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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AEROMONAS SPECIES FROM POULTRY MEAT(AAU, Anand, 2009) SMITA; Brahmbhatt, M. N.The aim of the present study was to isolate, identify and characterize Aeromonas species from poultry meat. A total of 120 samples were processed for estimating prevalence oi Aeromonas spp. Out of those 120 samples, 66 isolates oi Aeromonas were identified. On the basis of biochemical characterization 47 isolates of A. sobria, 11 isolates of A. hydrophila and 8 isolates of A. caviae were detected. When the source wise study of Aeromonas was conducted it was found that maximum number of Aeromonas isolates were recovered from heart (87.5 per cent) followed by liver (66.66 per cent), thigh muscle and chest muscle (40 per cent each). When different selective culture media were evaluated for isolation of Aeromonas spp. from poultry meat it was found that percent recovery of Aeromonas isolates were more from Ampicillin Dextrin Agar (89.39 per cent), followed by Aeromonas Starch DNAse agar (68.18 per cent) and Aeromonas isolation media (18.18 per cent). Specificity of PCR assay for detection of A. hydrophila and A. sobria was performed by testing against different gram positive and gram negative organisms.Primers were found to be specific for A. hydrophila and A. sobria. All the isolates of A. sobria (47) and A. hydrophila (11) which were identified on the basis of biochemical characterization were subjected to PCR and confirmed. All 66 Aeromonas isolates were tested for presence of aerolysin, haemolysin and enterotoxin gene. None of the isolate showed presence of aerolysin and enterotoxin while overall prevalence of haemolysin gene was 78.78 per cent. In A. hydrophila, 54.54 per cent; A. caviae, 37.5 per cent and in A. sobria, 91.48 per cent isolates were found to possess haemolysin gene. All the isolates of Aeromonas were subjected to antimicrobial drug sensitivity test against gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, kanamycin, bacitracin, rifampicin, tetracycline and erythromycin. Maximum sensitivity pattern was recorded with chloramphenicol (86.36per cent), gentamicin (81.82 per cent), ciprofloxacin (60.61 per cent), kanamycin (34.85 per cent), bacitracin (25.76 per cent), tetracycline (16.67 per cent), rifampicin (15.15 per cent) and erythromycin (9.09 per cent). The resistance pattern of Aeromonas isolated from chicken meat to various antibiotics was observed as bacitracin (74.24 per cent) followed by rifampicin (71.21 per cent), kanamycin (65.15 per cent), erythromycin (53.03 per cent), tetracycline (33.33 per cent), ciprofloxacin (22.73 per cent) and gentamicin (18.18 per cent). It was concluded that overall prevalence of Aeromonas spp. in poultry meat was 55 per cent which is a matter of concern from public health point of view and needs proper attention. The overall prevalence of 78.78 per cent of Aeromonas isolates showing presence of haemolysin gene (Virulence gene) in poultry meat is also a matter of concern and this study reveals that poultry meat could be a potential threat to public health. Hence, more attention for implementation of HACCP concept from food safety point of view is required. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Aeromonas isolates revealed that chloramphenicol was found to be most effective drug (86.36per cent) followed by gentamicin (81.82 per cent), ciprofloxacin (60.61 per cent), kanamycin (34.85 per cent), bacitracin (25.76 per cent), tetracycline (16.67 per cent), rifampicin (15.15 per cent) and erythromycin (9.09 per cent).ThesisItem Open Access ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LISTERIA SPECIES FROM MARKET MEAT(AAU, Anand, 2009) NAYAK, JITENDRAKUMAR BHOGILAL; Brahmbhatt, M. N.The present study was carried out with a view to isolate and identify Listeria spp. from different samples of buffalo meat, chevon and mutton sold in retail market as well as from butcher's hand and their instruments in Anand city. The recovered isolates were studied for their properties in relation to phenotypic characterization (CAMP test), standardization of PCR protocol for detection of i . monocytogenes in raw meat, specificity and sensitivity of the developed assay, comparision of the PCR assay with conventional culture method for the detection of L. monocytogenes from meat, comparison of efficacy of different selective plating media for the recovery of Listeria spp, detection of virulence genes by PCR and antimicrobial drug sensitivity pattern of Listeria spp. to various antibiotics conmionly used in human and veterinary treatment. Altogether 500 samples comprising of buffalo meat, mutton and chevon (150 samples each) as well as swabs from butcher's hand, knife and log (50 samples) were collected from randomly selected five different retail meat shops of Anand (Gujarat State) and subjected to two stage enrichment process with UVM 1 and UVM 2 for two days each, followed by plating on three selective media viz. DRIA, PALCAM and Oxford agar. Out of 500 samples collected, 25 (5.5%) meat samples and 2 (4.0%) swabs were positive for Listeria spp. with overall prevalence of 5.4 per cent. Out of these 25 positive meat samples, 12 (2.7 %) samples were positive for L. monocytogenes, 6 (1.3%) samples positive for L. innocua, 5 (1.1%) samples for L. seeligeri and 2 (0.4%) samples for L. welshimeri. Out of two positive swab samples 1 (2.0%) was positive forZ. monocytogenes and 1 (2.0%) forZ. innocua. The highest prevalence of Listeria spp. was observed from mutton (7.3%) followed by buffalo meat (6.7%), chevon {1.1%) and least in butchers' hand and knife swab (2.0 % each). L. monocytogenes isolated from 13 (2.6 %) samples. The observation in the study suggested DRIA medium found superior to PALCAM and Oxford agar for the recovery of Listeria spp. including L. monocytogenes with the highest recovery on DRIA (92.6 %) followed by PALCAM (88.9 %) and Oxford agar (59.3 %). The PCR assay targeting iap gene was found useful for the specific detection of L. monocytogenes up to the level as low as 2 x10 to power 1 CFU/ml from various samples. PCR targeting iap gene can be used for the rapid detection of L. monocytogenes. The specificity of both the cultural and PCR method was compared and foimd to be 100.0 per cent. Very good correlation was observed between these two methods for detection of Z. monocytogenes. All the 13 L. monocytogenes isolates were screened for the presence or absence of virulence genes viz. inlA, inlB, InU and plcB using specific primers. Presence of virulence associated genes in L. monocytogenes isolates ranged from 76.9 per cent to 100.0 per cent suggesting the presence of pathogenic L. monocytogenes in meat samples. The highest degree of sensitivity of listeria isolates was observed towards gentamicin (96.3%) followed by ampicillin and ciprofloxacin (92.6% each); tetracycline and erythromycin (88.9% each); chloramphenicol and penicillin G (85.2% each) while isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone (81.5%) and cefotaxime (70.4 %). The antibiogram of L. monocytogenes isolates showed cent percent sensitivity to penicillin G followed by ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline (92.3% each), erythromycin (84.7%), gentamicin, rifampicin (76.9%), where as the maximum resistance was recorded against ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and ceftazidime.ThesisItem Open Access ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AEROMONAS SPECIES FROM FISH(AAU, Anand, 2009) CHATUR, YOGESH AGASTIJI; Brahmbhatt, M. N.The present study was undertaken with the objective to isolate and characterize the Aeromonas spp. from raw fish intended for the human consumption available in the retail fish market in Anand, Gujarat. A total of 100 raw fish samples (muscles) were collected from the fish market. Samples were processed with pre-enriched in alkaline peptone water (pH 8.4 ± 0.2) at 37°C for 24 h and further inoculated on three selective media viz., Ampicillin starch DNA agar (SAA), Ampicillin dextrin agar (ADA) and Aeromonas isolation agar (ALA). The presumptive isolates were identified at genus and species level by the battery of biochemical tests and also confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. The PCR confirmed isolates were further subjected for the antibiotic susceptibility test using fourteen antibiotics and detection of virulence genes by PCR. In the present study, out of 100 raw fish samples 47 were found to be contaminated with three pathogenic species. From these 47, a total of 61 Aeromonas isolates comprising of 52 (85.2 %) A. sobria, 5 (8.2 %) A. hydrophila and 4 (6.6 %) A. caviae were isolated. The present findings also revealed the superiority of Ampicillin dextrin agar (ADA) over Ampicillin starch DNA agar (SAA) and Aeromonas isolation agar (AIA). ADA recovered 43 (70.5%) isolates as compared to 10 (16.4%) and 8 (13.1%) isolates recovered on SAA and AIA respectively. All the Aeromonas isolates were resistant to ampicillin and bacitracin and cent percent sensitive to ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol. The isolates were found to be commonly resistant to oxytetracyclin, streptomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, rifampicin, erythromycin, carbenicillin, gentamicin, cephalothin and chlortetracycline. The isolates were also found to be resistant to multiple drugs varying from two to nine drugs. All isolates were also subjected for the in vitro detection of virulence gene viz., aerolysin, hemolysin and enterotoxin by PCR using specific primers. The result indicated that out of 61 isolates, a total of 21 isolates were found to harbor different combination of virulence genes. Seventeen (27.9%), 8 (13.1%) and 8 (13.1%) isolates were positive for enterotoxin, aerolysin, and hemolysin respectively. Owing to the potential hazard of pathogenic Aeromonas spp., it was concluded that it is necessary to put more emphasis on food hygiene. Therefore, the surveillance of potential contaminant is crucial for sustenance of public health.ThesisItem Open Access ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LISTERIA SPECIES FROM POULTRY MEAT(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2009) LOHITH KUMAR. T; Dr. M. N. BrahmbhattThe present study is undertaken with intension of isolating and identifying the Listeria spp. with special reference to L. monocytogenes from raw poultry meat sold at retail meat shops in Anand, Gujarat. The samples of raw poultry meat consist different edible parts of chicken such as breast, leg, liver, gizzard and wing (35 each) collected aseptically from local meat market and subjected to two stage enrichment process with UVM 1 and UVM 2 for two days each, followed by plating on three selective media viz. DRIA, PALCAM and Oxford media. The colonies showing typical colony characteristics were further characterized on the basis of their morphological and biochemical characteristics. Cultures identified as Listeria spp. were further subjected to in vitro pathogenicity (hemolysis on sheep blood agar and CAMP test), detection of different virulence associated genes and sensitivity of Listeria spp. to various antibiotics commonly used in human and veterinary treatmentThesisItem Open Access “Isolation and characterization of Aeromonas species from fish(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2009) Yogesh A. Chatur; Dr. M. N. BrahmbhattThe present study was undertaken with the objective to isolate and characterize the Aeromonas spp. from raw fish intended for the human consumption available in the retail fish market in Anand, Gujarat. A total of 100 raw fish samples (muscles) were collected from the fish market. Samples were processed with pre-enriched in alkaline peptone water (pH 8.4 ± 0.2) at 37oC for 24 h and further inoculated on three selective media viz., Ampicillin starch DNA agar (SAA), Ampicillin dextrin agar (ADA) and Aeromonas isolation agar (AIA). The presumptive isolates were identified at genus and species level by the battery of biochemical tests and also confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. The PCR confirmed isolates were further subjected for the antibiotic susceptibility test using fourteen antibiotics and detection of virulence genes by PCRThesisItem Open Access Isolation, Identification & Characterization of Listeria species from Market Meat.(2009) Jitenderkumar Bhogilal, Nayak