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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access SUBACUTE ORAL TOXICITY STUDY OF FEBUXOSTAT IN SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS(AAU, Anand, 2009) PATEL, VIJAYKUMAR B.; Prajapati, K. S.Febuxostat is a non-purine analogue and is a selective inhibitor of oxidized and reduced forms of Xanthine Oxidase that significantly reduces serum uric acid levels. The present research work was conducted to evaluate the repeated dose toxicity of febuxostat in Sprague Dawley rats. The animals were divided in 5 different groups each included 6 male and 6 female animals. They were administered febuxostat at 0 (vehicle only), 2, 10, 50 and 10 (Recovery) mg/kg, orally for 28 days respectively. The animals were observed for clinical signs and growth parameters. Hematological, biochemical, urine analysis, necropsy, organ weight and histopathological studies were conducted. Oral administration of febuxostat did not produce any toxic symptoms and there was no any change in feed consumption, body weight and body weight gain as compared to control group. No significant hematological alterations were noticed up to 10 mg/kg dose in both sexes. Leucocytosis with neutrophilia was noted in both sexes at 50 mg/kg dose group. There was increase in urea, creatinine and phosphorus along with decrease in calcium and sodium in the serum of male and female from dose group of 50 mg/kg. The dose dependent reduction in serum uric acid level was observed in animals of both sexes from group II, III, IV and V. Urine was yellowish and turbid in the animals of dose group 10 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg. Microscopic examination showed presence of erythrocytes and amorphous crystals in the male and female animals of dose group 50 mg/kg. The significant increase in relative weight of kidney was found in both the sexes of high dose group only. Gross pathological changes observed in the kidney of both the sexes in high dose group were paleness, flabbiness, enlargement and pinpoint whitish necrotic foci on the surface. Urinary bladder in this group showed distention with presence of yellowish urine with fine granular material. Histopathological changes were seen only in kidneys and urinary bladder of animals from group III and IV. Major histopathological changes observed in the kidneys were hyaline deposits in kidney tubules, basophilia of tubules, thickening of glomerular basement membrane, cystic dilatation of tubules, infiltration of inflammatory cells in intertubular space, proliferation of interstitial cormective tissue, neovascularization, necrosis of tubular epithelium, presence of necrosed inflammatory cells in tubular lumen, deposition of crystals in collecting tubules and papillary duct and papillary epithelial hyperplasia. The drug febuxostat was found effective in reducing serum uric acid levels in normal SD rats and was found nephrotoxic at dose levels of 10 and 50 mg/kg. The NOAEL was 2 mg/kg in SD rats.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON PATHOGENICITY OF DICLOFENAC SODIUM ON SWISS ALBINO MICE (Mus musculus)(AAU, Anand, 2009) BHAJANTRI, BASAVARAJ S; Prajapati, K. S.The present research work was conducted on 24 male and 24 female Swiss albino mice to study the repeated dose toxicity of Diclofenac sodium. Animals were randomly divided into 4 different groups with six male and six female in each. Group I severed as control. Group II, III and IV were administered with 2.37, 4.75 and 9.5 mg/kg of Diclofenac sodium per kg body weight respectively once daily for 28 days. The animals were monitored for any observable toxic symptoms and mortality throughout the experimental period. All the animals were weighed weekly to monitor body weight gain. The food consumption was also measured once a week. After completion of 28 days treatment, blood samples were collected for haematology and serum biochemical analysis. Necropsy was performed in all sacrificed animals and gross lesions were recorded. Tissue samples were collected in 10% formalin solution for histopathological examination. The extent and severity of observed symptoms varied according to the dosage administered to animals. Symptoms like dullness, depression, lethargy, and rough hair coat were noticed in mice of group III and FV. The dose dependent reduction in body weight and feed consumption was observed in animals of mid and high dose group. There was significant reduction in the red blood corpuscles, packed cell volume, haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, where as significant increase in mean corpuscular volume and absolute neutrophils in animals of group III and IV. Differential leucocyte count revealed significant increase in neutrophil and decrease in lymphocyte count in animals of Diclofenac sodium treated groups in and IV. In treatment group III and IV, the AST, ALT and Total bilirubin values were significantly increased. Where as significant decrease in total protein, albumin, globulin, and cholesterol was noticed. There was significant increase in urea, creatinine and uric acid in group in and IV. The animals of group IV revealed significant decrease in absolute organ weights of liver, kidneys and there was increase in absolute weight of spleen. Gross pathological changes were characterized by congestion and hemorrhages in intestine and stomach. Enlargement of spleen was the common findings in the animals of group in and IV. Varying degrees of degeneration was noticed in histopathological sections of liver and kidney. There were erosions, ulceration and necrosis of mucosal epithelium of stomach and intestine. Spleen showed hyperplasia of RE cells while lung showed mild congestion and edema in animals of group III and group FV. Gross and microscopic lesions were indicative of gastrointestinal and renal toxicity. The results of the present study indicated toxic potential of Diclofenac sodium, if used for longer time in animals.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON MORTALITY IN CAPTIVE AND WILD LARGE FELIDS IN GUJARAT STATE(AAU, Anand, 2009) Prabhu, Shyama N.; Joshi, B. P.The present study on "Pathological studies on mortality in captive and wild large felids in Gujarat state" was undertaken with a view to study the gross and histopathological lesions of specimens from captive and wild large felids. Postmortem and histopathological studies conducted on the specimens obtained in the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Anand during the last five years from January 2004 to March 2009 were analyzed. The tissue samples were received from different places mainly Sakkarbaug zoo, Junagadh; Gir National Park; Kamala Nehru Zoological Garden, Ahmedabad; Sayaji bang Zoo, Vadodara; Shyamprasad zoological garden, Muglisara, Surat and Rajkot Muncipal Corporation, Zoo Department along with the history, age, sex, species and postmortem report. Out of a total of 109 cases of wild felids, 58 lion, 40 leopard, seven panther and four tiger cases were recorded. The Gir forest of Gujarat state being the predominant track of Asiatic lions, more number of cases from lions compared to other felids was recorded. The study has revealed more number of females when compared to males in lion and leopard populations probably due to a decreased male to female ratio in the case of Asiatic lion and leopard in More cases were from animals that belonged to the age groups of 6-9 years and 12-15 years. Out of the 109 animals studied, 46 (42.2%) had respiratory; 23 (21.1%) urinary; 18 (16.5%) digestive; seven (6.4%) cardiovascular; two (1.83%) reproductive and two (1.83%) had neoplastic conditions i.e. metastatic adenocarcinoma of lung in lion and hard fibroma of ear in panther. Pneumonia was the most common condition noted with more cases of fibrinous pneumonia followed by granulomatous, interstitial and suppurative type. Among lions, the age group of 0-3 years (cubs) showed more number of pneumonia conditions indicating that younger age group is more prone to respiratory affections. Though the severity of lesions was variable among different wild felids, the nature of lesions suggestive of fibrinous pneumonia was same among all. Granulomatous pneumonia was seen in seven cases (four lions, one leopard and two tigers) of which two lions were positive for tuberculosis and one tiger showed lesions of fungal granuloma. Nephritis of different types was seen with high proportion of chronic interstitial nephritis in older wild felids. Chronic hepatitis especially portal cirrhosis was one of the important hepatic conditions encountered. Enteritis, septicemia, endometritis, neoplasms and gastritis were other conditions noted. Fourteen (12.8%) animals on histopathological examination did not reveal pathological alteration probably due to inappropriate collection of tissue samples during postmortem examination. Wild animals found dead in free ranges i.e. 11 (10.09%) showed autolytic changes in the tissue structure suggesting that putrefaction might have commenced by the time of tissue collection.ThesisItem Open Access TOXICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SUBACUTE LEAD ACETATE TOXICITY IN WISTAR RATS(AAU, Anand, 2008) SURADKAR, SANJAY G.; Ghodasara, D. J.The present study has been carried out to study clinical signs, hematobiochemical alterations, and pathomorphological changes induced by lead acetate toxicity in Wistar rats. Fourty eight colony bred albino Wistar strain rats of both sexes, were divided uniformly into four different groups. The group I received only deionised water and served as control while, group II, III and group IV rats were given Lead Acetate @ 1 PPM, 100 PPM and 1000 PPM respectively, through deionised water for 28 days. The clinical signs like weakness, lethargy, pale mucous membrane, diarrhoea and respiratory distress were noticed in group III and group IV with varied severity in male and female animals. The dose dependent significant (P < 0.05) reduction in body weight was observed up to 7th day of experiment in group III and IV. In male and female rats, the dose dependant significant (P < 0.05) reduction in mean values of feed intake was observed from 1st week of experiment in treatment group III and IV. The water intake remained unaffected in all the treatment groups. The mean absolute weights of liver, kidney, spleen, and lung in male and female rats were increased in treatment group III and IV. While, the weight of heart and testes were decreased in female and male rats respectively in treatment group III and IV. There was dose dependant reduction in TEC, Hb and PCV in treatment group III and IV rats, which resulted in microcytic hypochromic anemia. Group III and IV rats revealed dose dependant significant (P < 0.05) decrease in leukocytes count. The DLC in lead treated groups revealed no significant change in mean values of neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil and monocyte count in all the treatment group and remained comparable to their control. However, the lymphocyte percent decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in high and intermediate dose group rats. A dose dependant significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean values of AST, ALP, AKP, GGT, BUN, creatinine and decrease in TP and albumin were observed in group III and IV rats. All the rats exposed to lead acetate through drinking water at three different dose levels revealed dose dependant pathological changes in group III and group IV. The lesions were characterized by degeneration, necrosis inflammatory and vascular changes. The main target organs affected were kidney, liver and testes. The overall lesions gave impression that lead was hepatotoxic as well as nephrotoxic in nature. The intensity and distribution of such lesions were found more severe in rats of group IV, followed by rats of group III.ThesisItem Open Access EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON INDUCED TOXICITY OF ARSENIC AND LEAD AND THEIR INTERACTION IN WISTAR RATS(AAU, Anand, 2008) RAVAL, JEETENDRA KUMAR. K; JOSHI, B. P.The present study has been carried out to study clinical signs, pathomorphological changes, haemato-biochemical alterations, oxidative stress effects as well as genotoxic effect induced by arsenic and lead and their mixture in biological system of rat. Accordingly sixty colony bred albino wistar rats of both sexes, were divided uniformly in to five groups as group I, II, III, IV and V. The group I received only deionised water and served as control while group II,III and IV were orally dosed with sodium arsenite @ 4 mg/kg body weight; lead acetate @ 53 mg/kg body weight;and mixture of sodium arsenite @ 4 mg/kg and lead acetate @ 53 mg/kg respectively for 28 days . The group V served as positive control for genotoxicity study and was given cyclophosphamide( 20 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally 24 hour before the terminal sacrifice. The clinical signs like dullness, diarrhoea, decreased appetite, irritability and pale mucous membrane were noticed in all the three experimental groups with varied severity. In addition to this lead treated group showed respiratory distress while mixture treated group revealed distended abdomen. Sodium arsenite , lead acetate and mixture of both when orally dosed to rats, showed decrease in body weight and feed consumption as compared to control with maximum decrease in group IV. The water intake remained unaffected in all the treatment groups. There was significant reduction in TEC and Hb in all the treatment groups suggestive of anemia and when arsenic and lead given in combination resulted in macrocytic anemia. Mixture of arsenic and lead as well as lead as single metal alone has resulted in leucopenia due to lymphopenia and relative neutrophilia. Increase in AKP, GGT, creatinine and decrease in TP and albumin revealed hepatic and renal damage and were marked more with mixture of both the metals as compared to single metal alone. There was significant increase in LPO and decrease in SOD in all the three treatment groups. Difference in values of SOD and LPO as compared to control was highest in group IV followed by group III and II indicating oxidative stress more pronounced with mixture of both metals. Pathomorphological lesions induced by arsenic and lead as well as their mixture in organs like liver, kidney, lung, intestine and testis were of the nature of vascular, degenerative and inflammatory changes with varied severity and extent of distribution. The overall lesions gave impression that both the metals arsenic and lead were hepatotoxic as well as nephrotoxic in nature. The severity of lesions in different organs was more with mixture of both the metals. All the three treatment groups showed increase in micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations as compared to control. Arsenic and lead when administered alone were equally genotoxic to that of mixture of both metals at the given dose level while their genotoxic potential was less than the known positive compound cyclophosphamide.ThesisItem Open Access “TOXICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SUBACUTE LEAD ACETATE TOXICITY IN WISTAR RATS”(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2008) SANJAY G. SURADKAR; Dr. D. J. GhodasaraThe present study has been carried out to study clinical signs, hematobiochemical alterations, and pathomorphological changes induced by lead acetate toxicity in Wistar rats. Fourty eight colony bred albino Wistar strain rats of both sexes, were divided uniformly into four different groups. The group I received only deionised water and served as control while, group II, III and group IV rats were given Lead Acetate @ 1 PPM, 100 PPM and 1000 PPM respectively, through deionised water for 28 days.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON TOXICOIMMUNOPATHOLOGY OF CYCLOSPORIN A IN WISTAR RATS”(Anand Agricultural University, 2008) VADAVIYA RAJESHKUMAR A; Dr. K.S.PrajapatiThe present study was conducted on 6-8 weeks old Wistar rats. Forty eight Wistar rats divided in to four different groups with equal numbers of male and female. Group I was served as vehicle control. Group II, III and IV were administered with 5, 20 and 40 mg of CsA per kg body weight daily once by oral intubation for 28 days. All the animals were monitored for any observable toxic symptoms and mortality throughout the experimental period. All the animals were weighed weekly to monitor body weight gain. The food consumption was also measured once a week. After completion of 28 days of administration of CsA the blood samples were collected from sublingual vein for haematological, biochemical and immunological investigations where as urine was collected for urine analysis. After terminal sacrifice all the animals were subjected to necropsy and organsThesisItem Open Access TOXICOPATHOLOGICAL AND GENOTOXICITY STUDIES OF SODIUM DICHROMATE IN WISTAR RATS(Anand Agricultural University, 2008) VIHOL PRITI DILIPSINH; Dr. D. J. GhodasaraThe present research work was conducted on 30 male and 30 female wistar rats to study the toxicopathological and genotoxic effects of repeated dose (28 days) of sodium dichromate. Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 different groups with five males and five females in each group. Animals of group I to IV were given 0.625mg/kg b.wt, 1.25 mg/kg b.wt, 2.5 mg/kg b.wt, 5 mg/kg b.wt sodium dichromate by gavage for 28 days whereas group V and group VI were administrated only water as negative (vehicle) control and cyclophosphamide as positive control respectively. After completion of 28 days treatment, blood samples were collected for haematology and serum biochemical analysis from retro-orbital plexus with the help of capillary tube. The animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and bone marrow was collected for genotoxicity study. Necropsy examination was performed in all sacrificed animals and gross lesions were recorded. Tissue samples (lung, liver, kidney, spleen, intestine, testes, brain and stomach) were collected in 10% formalin solution for histopathological examination. iThesisItem Open Access “EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON INDUCED TOXICITY OF ARSENIC AND LEAD AND THEIR INTERACTION IN WISTAR RATS(Anand Agricultural University, 2008) RAVAL JEETENDRA KUMAR. K; Dr.B.P.JoshiThe present study has been carried out to study clinical signs, pathomorphological changes, haemato-biochemical alterations, oxidative stress effects as well as genotoxic effect induced by arsenic and lead and their mixture in biological system of rat. Accordingly sixty colony bred albino wistar rats of both sexes, were divided uniformly in to five groups as group I, II, III, IV and V. The group I received only deionised water and served as control while group II,III and IV were orally dosed with sodium arsenite @ 4 mg/kg bodyweight; lead acetate @ 53 mg/kg body weight;and mixture of sodium arsenite @ 4 mg/kg and lead acetate @ 53 mg/kg respectively for 28 days . The group V served as positive control for genotoxicity study and was given cyclophosphamide( 20 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally 24 hour before the terminal sacrifice