectomy (Group - II; n=6) following standard midline laparotomy were compared in a clinical trial on twelve healthy bithces. The ovaries were cryofrozen to -20° C by liquid nitrogen spray under cryogaurd protection employing double freeze-thaw cycles. The cryosurgical oophorectomy was bit quicker (31.53 ± 0.9 minutes) as compared to conventional surgical oophorectomy (34.24 ± 0.64 minutes). There was significant fall in the rectal temperature following both the methods of oophorectomy. Additionally, there was mild but nonsignificant fluctuations within physiological range in the physiological parameters viz., pulse rate, respiratory rate and haemoglobin oxygen saturation as a combine effect of general anaesthesia and surgical and cryosiirgical procedures. The haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume did not differ significantly in the animals during perioperative observations but it showed significant difference between the animals of both the groups. The variation in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate remained nonsignificant during perioperative observations in the animals of both the groups. The total erythrocyte count fluctuated nonsignificantiy within the physiological range at different time intervals, but this variation was significant statistically between the animals of both the groups. The nonsignificant variation of total leucocyte count observed between the animals of both the groups indicated that none of the procedures has specific influence on this vital cell count. The neutrophils rose initially up to 48 hours, which then got substituted by the lymphocytes. Hence, an almost reverse trend was observed for the lymphocyte during the present study. A transient post-operative elevation in serum Cortisol level following the procedures in both the groups of animals with tendency to resume normalcy at later phases was suggestive of temporary pain and / or stress imposed by surgical as well as cryosurgical oophorectomy. Cryosurgery remained uneventful during post-operative observations with absence of systemic reflections, which indicated local damage limited to the frozen ovaries only. Laparoscopic as well as histomorphological assessment of cryodamaged ovaries a month later confirmed their complete nonvitality. The cryosurgical oophorectomy was found simple, quick, bloodless, stressfiree, safe and equally effective as compared to conventional surgical oophorectomy. Additionally, it was cost-effective as well as its clinico-surgical execution was feasible.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF COLD AND HOT EXTRACTS OF ARGYREIA NERVOSA AND SWELLNIL - AN AYURVEDIC OINTMENT FOR WOUND HEALING PROPERTIES IN ANIMALS - EXPERIMENTAL, HISTOLOGICAL, BIOMECHANICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES(AAU, Anand, 2002) PATEL, SNEHAL M.; Patil, D. B.Each of 12 healthy male buffalo calves were subjected to eight excisional wounds, four on each side of thoracolumbar region to evaluate the wound healing properties of Argyreia nervosa leaves and an ayurvedic ointment Swellnil . The wound healing was evaluated clinically and by histological and biomechanical examination of excised healing tissues collected at seven, 14 and 28 days. Almost all wounds under different treatments, showed inflammation upto third day. Pink-reddish coloured granulations below the scab fourth day onwards, clearly evident contraction from 14th day onwards, progressive epithelialization in behveen 14th to 21st days and complete healing between 21st to 28th day were observed in wounds under different treatments. Good angiogenic activity under hot extract ointment at seven day stage of regeneration, better development of all the layers of epidermis and dermis under cold and hot extract ointments at 14th day of regeneration, development of elastic fibres and bundles of collagen fibres similar to normal skin at 28th day of regeneration, intense alkaline phosphatase at early stage of regeneration which gradually decreased at later stage, more cellular and less fibrous dermis which changed to more fibrous with less cellularity at later stage of healing were observed. The tensile strength and extensibility of the tissue increased gradually from seven to 28th day of regeneration with no significant difference between the treatment was observed. In clinical trials A. nervosa dry leaves husk showed antiinflammatory properties with absorption of exudate and early establishment of granulation tissue, while cold and hot alcoholic extracts ointments and Swellnil helped in normalization of the wound condition. The husk acts as a scaffold and traps the exudate which provides warmth to the wound, thus providing ideal environment for granulation tissue to form. Cold and hot extracts of A. nervosa leaves showed marked antifungal activity against the fungi isolated from the clinical cases of wounds. The bacterial growth was noticed throughout the study and in vitro antibacterial activity of the cold and hot alcoholic extracts of A. nervosa leaves could not be established. From the present study it can be concluded that the cold and hot alcoholic extracts ointments of A. nervosa leaves, dry leaves husk of A. nervosa and Swellnil ointments have no deleterious effect on wound healing. In clinical cases they help in normalization of the healing process. Further, early angiogenic property of hot extract ointment establishes its superiority over other ointments used and dry husk of A. nervosa has intrinsic wound healing capabilities.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ANAESTHETIC EVALUATION OF PROPOFOL-THIOPENTONE SODIUM AS AN INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE AGENT IN DOGS (Canis domestica)(AAU, Anand, 2001) Manat, Dipakkumar L.; Kelawala, N. H.A study on general anaesthesia using propofol alone (group I) and propofol-thiopentbne (group II) for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia after premedication with acepromazine was conducted in twelve clinically healthy dogs of either sex, allotted to two groups of six animals each. Anaesthesia was induced in overnight fasted dogs 20 min after premedication with acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg body weight i.m.) with intravenous propbfol @ 4 mg/kg body weight (group I) over a period of 90 sec and maintained over a minimum period of 30 min with an average 2.5 times (2 to 3) increments which was 50% of induction dose with a mean maintenance dose of 5.0 ± 0.45 mg/kg body weight of propofol i.v.; whereas, in animals of group II, it was induced with a propofol-thiopentone mixture which was prepared by drawing up individual doses of propofol (2 mg/kg) and 2.5% thiopentone (5 mg/kg) in two separate syringes. The drugs were then mixed in the same syringe, resulting in a (1 vol:l vol) mixture which was administered i.v. via venous catheter over 90-120 seconds. In group II, anaesthesia was maintained by mean maintenance dose of 0.55 ±0.1 mg/kg body weight i.v. of propofol and 1.38 ±0.1 mg/kg body weight i.v. of thiopentone that was an average 2.75 increments (2 to 3) with 10% of induction dose of each drug. Different clinical parameters related to anaesthesia, recovery times, vital signs and complications, if any, were recorded before premedication and at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 60 min. after induction. Different haematobiochemical parameters were studied at 0, 15, 45 min. and 24 hours postinduction. Induction of anaesthesia in animals of both the groups were smooth and satisfactory without any complications, however, it was comparatively faster in animals of group I wherein only propofol was used for induction. Duration of post-induction apnoea was less when propofol was used with thiopentone than when used alone. Duration of anaesthesia was longer in the animals of group II wherein a mixture of propofol-thiopentone anaesthesia used. Mean time to head lift, time to sternal recumbency and complete recovery time were significantly longer witli propofol-thiopentone group than propofol group. Recovery was smooth in all the animals without any major complications. There was significant increase in the heart rate and a decrease in respiratory rate in the both groups. There was nonsignificant decrease in body temperature in animals of group I, whereas, it was significantly decreased in animals of group II. There was nonsignificant decrease in the ojcygen saturation in animals of both the groups. Haematological studies during and upto 24 hrs of induction revealed nonsignificant reduction in haemoglobin concentration and number of lymphocytes in both the groups. TLC was nonsignificantly increased in the animals of group I, whereas, it decreased in the animals of group II and PCV decreased significantly in both the groups. Biochemical studies during and upto 24 hrs. after induction revealed significant increase in blood glucose and plasma creatinine and nonsignificant increase in blood urea nitrogen and total plasma protein in both the groups. The present study indicated that propofol in combination with thiopentone reduces the dose related side effects of propofol at the same time is cost effective and can be safely used in routine clinical practice as compared to propofol alone.ThesisItem Open Access USE OF INTERLOCKING NAILS FOR REPAIR OF FEMORAL AND TIBIAL FRACTURES USING C - ARM IMAGE INTENSIFIER IN DOGS(AAU, Anand, 2005) PATEL, BHARATKUMAR M.; KELAWALA, N. H.A clinical study on use of interlocking nail fixation for treatment of femoral and tibial shaft fracture with the use of C- arm image intensifier was conducted in 11 dogs. Eligibility criteria for inclusions of patients were preoperative evaluation of radiographs for evaluation of type and configuration of fracture. The effectiveness of the treatment modality was judged on the basis of time to initial weight bearing, by radiological evaluation of bridging callus (around the three sides of the bone) at an interval of 4 weeks, if possible, time required for bone healing, limb usage and complete range of motion of limb and by noting the complications, if any. The implant consisted of 6 mm and 7 mm interlocking nail, 3.5 mm screws, half jig that anchored the nail. Image intensifier was used for fracture reduction and stabilization. Out of the 11 cases treated for femoral and tibial shaft fracture, 7 cases showed excellent bone healing. Weight bearing was started as early as 2nd day postoperatively in 7 cases. Static locking was done in 5 cases, while, dynamic fixation was done in 6 cases. Dynamization was performed in 1 case, 8 weeks after surgery. Radiographic evaluation revealed fracture healing in 6 dogs, between 8-16 weeks after surgery. Limb usage and range of motion of fractured limb was excellent in most of the cases at the time of last follow up. Postoperative infections as well as major complications were not observed in any of the cases with closed interlocking nailing. Minor complications like mild swelling, loosening of screw in 1 case each, inward and upward deviation of limb in 3 cases were observed. However, these complications had no adverse effect on clinical outcome. Excellent results were obtained in 9 of 11 cases (One died due to reason unrelated to surgery). The present study was indicative of effectiveness of closed interlocking nail fixation with the use of C- arm image intensifier as a treatment modality for fracture fixation. Hence, it was concluded that closed intramedullary interlocking nails using C- arm image intensifier television (IITV) would be well suited to the stabilization of femoral and tibial shaft fractures in dogs.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL APPLICATION AND EVALUATION OF LIQUID NITROGEN CRYOTHERAPY IN ANIMALS(AAU, Anand, 2008) PAITHANPAGARE, YASHPAL MURLIDHAR; TANK, P. H.The sixty one clinical cases subjected to liquid nitrogen cryotherapy were grouped according to pathological conditions namely, Pappilomatosis or Warts (Group-I; 9 animals), Granulomatous lesions (Group-II; 10 animals), Fistulae or Sinus (Group-Ill; 6 animals), Mammary neoplasm (Group-IV; 4 animals). Foot rot (Group-V; 7 animals), Interdigital growth (Group-VI; 7 animals) and Miscellaneous pathology (Group-VII; 18 animals). Additionally, nineteen clinical cases subjected to cryosurgical disbudding were grouped as Disbudding in crossbred calves (Group-VIII; 13 animals) and Disbudding in buffalo calves (Group-IX; 6 animals). Cryoguard protected lesions were cryofrozen to -2O°C either by spray or contact freezing at the site using liquid nitrogen cryosystem model-800-777-CRYO cryogun. A double cycle of freezing followed by autothawing or overlapping freeze-thaw cycle was adopted for cryofreezing of the pathological lesions. In some of the neoplastic conditions, surgical debulking was followed by liquid nitrogen cryotherapy. Horn bud was cryofrozen to -40°C freezing level using double freeze-thaw cycles for cryosurgical disbudding. Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy for pappilomatosis or warts was effective to resolve the lesions without tendency of recurrence but it left depigmented area at the site. Granulomatous lesions could be successfully resolved by liquid nitrogen cryotherapy except in two cases of lick granuloma. After cryofreezing the granulomatous lesions, the wound surface showed necrosis and cicatrisation. Later, the tissues became dry and showed tendency of sloughing leaving open surface. The site was then covered by scar. All the cases of perianal fistula or sinuses in dogs treated with liquid nitrogen cryotherapy showed uneventful recovery without recurrence or complications. Cryosurgery of smaller sized mammary neoplasms in bitches could be managed without the use of scalpel but led to scar formation. Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy for the management of foot rot in goats was painfree, effective as well as cheap. Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy alone failed in resolution of interdigital fibroma in cattle whereas, surgical debulking accompanied with cryotherapy was not only effective but also advantageous in preventing recurrence. Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy could successfully manage the canine venereal granuloma in a bitch. Additionally, it was observed that the structural integrity and the contour of the vulva remained intact. Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy effectively facilitated the clinical management of thrush, sarcoid and lacerated wounds in horses. Non healing open chronic wounds in animals showed tendency of healing following cryotherapy. In an advanced pregnant cow successful management of vaginal mass with liquid nitrogen cryotherapy was considered highly advantageous as it obviated the need of anaesthesia and radical surgery, which otherwise might have made the animal morbid at the most vital phase of gestation. Cryosurgical disbudding in crossbred as well as buffalo calves was effective and the younger calves below the age of 4 weeks were the best candidates for cryosurgical disbudding.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON LAPAROSCOPIC DIAGNOSIS IN SMALL ANIMALS(AAU, Anand, 2008) BHATT, RAGHUVIR H.; KELAWALA, N. H.Clinical studies on laparoscopic diagnosis of intraabdominal disorders in small animals were conducted in 15 clinical cases. Eligibility criteria for laparoscopy were preoperative evaluation of haemogram, serum biochemistry, radiography and / or ultrasonography as per the requirement to assess the intraabdominal disorders. The pneumoperitoneum was created with atmospheric air through veress needle. The 11 mm trocar cannula was used to create umbilical port for the insertion of 10 mm laparoscope along with 250 W halogen light source and digital camera attached for visualization as well as to save images of the affected organs. The second port was created through 6 mm trocar cannula for the manipulation of biopsy forceps. The biopsy forceps along with attached electrocautery was used for taking biopsy under the guidance of laparoscope. For laparoscopy, in dogs premedicated with atropine sulphate @ 0.04 mg / kg b. wt. SC, general anaesthesia was achieved by IV administration of ketamine - diazepam combination @ 10 mg / kg b. wt. and 0.5 mg / kg b. wt., respectively. The normal anatomical visualization of visceral organs was possible through 10 mm rigid laparoscope for both cranial as well as caudal part of abdominopelvic organs from the port created at the umbilical site. The laparoscopic examination in the present study diagnosed the pathological lesions in abdominopelvic organs like liver, kidney, spleen, intestine and urogenital organs. It facilitated the diagnosis by histopathology after taking biopsy from the morphologically pathological organ. The affections of liver diagnosed by laparoscopy were cirrhosis, liver fibrosis, neoplasm and ascites. The renal affection like gross enlargement along with adhesions, suspected for renal neoplasm was diagnosed after initial screening and early decision was taken for unilateral nephrectomy after laparoscopic diagnosis. The disorders like cystic ovaries and pyometra were diagnosed under the direct visualization. In pyometra, the laparoscopy revealed enlarged, pale and sacculated uterus. In another case, the presences of bilateral cystic ovaries without any adhesions were observed under laparoscopic examination and were removed laparoscopically. The laparoscopic diagnosis of intestinal affections viz., intestinal neoplasm (adenocarcinoma) and intraluminal intestinal obstruction (phytobezor) were made and removed surgically. The splenic affections like neoplasm of spleen and presence of granulomatous mass along with spleen were diagnosed with the help of laparoscopy. In these cases, laparoscopic biopsy was not attempted due to possible coagulopathy. There were no complications reported after the laparoscopic examination. The sites of ports healed within 5 days without any complications. Confirmative diagnosis was made in all clinical cases under the guidance of laparoscopy. The present study indicated that, the laparoscopic diagnosis provides confirmative diagnosis in intraabdominal abnormalities in small animals and satisfactory results were obtained during the studies to start palliative treatment. It was concluded from the present study that, the laparoscopy facilitated proper visualization of the abdominopelvic organs along with biopsy of the morphological lesions and was found to be a reliable diagnostic tool in giving confirmative diagnosis and prognosis of the case.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ULTRASOUND GUIDED RENAL BIOPSY USING 14 AND 16 GAUGE TRU-CUT BIOPSY NEEDLES IN ADULT DOGS(AAU, Anand, 2005) PATEL, SUDHAKAR SUBHASH; PARIKH, P. V.An experiment was conducted on ultrasound guided renal biopsy using 16 gauge (Group I, n=12) and 14 gauge (Group II. n =5) needles in 17 clinically healthy dogs of either sex. The biopsy procedure was carried out under general anaesthesia using combination of ketamine (10 mg/kg bodyweight, i.v.) and diazepam (0.5 mg/kg body weight, i.v.) and premedication with acepromazine @ 0.05 mg/kg body weight, i.m. The renal biopsy was performed by routine ultrasound guided technique. The biopsy sample in group I was obtained by 16 gauge Tru-cut biopsy needle and in group II by 14 gauge Tru-cut biopsy needle with spring loaded gun. Pre-biopsy, immediate post-biopsy and 48 hrs. post-biopsy arterial blood and urine samples were obtained from animals of either groups for biochemical study and urinanalysis. Clinical observations and biopsy samples quality was recorded following biopsy in both the groups. Under post-biopsy clinical observation, general health, appetite, water intake and urination were found normal in all 17 animals. The anaesthetic protocol was found safe with smooth induction and uncomplicative recovery. The ultrasound images in either group were observed with use of 5.0 MHz Mechanical Sector Transducer with B-Mode. Renal cortex was having intermediate echogenicity, medulla was seen hypoechoic and renal pelvis was highly echognic. The cortex was hyperechoic relative to the medulla and a distinct demarcation between them was present and echogenic rim separated cortical from the medullary tissue. The needle were seen parallel to the dotted line in hyperechoic image. The biochemical study with arterial blood sample revealed a nonsignificant alteration in the determinants of glomerular filtration rate such as blood urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine and also in arterial blood gases like blood pH, partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide, total carbon dioxide and haemoglobin oxygen saturation percentage in either groups after biopsy. The plasma electrolytes such as sodium and chloride in group II and potassium in group I revealed a significant decrease and increase at 48 hrs. post-biopsy, respectively. The urinanalysis in both the groups recorded non-significant variations in urine pH and specific gravity, urine creatinine, urinary sodium and protein as well as in urine protein/urine creatinine ratio and urinary fractional excretion of sodium after biopsy. A significant increase in enzymuria like urinary N-acetyl-beta-DGlucosaminidase in either groups and urinary alanine aminopeptidase in group II was observed at immediate and 48 hrs. post-biopsy. Urinary gamma glutamyltransferase non-significantly increased at immediate post-biopsy in either groups followed by a non-significant decrease observed in group I at 48 hrs. post-biopsy. The histopathological findings revealed that the samples obtained using 16 gauge needle (Group I) yielded an average of 10.77 number of glomeruli per sample while the samples using 14 gauge needle (Group II) yielded an average of 7.75 number of glomeruli per sample. The cell morphology of the samples in both the groups was found to be normal. The average size of the biopsy sample obtained by using 16 gauge needle (Group I) was 1 X 0.1 cm. and biopsy sample obtained by using 14 gauge needle (Group II) was 0.75 X 0.1 cm. The medulla content obtained in samples using 16 gauge needle (Group I) was 5 to70 per cent and samples obtained using 14 gauge needle (Group II) were found have 70, 50, 30, 20 per cent of medulla. Samples analyzed histopathologically for crushing and fragmentation of tissue obtained. One sample crushing using 16 gauge needle (Group I), while four sample obtained using 14 gauge needle (Group II) were found to reveal either crushing (1), fragmentation (1) or both (2) samples. The present study concludes that using ultrasound guided renal biopsy technique. 16 gauge Tru-cut biopsy needle still gives adequate quality biopsy sample, cell morphology and glomeruli number with less renal injury as compared to 14 gauge needle, hence useful, especially in dogs with high risk for renal failure.