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ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEIN K (OMPK) IN PROTECTING LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI AGAINST VIBRIO HARVEYI INFECTION(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2020) SAPTAMI. R. JOGALEKAR; M.N.VENUGOPALOuter membrane proteins (OMPs) are present in many prokaryotes and in some organelles of eukaryotic cells. In Gram-negative bacteria, they are considered as the important molecules as they play various roles in bacterial adaptation including pathogenicity of bacterium. As OMPs are present on the outer surface of the bacterial cell and are the first line of contact between the bacterium and its surroundings, they are considered as good vaccine candidates. Studies have showed that vaccines consisting of immunogenic fractions can induce higher protection than inactivated whole-cell bacteria in fish and other vertebrates. Research has shown OMPs extracted from several bacterial fish pathogens viz., Edwardsiella ictaluri, E. tarda, Vibrio vulnificus, Aeromonas salmonicida, and A. hydrophila to be protective antigens in fish. As no study is currently available for the evaluation of the effect of OmpK on shrimp, present work aims to study the immunogenic potential of OmpK, and its suitability as a protective candidate against Vibrio harveyi infection in the shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. In the present study, preliminary investigation has been undertaken into existing OmpK sequences in GenBank database engaging bioinformatics tools to understand the suitability of OmpK as a vaccine candidate. Primers were designed for the amplification of OmpK gene of V. harveyi, and the gene was later cloned and expressed using E. coli SG cells. Further, the protein was purified through Ni-NTA affinity chromatography after successful confirmation by SDS-PAGE, and its effectiveness against V. harveyi was evaluated which showed RPS 75 respectively. Our results suggest that OmpK of V. harveyi could be used as a potential protective candidate for L. vannamei against V. harveyi infection.ThesisItem Open Access ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VIBRIO MIMICUS AND VIBRIO (GRIMONTIA) HOLLISAE FROM SEAFOOD(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2020) PAVANA, V.,; M.N.VENUGOPALhealthy diet. Major health risks are involved in the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood that may be naturally contaminatedby foodborne pathogens present in the marine environment. Group of Vibrios are associated with live seafood, asthey are the indigenous microflora of the marine environment. Seafood contaminated withpathogenic Vibrios not only play an important role in the transmission of diseases but also act as areservoir in the marine realms. As the foodborne infections of Vibrio spp. are common in seafood, it is necessary to survey thepresence of toxigenic and non-toxigenic Vibrios from various seafood and their environment. In the present study, 50 different seafood samples were collected from Mangaluru (Dakshina Kannada District), Mulki, Udupi and Kundapura (Udupi District), Bhatkal, Ankola, and Karwar (Uttara Kannada District). A total of 365 isolates were suspected as Vibrios from the collected samples that were plated on different isolation media. Out of 365 suspected isolates, 3 isolates of V. mimicus and 1 isolate of V. hollisae were confirmed phenotypically by performing battery of biochemical tests. These isolates were further confirmed by performing Polymearse Chain Reaction (PCR) using specific primers, in which AraC gene was targeted to V. mimicus (488 bp) and gyrB gene to V. hollisae (363 bp).Phenotypically confirmed V. mimicus showed negative result as they failed to amplify at specific basepair and V. hollisae showed positive result by amplifying at its specific base pair. For further confirmation, 16S rRNA sequence analysis was done by out sourcing for the genotypically confirmed V .hollisae. The BLAST sequence analysis, revealed that V.hollisae strain matches with 91 V. alginolyticus, but 16S rRNA is closely related to Grimontia hollisae sequences present in NCBI gene database. Haemolyitc assay was also performed for the phenotypically confirmed V. mimicus and V. hollisae to test their virulence.V. mimicus showed no haemolysis on blood agar plate while V. hollisae showed a clear zone of haemolysis (β-hemolysis). This present study reveals that the samples collected from the study area did not show the presence of V.mimicus.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF FISH CRACKERS UTILIZING SNAPPER FILLETED FRAME MEAT(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2020) JYOTI GANACHARI; S.SIDDAPPAJIFish represent a valuable source of nutrients of fundamental importance for diversified and healthy diets. Though fish is highly nutritious but lacks in dietary fibre and filleting waste was generated during preparation of fillets in fish freezing industry. The deficiency in dietary fibre content of the fish could be mended through fortification during production of fish meat based snack products. In this view an attempt was made to recover the meat from filleting waste of snapper fish for the preparation of surimi and surimi is incorporated with millet flour for the development of fish crackers. The storage stability of fish crackers was evaluated at refrigerated and ambient temperature for various quality parameters. The meat separated from filleted frame with and without head was found to be 26.23% and 8.16 %. Picked meat was minced and water washed to prepare surimi, based on the quality characteristics of surimi two washing cycles was found ideal. The protein, fat and moisture content of unwashed meat was 18.95%, 2.62%, and 76.65% respectively, while in surimi showed 15.59%, 1.53% and 79.54%. Fish crackers were prepared using different ratio of surimi, tapioca, pearl millet flour and soya chunk powder. The moisture and lipid contents of dried cracker (DC) and fried crackers (FC) were found to be 6.04%, 0.95% and 0.92%, 11.35%. The biochemical and microbiological values of crackers indicates within the acceptable limit. Moisture content increased with gradual increase in lipid, FFA, TBARS, TVB-N and TMA-N content in both type of crackers during irrespective of storage condition. The sensory evaluation scores of FFC were better for taste, texture, color than DFC at refrigerated temperatureThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF AVOCADO PULP-CARROT JUICE BLENDED PROBIOTIC DAHI(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2020-11-01) GANGARAJU, B.V.; M. VENKATESHA study was conducted for the development of value added dahi by incorporating avocado pulp and carrot juice to increase the nutritional and sensory quality. Combination of Avocado pulp and carrot juice incorporated at the level 5.0, 10.0, 15.0 per cent, added with optimized probiotic culture (1 per cent) and packed in Polyethylene (PE), Polystyrene (PE), Polypropylene (PP) and Polyethylene teraphthalate (PET) cups. Finally developed avocado pulp-carrot juice blended probiotic dahi contained 10 per cent level of combination of avocado pulp and carrot juice with probiotic culture (1 per cent). Developed product packed in PET had secured highest sensory scores and had shelf life of three days at room temperature (30±1˚C) and 9 days at refrigeration temperature (5±1˚C) without affecting sensory attributes. Dahi being staple food in most of the regions of India it helps in improvement of nutritional status of malnourished people. Thus, developed product helps to meet nutritional requirement of malnutrition people around the world.ThesisItem Open Access INCIDENCE OF LISTERIA SPECIES FROM DAIRY ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2020-08-01) CHAITHRA S.; PRABHA R.In present study, Listeria count in soil, fodder, dung and feed samples collected from university dairy farm ranged from 2.30 to 3.14 log10cfu/g. Udder swab, pail rinse, pail milk and can milk had Listeria count of 0.30 log count while 0.60 log count observed in chilled milk whereas water, swabs of hand, udder and equipment, pail and can rinses, aseptic milk and pasteurized milk did not show the presence of Listeria. Among 23 isolates of Listeria obtained from dairy environmental samples, Listeria monocytogenes predominated (56.50) followed by Listeria innocua (17.39), Listeria ivanovii (8.70); Listeria seeligeri (4.35) and 13.06 per cent of unidentified Listeria sp. All the 23 Listeria isolates, except L. monocytogenes L16 grew well at 5 C indicating psychrotrophic nature of the isolates. At deep freeze temperature (-18 C), only 9 out of 23 Listeria isolates showed growth indicating the psychrophilic nature of isolates. Among 23 Listeria isolates, 14 numbers of Listeria spp. showed haemolysis, phospholipase and coagulase activities indicating pathogenic nature. Listeria monocytogenes L10 showed highest DMC of 8.95 log10/ml among 23 isolates and used in further studies. Initial viable log count of Listeria monocytogenes L10 in sterile milk 5.95 reached to 8.98 with per cents of 0.30 LA; protein of 1.00, oleic acid of 1.86 and haemolysin of 10 mm diameter at 24 h of incubation at 37 C. L. monocytognes L10 at 3, 4, 5 and 6 viable log counts inoculated into sterile whole milk and stored at 5 C the raise on an average viable log count was by 4, 3, 2 and 1.5 with storage period of 30, 20, 12 and 9 days, respectively based on the curdling of milk. During storage, the percent mean acidity of 0.23, protein reduction by 1.25, developed oleic acid was 1.40. Haemolysin production in L. monocytognes L10 started on half of storage period that reached peak on last day of storage at 5 C.ThesisItem Open Access DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF BACTERIAL ENTERITIS IN CALVES(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY (KVAFSU), BIDAR, 2020-08) NEELESH; RAVINDRA, B. GDiarrhoea in the farm animals, especially in calves is one of the challenging clinical signs noticed in the dairy farm and is leading to economic loss to the dairy farmers. The future endeavour of successful dairy farming depends on the better management of calves. Therefore, the present study was envisaged to evaluate the prevalence, diagnosis and therapeutic management of bacterial enteritis in calves. A total of ten dairy farms in Bidar district were selected and visited to collect faecal samples and blood samples from diarrhoeic calves. To confirm, the faecal samples (N=100) were subjected to isolation and identification of underlying cause. The results showed that E. coli and Salmonella spp. as predominant bacteria in this area. In the prevalence study the early age group calves (0-1 month) were highly susceptible to both E. coli and Salmonella spp. and as age progresses the susceptibility reduces. Female calves were found to be more susceptible to the male counter parts. On haemato-biochemical examination there was significant difference (≥0.05%) in total leucocyte count, lymphocyte count, monocyte count and granulocyte count noticed when compared to healthy calves suggesting acute bacterial enteritis. Whereas, significant increase in erythrocyte count and packed cell volume may indicates moderate dehydration. Hypoglycaemia was observed in prevalence group when compared to healthy control group and were found to be within normal physiological limits. Therapeutic efficacy study against bacterial enteritis revealed that both the antibiotics (Group-I: Ceftiofur and Group-II: Sulphadiazine + trimethoprim) with common supportive therapy selected in the present study were found to be equally effective against bacterial enteritis exhibiting clinical recovery within 96 hrs of treatment in both the groupsThesisItem Open Access INCIDENCE OF LISTERIA SPECIES FROM DAIRY ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2020-08) CHAITHRA S.; Dr. PRABHA R.In present study, Listeria count in soil, fodder, dung and feed samples collected from university dairy farm ranged from 2.30 to 3.14 log10cfu/g. Udder swab, pail rinse, pail milk and can milk had Listeria count of 0.30 log count while 0.60 log count observed in chilled milk whereas water, swabs of hand, udder and equipment, pail and can rinses, aseptic milk and pasteurized milk did not show the presence of Listeria. Among 23 isolates of Listeria obtained from dairy environmental samples, Listeria monocytogenes predominated (56.50) followed by Listeria innocua (17.39), Listeria ivanovii (8.70); Listeria seeligeri (4.35) and 13.06 per cent of unidentified Listeria sp. All the 23 Listeria isolates, except L. monocytogenes L16 grew well at 5 °C indicating psychrotrophic nature of the isolates. At deep freeze temperature (-18 °C), only 9 out of 23 Listeria isolates showed growth indicating the psychrophilic nature of isolates. Among 23 Listeria isolates, 14 numbers of Listeria spp. showed haemolysis, phospholipase and coagulase activities indicating pathogenic nature. Listeria monocytogenes L10 showed highest DMC of 8.95 log10/ml among 23 isolates and used in further studies. Initial viable log count of Listeria monocytogenes L10 in sterile milk 5.95 reached to 8.98 with per cents of 0.30 LA; protein of 1.00, oleic acid of 1.86 and haemolysin of 10 mm diameter at 24 h of incubation at 37 °C. L. monocytognes L10 at 3, 4, 5 and 6 viable log counts inoculated into sterile whole milk and stored at 5 °C the raise on an average viable log count was by 4, 3, 2 and 1.5 with storage period of 30, 20, 12 and 9 days, respectively based on the curdling of milk. During storage, the percent mean acidity of 0.23, protein reduction by 1.25, developed oleic acid was 1.40. Haemolysin production in L. monocytognes L10 started on half of storage period that reached peak on last day of storage at 5 °CThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON INDUCED DIABETES IN RATS WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON COMBINED EFFICACY OF Gymnema sylvestre AND Eugenia jambolana(KARNATAKA VETERINARY ANIMAL FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY., 2020-02) NAGABHUSHAN, C; Dr. SUGUNA RAOThe present study was taken up to evaluate the combined antidiabetic effect of Gymnema sylvestre and Eugenia jambolana along with glibenclamide in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats for a period of 45 days. The various groups in this study included normal control (Group I), diabetic control (Group II), diabetic rats treated with glibenclamide (Group III), diabetic rats treated with a combination of Gymnema sylvestre and Eugenia jambolana at half dose (Group IV), diabetic rats treated with a combination of Gymnema sylvestre and Eugenia jambolana at full dose (Group V), diabetic rats treated with a combination of Gymnema sylvestre and Eugenia jambolana along with glibenclamide at half dose (Group VI) respectively. There was significant difference in physiological, biochemical and pathomorphological parameters of diabetic rats when compared to normal control rats. The alleviation of diabetic effects and its complications inducedThesisItem Open Access DETERMINATION OF BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF YEAST CELL WALL EXTRACT IN BROILERS FED DIET CONTAMINATED WITH T-2 TOXIN(KARNATAKA VETERINARY ANIMAL FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY., 2020) MOHAMMED UBAID AHMEDAn experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of yeast cell wall extract (YCWE) on growth performance, organ weights, immune status, serum biochemical and histopathological changes in broilers fed on diets containing 0 ppm and 0.5 ppm T-2 toxin. A total of 240 one-day old commercial male broiler chicks were divided at random into 4 dietary treatment groups each having 5 replicates of 12 chicks each; T1 (control), T2 (basal diet + 0.1 % YCWE), T3 (basal diet + 0.5 ppm T-2 toxin) and T4 (basal diet + 0.5 ppm T 2 toxin + 0.1 % YCWE). Suppl
