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ThesisItem Open Access DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF BACTERIAL RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS IN DOGS(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2024-04-15) Bali, Smeeksha Deep Kour; Soodan, J. S.The present study was undertaken on dogs presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex of F.V.Sc and A.H., R.S. Pura, to find out the occurrence, diagnosis and therapeutic management of bacterial respiratory tract infections in dogs. A total of 2754 dogs were presented out of which 51 dogs (1.85%) were affected with respiratory tract diseases. Out of these 43.14% were of bacterial origin. The highest occurrence of bacterial respiratory infections was seen in the <2-year age group (54.54%) and in the winter months (40.90%). Sex-wise males were reported in higher numbers (72.72%). Breed-wise Labrador retrievers were seen in the highest numbers (36.36%). The major clinical signs seen were cough, nasal discharge, exercise intolerance, presence of abnormal respiratory sounds, inappetence, lethargy and weight loss. Physical examination revealed tachypnoea, dyspnoea, fever, crackles, wheezes and harsh lung sounds. Hematological study revealed leucocytosis with neutrophilia along with increased plasma fibrinogen. Thoracic radiography revealed alveolar, interstitial, and bronchial patterns. Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli followed by Streptococcus spp, Klebsiella spp., were the most commonly isolated bacteria. The comparative cellular findings of tracheal aspirates revealed a significant increase in neutrophils. Blood gas analysis revealed significantly increased pCO2 levels. Bacteria were found to be most susceptible to gentamicin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline and levofloxacin and least sensitive to ampicillin on antibiotic sensitivity testing. Significant improvement in the clinical signs, haemato-biochemical parameters and physiological parameters was seen on 14 days post-treatment.ThesisItem Open Access Clinico-epidemiological Study on Malignant Catarrhal Fever in Bovine(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2024-04-24) Balla, Ranju; Bhardwaj, Rajinder KumarThe study was conducted to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, haematobiochemical and histopathological alterations in MCF affected bovine over a period of one year. A total of 290 animals including 122 cattle, 133 buffaloes, 11 sheep and 24 goats of different age groups and sex in different seasons were sampled and examined by hemi-nested PCR assay. The overall molecular prevalence of MCF in bovine was found to be 19.21 per cent. Individually, the molecular prevalence in cattle and buffaloes was found to be 18.85 per cent (23/122) and 19.54 per cent (26/133), respectively. The highest prevalence was found in adult female animals (>6years age) in both cattle and buffaloes. The season wise prevalence peaked during winter and monsoon in cattle and buffaloes, respectively. Sheep (11) and goats (24) reared with bovine herd showed the molecular prevalence of 36.36 per cent and 41.66 per cent, respectively. The morbidity and case fatality rate (CFR) in herd wise sampling of buffaloes was found to be 6.25 to 33.33 per cent and 50 to 100 per cent, respectively. Fever, corneal opacity, ocular discharge, nasal discharge, diarrhea, dermatological lesions, red color urine, enlarged lymph nodes, blindness and muzzle erosions were the main clinical signs observed in MCF affected bovine. Fever (100%) and enlarged lymph nodes (100%) were found to be the consistent feature in MCF affected buffaloes whereas enlarged lymph nodes, ocular and nasal discharge (86.95 %) were found in majority of the MCF affected cattle. The positive non- significant correlation between form of disease and PCR positive results in cattle and buffaloes was found to be 17.2 per cent and 14.8 per cent, respectively. The MCF affected bovine had a significantly lower values (p<0.05) of Hb, PCV, TEC, ALB, A:G ratio and significantly higher values (p<0.05) for TLC, GLB, AST, BUN, creatinine and fibrinogen. Post-mortem gross findings in MCF dead buffalo calf showed enlargement of mesenteric lymph node, pin-point haemorrhages on intestine, spleenomegaly, infarction in lungs and friable liver. Vasculitis with huge mononuclear cell infiltration in liver, kidney and spleen was significant finding on histopathological examintion. Nucleotide sequence of 238bp tegument protein gene showed 100 per cent similarity with Brazil and Mexico strain and 97.88 per cent to 98.73 per cent similarity with other sequences reported earlier from India.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of risk factors and organic zinc supplementation on somatic cell count in crossbred dairy cows(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2024-04-22) Kour, Simrandeep; Agrawal, RajeshMilk somatic cells (SCs) are a mixture of milk producing cells and immune cells that are secreted in milk during normal course of milking and are used as an index to estimate mammary health and milk quality of dairy animals worldwide. The present study was conducted in Jammu to determine the effect of herd and cow level factors on somatic cell count (SCC) and to assess the effect of organic zinc supplementation on SCC and milk quality in crossbred dairy cow. The study revealed that the management practices that were associated with higher milk SCC included bigger herd size, dirty barn hygiene, poor drainage facilities in the barn, using rubber mats as bedding material, cleaning udder/ teats with inappropriate method without proper disinfection, machine milking and following loose housing system of rearing cows. Significantly (p<0.05) higher SCC was found to be associated with dirty udder and teats of cows. Among physiological parameters studied, cows in higher parity group (≥5) and with higher CMT scores (+++) were having significantly (p<0.05) higher milk SCC. Significantly (p<0.05) higher milk SCC was found to be associated with low body condition score, weak and loose fore udder attachment and higher teat score. In correlation analysis of udder and teat morphometry with milk SCC the fore udder depth, rear udder depth, udder length, fore udder width, udder circumference, teat length, teat diameter, distance between right fore-right hind teat and left hind-right hind teat were found to be significantly(p<0.05) positively correlated whereas rear udder width, udder height from from ground, distance between left fore- left hind teat, right fore-left fore teat and teat height from ground were found to be significantly (p<0.01) negatively correlated. Significantly (p<0.01, p<0.05) positive correlation was found between udder circumference, teat length, teat diameter and milk Fat%, SNF%. Milk Malondialdehyde concentration (MDA) was significantly(p<0.01) positively correlated with milk SCC. It also, increases significantly(p<0.05) with advancement of lactation. No relation was found between milk quality parameters and SCC. Lame cows were found to have significantly (p<0.05) higher milk SCC. Supplementation of organic zinc to animals with higher SCC resulted in significant (p<0.05) decrease in milk SCC and increase in milk SNF%, protein% from day 14 onwards of supplementation whereas milk Fat% significantly(p<0.05) increased from day 7 onwards of supplementation hence, proved to be very effective in decreasing the milk SCC and improving quality of milk of the crossbred dairy cowsThesisItem Open Access Socio-Economic Impact of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in Jammu Division(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2024-04-11) Ridham; Khandi, S.A.The livestock sector plays an important role in sustaining the livelihoods of millions of families across the world, especially in developing countries like India. However, the effects of several infectious diseases and natural calamities are mostly felt by people with rural backgrounds as they entirely depends on agriculture and animal rearing practices for their source of income. The present study was undertaken with the objective to study the socio-economic impact of lumpy skin disease on the dairy farmers of UT of Jammu and Kashmir. An ex-post facto/exploratory research design was used for the study with the selection of 2 districts, Jammu and Udhampur through purposive sampling whereas selection of 8 blocks, 16 villages and 160 respondents was done through simple random sampling technique. The data was collected with the help of structured interview schedule through personal interview technique. Majority of the farmers were middle aged, having poor education with diversified occupation, having medium herd size of 3-4 animals. They had poor social participation, extension contact and mass media exposure. Majority of the respondents (81.25%) observed that the cross-bred cattle were significantly more affected than the desi cattle (p<0.01) for LSD. The sale and price of milk was significantly affected during the outbreak as reported by 88 per cent respondents (p<0.01). Sale and transportation of livestock across districts or states were badly affected due to the ban imposed by the state/UT government as reported by 63 per cent respondents. Significantly higher percentage of respondents (62.50%) observed delayed heat period in their cattle after vaccination (p<0.01). One of the major finding of the study was mortality in the cattle herd as observed by 61.25 per cent respondents (p<0.05). Majority of the respondents (95%) had already vaccinated their livestock against LSD (p<0.01) and found the vaccine effective in combating the disease (93.75%).The outbreak trends of the disease revealed that district Ramban surpassed other districts in percentage of positive cases of desi/non-descript cows (64.50%) while Rajouri (100%) was the district with maximum percentage of positive cases of cross-bred cows. Our results indicate a significant socio-economic impact of LSD on the farmers of Jammu division.ThesisItem Open Access “Molecular Identification and Characterization of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) from Cattle in Jammu”(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2024-04-11) Akhter, Shaista; Gazal, SabahatThe present study was undertaken for molecular identification and characterization of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) from cattle in Jammu district and phylogenetic analysis of LSDV. A total of 277 nasal swab samples were received from Animal Husbandary (AH) Department Jammu and were screened for the presence of LSDV by Real Time PCR (qPCR). The viral DNA was extracted by using viral nucleic acid extraction kit as per manufacturer’s protocol and LSDV P32 gene was targeted by using specific primers as recommended by OIE by using qPCR. Out of total samples tested, 99 were found to be positive for LSDV in Jammu district with occurrence of 35.74%. The breed wise occurrence of LSD was found to be highest in Sahiwal (50%) and lowest in Jersey (0%) whereas age wise occurrence of LSD was found to be highest in young animals in the age group of 0-2 years i.e., 58.33% and lowest in the age group of 6-8 years (23.40%). Higher disease occurrence was recorded in male animals i.e., 50% while only 35.63% females were found to be positive for LSD. The χ2 value was found to be non-significant for sex and breed but significant for age group affected with LSD. One of the GPCR gene amplicon was sequenced by Sanger sequencing and submitted to GENBANK under accession no. OR209679. BLAST searches were made on the sequence obtained which revealed 12bp nucleotide deletion in the GPCR gene. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by using Neighbour-Joining tree constructing method in MEGA 11 software and maximum homology was observed with sequences of Russia, Serbia, Greece and Pendik.ThesisItem Open Access Study on management practices in migratory and sedentary goat population of north-western himalayan region(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2024-03-28) Pareek, Anmol; Khan, AsmaThe present study was aimed to analyse managemental practices between migratory and sedentary goat population of North-West Himalayan region. For this general managemental practices followed by farmers were documented. The physiological and biochemical parameters of animals along with relative mRNA expression of genes related to inflammasome components, heat shock response (HSR), pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, antioxidative enzymes of migratory and sedentary goat herds were also studied. In this study, it was evident that managemental practices adopted by migratory herds were traditional in nature lacking recent scientific practices as compared to sedentary herds. Comparison of somatic cell counts among different goat breeds revealed lower count in Gaddi (<1x105 cells/ml) and Bakarwali (1-2x105 cells/ml) breeds and moderately high (2-5 x105 cells/ml) in Beetal breed. Significant difference in faecal egg count (FEC/gm) was found between Gaddi and Bakarwali, Bakarwali and Beetal whereas no significant difference was found between Gaddi and Beetal. Observation on physiological parameters revealed no significant difference among breeds. Among biochemical parameters significant difference among breeds was found for serum albumin concentration and sodium ion concentration. Relative expression pattern of inflammatory genes showed that mRNA level of ASC gene increased after grazing in both breeds. The relative mRNA expression of HSPA1L expression significantly (p<0.05) decreased after grazing. HSPA8 expression was significantly (p<0.01) increased after grazing in both breeds. Among pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines INFG expression was significantly increased (p<0.05) after grazing. In anti-oxidant enzymes, GPX showed significant increase (p<0.05) in both breeds.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of dietary incorporation of treated waste silkworm pupae meal on nutrient utilization and performance of broiler chicken(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2024-03-26) Aanvi; Sharma, R.K.In broiler chicken cost of protein ingredient makes up around 45% of the total cost of the feed, making it significantly more expensive than the other feed ingredients. The most expensive ingredient in chicken feed formula is the protein of animal origin. A lot of stress is being laid to identify newer protein sources to reduce the cost of feeding. Based on this a study was conducted to scrutinize the effect of the incorporation of ethanol treated waste silkworm pupae meal (WSWPM-ET) in the broiler chicken ration on the production parameters, nutrient parameters, carcass traits, immunological parameters, blood-biochemical profile and micrometry of different components of the small intestine. The WSWPM-ET (DMB) contained, 51.97±0.67 % CP, 9.23±0.06 % EE, 4.58±0.28 % CF, 4.89±0.07 % TA, 29.31±0.79 % NFE, 0.23±0.01 % Ca and 0.90±0.01% P. The EE content of the untreated sample was 37.43%±1.48, which indicated that treatment procedure employed in this study was effective in accomplishment of desired goal of partial defatting. A total number of 225 broiler chicks (VenCobb; unsexed) were randomly divided into 5 groups, with each group comprising 3 replicates of 15 chicks each. The control (C) group was fed a basal diet; whereas four treatment groups viz. T1, T2, T3 and T4 were diets with meat and bone meal (MBM) replaced with WSWPM-ET at the rate of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, respectively. All the rations formulated were isocaloric and isonitrogenous and the nutrient requirements were met as per ICAR (2013). At the end of the growth trial (42 days age), two birds from each replicate were slaughtered. No adverse effects were observed with regard to nutrient utilization, production parameters, carcass traits and micrometery of small intestine of experimental birds at the replacement of MBM with WSWPM-ET up to 75% and on immunological parameters and blood-biochemical profile (ALT, AST activity, and serum levels of total protein, albumin, globulin, A:G ratio, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol) at the replacement of MBM with WSWPM-ET up to 100 % level. It may be concluded that WSWPM-ET may replace MBM up to 75 % level in the broiler chicken ration with no adverse effects on health and production performance.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of dietary supplementation of rumen liquor extract as a component of synbiotic on the performance of broilers(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2024-03-26) Kour, Kanwaljeet; Rastogi, AnkurSoluble fibre extracted from rumen liquor (RL) have shown potent prebiotic activity in broiler chickens. Present research evaluated the effect of supplementing RL extract as a component of synbiotic over performance of broiler chickens. RL of sheep and goat origin was collected from the slaughter house and processed in the laboratory to isolate a soluble fibre extract. A growth trial of 42 days duration was conducted on 192 day-old broiler chicks divided into four treatment groups: CO, PO, RL and SN. Each treatment group consist of six replicates with eight chicks in each replicate. The CO group chicks were fed a basal maize-soybean diet, whereas PO group diets were supplemented with probiotic (Bacillus subtilis @ 0.02%); RL group with RL fraction (0.1%) and SN group with a combination of both. In the finisher stage, significantly higher growth was observed in all the supplemented groups. Significantly lower feed intake during finisher stage was recorded in SN group birds. Cumulative FCR was significantly higher in CO group as compared to other three groups, whereas cumulative PER was significantly higher in PO, RL, and SN group as compared to CO group. No significant effect of dietary treatments was recorded on nutrient metabolizability and carcass characteristics. Calcium balance, tibial ash and calcium content were significantly increased in the RL group. Significantly higher serum cholesterol, HDL levels and catalase activity was observed in SN group. Significant increase in jejunal villi height was observed in PO and RL groups and villi height: crypt depth ratio was significantly higher in RL group. However, villi height and crypt depth in ileum were highest in PO group. It is concluded that supplementation of B. subtilis along with RL extract does not offer any additional advantage than that achieved with RL supplementation alone in the diet of broiler chickens, however, altered lipid profile and improved antioxidant status in synbiotic supplemented chickens warrant further exploration.ThesisItem Open Access ISOLATION AND ENTEROTOXIGENIC GENE PROFILE OF Aeromonas hydrophila FROM FISH(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2024-03-28) Raju, Vallavai; Malik, M. A.Aeromonas hydrophila is a food-borne pathogen that is transmitted through contaminated fish and marine foods. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence and enterotoxin gene profile of Aeromonas hydrophila from fish in the Jammu region. One hundred fifty samples of fish were collected from retail markets in Jammu for bacteriological examination. Ampicillin dextrin agar was used for the preliminary isolation. After confirming it by biochemical tests, the positive isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila were screened for the presence of three enterotoxin genes encoding cytotoxic enterotoxin (act), cytotonic heat-labile enterotoxin (alt) and cytotonic heat-stable enterotoxin (ast) using a conventional PCR and the positive isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila were tested for antibiotic sensitivity. The results revealed that 28 isolates (18.6%) were identified as Aeromonas hydrophila out of 150 fish samples. Out of 28 isolates, act genes were present in 24 (85.7%), alt genes in 23 (82.1%) and ast genes in only 2 (7.1%). The isolates exhibited varying degrees of resistance to the antibiotic. Ampicillin/Sulbactam (100% resistance) was the most resistant, followed by Amoxyclav (85.7%), Ciprofloxacin (50%), Tetracycline (35.7%), Chloramphenicol (32.1%), Gentamicin (17.8%), Cefixime (14.2%) and Cefoperazone (3.3%). It is thus concluded that eating raw or undercooked fish may put human health at risk due to the presence of Aeromonas hydrophila since a significant percentage of isolates found in fish samples had one or more enterotoxin genes.
