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ThesisItem Open Access PREPARATION OF ANATOMICAL MUSEUM SPECIMENS BY USING COMMERCIAL RESIN AND LIQUID SILICONE(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) VENKATESH; GIRISH. M. HThe objective of present study was to compare different gross staining techniques for brain slices, to standardize the sheet plastination using commercially available resins and preparation of corrosion cast. Three brain staining methods were performed, brain slices were pre stained with different stains like Mulligan’s stain, Alston’s stain and Prussian blue stain to differentiate between grey and white matter. Desirable results were obtained in all the three staining techniques. Upon comparison it was found that Alston’s method of staining was more satisfactory than Mulligan’s and Prussian blue staining. The pre-stained brain slices were used for sheet plastination process using Epoxy resin, Polyester Resin and Polyurethane resin. Among these low setting Epoxy resin did not reacted with the stained brain tissues and produced good quality plastinates in which internal structure of grey matter was well differentiated. For corrosion casts Epoxy resin, Polyester resin, Liquid silicon and Polyurethane foam were used for vascular casts and luminal casts of organs. For vascular casts, Polyester resin was good because of its low viscosity and better perfusion in the capillary network. Major drawback of the Polyester resin was its brittleness in the presence of moisture and vascular casts were crumbled upon handling. However Epoxy resin corrosion casts were stronger and durable. For luminal casting of hollow organs Polyurethane foam yielded better results specially to reproduce air sacs in birds. Resins used in the present study were non-patented, less expensive and easily available. The choice of suitable casting material was determined by a variety of factors, such as viscosity of the resin, setting time or working time and reaction temperature. Key words: Sheet plastination, Corrosion cast, Resin, Brain slice staining.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF FORMALIN FREE PRESERVATION OF BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) BINDUMALA, M. V.; GIRISH, M. H.)Glycerine dry mount technique can be an innovative method of preserving biological specimens. In the present study, the specimens like liver, spleen, lung along with trachea, heart, a pair of kidneys, brain and poultry visceral organs were collected from slaughter house and dog limbs were obtained from Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Bengaluru. Dehydration was carried out in three changes of pure acetone for three weeks depending on size of the specimen and impregnation was carried out using glycerine for 3-4 weeks at four different conditions and divided into four groups. The group I organs were dehydrated in normal room temperature and impregnated under forced vacuum. Maximum shrinkage was noticed in brain and minimum in liver. The group II organs were dehydrated in normal room temperature and impregnated under normal atmospheric pressure. Maximum shrinkage was noticed in kidneys and minimum in liver. The group III organs were dehydrated in refrigeration temperature and impregnated under forced vacuum. Maximum shrinkage was seen in poultry viscera (in situ) followed by brain and least by the liver. The group IV organs were dehydrated in refrigeration temperature and impregnated under normal atmospheric pressure. Maximum shrinkage was shown by spleen followed by brain and least by the poultry viscera. The consistency of all organs were soft but there was no change in any morphological details. From economic point of view, the cost of production of each group of specimens was approximately Rs.4000 per group without considering the labour and one-time investment of equipments. The glycerine dry mounted tissue sections were also microscopically evaluated and found compactness and distortion of the cellular structures and poor staining charactertics. Key words: Glycerine dry mount, vacuum, temperature, shrinkage.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY OF TESTIS AND EPIDIDYMIS OF SLOTH BEAR (melursus ursinus) AND DOG(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2018-07) ASHOK KUMAR M.R; ASHOK KUMAR M.R; Dr. K. V. JAMUNA; Dr. K. V. JAMUNAThe comparative study of morphology and histology of testis and epididymis in sloth bear and nondescript dog was conducted. Morphologically significant difference were recorded between testes of sloth bears and nondescript dogs. Histologically, tunica albuginia of sloth bears was thicker, having multiple muscular layers and dense fibrous connective tissue. Seminiferous tubules of sloth bear were more convoluted, whereas interstitial tissue between seminiferous tubules was more in nondescript dog, which were sorrounded by layThesisItem Open Access GROSS, HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE EYEBALL AND EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES OF SLOTH BEAR (Melursus ursinus)(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2018-07) RAJASHAILESHA, N. M.; Dr. R. V. PRASADThe present study was conducted on the gross, histological and histochemical studies on the eyeball, extraocular muscles and bony orbit of sloth bear. The bony orbit was oval in shape with incomplete bony rim and formed by six bones. The shape of the eyeball was almost circular and lens was biconvex in shape. The color of the iris was dark brown and pupil was circular. Choroid showed the presence of semicircular tapetum and its base was placed horizontally ventral to the optic papilla. Extraocular muscles were seven in number, muscle dorsal oblique was longest. The corneal epithelium showed the presence of naked nerve endings and iron pigments in their cytoplasm. Histologically, the iris was made up of stroma, iridial muscles and a posterior epithelium and granula iridica was round and found at the tip of the iris. Tapetum was made up of rectangular shaped cells which were oriented in a brick-like manner. Well distinct Bruch’s membrane was observed. The iron pigments were appreciated in pigmented epithelium of retina and it was devoid of melanin pigments in the area adjacent to tapetal layer of the choroid. In the outer nuclear layer, the nuclei of rods were darkly stained and abundant in number, whereas, nuclei of cones were lightly stained and were few in number. In the inner nuclear layer horizontal cells were located adjacent to outer plexiform layer, bipolar cells were oriented radially with centrally located large heterochromatic nucleus, Muller cells were oriented radially, elongated and located in between bipolar cells. Amacrine cells were located in the innermost aspect of the inner nuclear layer, and capillaries were also observed in the inner nuclear, inner plexiform, ganglionic and nerve fiber layer indicating holangiotic pattern of retina. The nerve fibers converge at the optic disc and emerge as optic nerve and optic papilla was goblet shaped. Extraocular muscles were skeletal in nature showing fast and slow twitch based on the granular and homogenous muscle fibers histologically. Presence of intense PAS positive character indicated EOMs are highly metabolically active and participate in aerobic metabolism.ThesisItem Open Access HISTOLOGY, HISTOCHEMISTRY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES OF LINING EPITHELIA IN PIG (Sus scrofa domesticus)(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2018-07) MANJUNATHA, K.; Dr. K.V. JAMUNAThe present study was carried out in Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru-24. Respiratory system of pig was broadly classified into conducting and alveolar divisions. The conducting part included nostrils, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea and different divisions of bronchi upto terminal bronchi.Conducting part was lined by typical respiratory mucosa consisting of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium consisting of ciliated columnar cells, basal cells sustentacular cells and goblet cells except larynx which was lined by stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium. Typical transitional type of epithelium was found lining the vocal folds. Specialized type of olfactory epithelium was found lining the ethmoturbinates. The alveolar or respiratory part includes respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac and alveoli. These portions were lined by cuboidal to low columnar cells. Clara cells were found lining the bronchioles. Alveoli were lined predominantly by pneumocytes I which were squamous type and few large cuboidal cells called pneumocytes II. In addition to these alveolar macrophages were also found.Goblet cells lining the respiratory tract and glands within the propria-submucosa were positive for both acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides with variable percentage. No glands or goblets were found in alveolar portion. SEM of conducting portion revealed the ciliated cells, microvillous cells and goblet cells which were part of mucociliary apparatus playing a major role in conditioning of inspired air. SEM of alveolar portion revealed pneumocytes type I and II, macrophages and more importantly thicker connective tissue component within the lungThesisItem Open Access HISTOLOGY, HISTOCHEMISTRY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF HEART, LIVER AND PANCREAS IN PIGS (Sus scrofa domesticus)(KARNATAKA VETERINARY ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2018-09) BHARATH KUMAR, M. L.; Dr. K.V. JAMUNAThe histology, histochemistry and ultrastructure of heart, liver and pancreas of pigs was studied. Epicardium was composed of mesothelium which was simple squamous epithelium resting on basement membrane, myocardium predominated with cardiac muscle fibres along with connective tissue and Purkinje fibres while endocardium was lined by endothelium beneath which there was subendothelial tissue. Histochemically myocardium showed least presence of neutral and acidic mucopolysaccharide, while epithelium and endothelium gave intense positive reaction. The coronary artery was made of three layers namely, tunica intima, tunica media and tunica adventitia of which tunica media was thicker composed of smooth muscle fibres interlaced with reticular fibres while tunica adventitia composed of loose connective tissue rich in elastic fibres. The moderator band was categorised into regions with the presence of cardiomyocytes and Purkinje fibres while endothelium acted as a capsule. Histologically valves had lamina fibrosa, lamina spongiosa and lamina atrialis/ ventricularis composed predominantly with collagen fibres, histiocytes and elastic fibres respectively. The papillary muscle and chordae tendinae junction was clearly demarcated and distinguished with abundant number of Purkinje fibres. Histochemically, various intensities of reactions of acid mucopolysaccharides and glycosaminoglycans in different regions of all the tissues were observed. The liver had capsule which entered the parenchyma and divided into different hexagonal shaped hepatic lobules which had central vein in the centre and radiating hepatic lamina composed of hepatocyes bordering sinusoids. Sinusoids had space of Disse lined with endothelium, Kupffer cells and Ito cells. Bile canaliculi between two hepatocytes were evident both histologically and ultrastructurally. Hepatocytes reacted differently to polysaccharides while capsule and interlobular septa showed intense positive reaction. Reticular fibres which was fine, branching and anastomosing framed the hepatocytes and sinusoids. The pancreas was tubuloacinar type of gland covered by a thin capsule, made up of predominantly collagen fibres. Each acinus showed a single row of pyramidal epithelial cells resting on the basement membrane. The cytoplasm of the acinar cells showed two distinct zones i.e., basal and apical zone which was basophilic and acidophilic with numerous zymogen granules. Three types of acinar cells were noted in pancreas i.e. active, resting and exhausted type. The duct system of the pancreas consisted of larger interlobular, medium sized intralobular and small intercalated ducts. The endocrine tissue appeared as lightly stained areas between the darkly stained acini of different shapes and sizes. The alpha cells had pale cytoplasm, ovoid nucleus occupied the peripheral region in the islet but beta cells with dark cytoplasm and spherical nucleus were in the centre. Delta cells were distributed mainly peripherally in the periphery of islets and they were irregular in shape with cytoplasmic process. Key words: Pig, Heart, Liver, Pancreas, Valves, Myocardium, Hepatocytes, Islets.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY OF TESTIS AND EPIDIDYMIS OF SLOTH BEAR (melursus ursinus) AND DOG(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2018-08) ASHOK KUMAR M.R; Dr. K. V. JAMUNAThe comparative study of morphology and histology of testis and epididymis in sloth bear and nondescript dog was conducted. Morphologically significant difference were recorded between testes of sloth bears and nondescript dogs. Histologically, tunica albuginia of sloth bears was thicker, having multiple muscular layers and dense fibrous connective tissue. Seminiferous tubules of sloth bear were more convoluted, whereas interstitial tissue between seminiferous tubules was more in nondescript dog, which were sorrounded by layers of contractile cells. Seminiferous tubules showed sertoli cells and adjacent spermatogonia cells were lined basally. Primary spermatocytes were larger than spermatogonia cells and towards the lumen spermatids were seen in sloth bears and nondescript dogs. The amount of reticular fibres surrounding leydig cells in the interstitium of nondescript dog was more. Efferent ductules were covered by thick collagen fibres in sloth bear, whereas in nondescript dog loose connective tissue existed. Epididymis had 4 types of cells in lining epithelium namely tall columnar principle cells, basal cells, apical cells and vacuolated cells were seen in sloth bears and nondescript dogs. Surface epithelium showed undulated projections in tail of epididymis in sloth bear. Secretory blebs were seen in lumen of both the species. Tail of the epididymis showed sperm mass in lumen of nondescript dogs. Micrometrically, there was no significant difference in seminiferous tubular diameter, whereas seminiferous tubules capsular thickness, tubular diameter and capsular thickness of head, body and tail of epididymis of both sloth bears and nondescript dogs showed significant difference. The tubular diameter and capsular thickness of head and body of epididymis is more in nondescript dogs where as in tail of epididymis, it was viseversa.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY OF TESTIS AND EPIDIDYMIS OF SLOTH BEAR (melursus ursinus) AND DOG(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2018-07) ASHOK KUMAR M.R; Dr. K. V. JAMUNAThe comparative study of morphology and histology of testis and epididymis in sloth bear and nondescript dog was conducted. Morphologically significant difference were recorded between testes of sloth bears and nondescript dogs. Histologically, tunica albuginia of sloth bears was thicker, having multiple muscular layers and dense fibrous connective tissue. Seminiferous tubules of sloth bear were more convoluted, whereas interstitial tissue between seminiferous tubules was more in nondescript dog, which were sorrounded by layers of contractile cells. Seminiferous tubules showed sertoli cells and adjacent spermatogonia cells were lined basally. Primary spermatocytes were larger than spermatogonia cells and towards the lumen spermatids were seen in sloth bears and nondescript dogs. The amount of reticulThesisItem Open Access IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL AND IN-VITRO STUDIES ON THE ROLE OF BMP-2 ON BUFFALO OVARIAN FOLLICULAR FUNCTION(Karnataka Veterinary Animal And Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2011) VINOD KUMAR DIVATARBuffalo (Buhalus buhalis) is an integral entity of agriculture in Asia, having pivotal role in Indian livestock industry contributing towards
