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ThesisItem Open Access VISHWANATHA U(KVAFSU,BIDAR, 2019) VISHWANATHA UThe study was conducted to determine nutritional evaluation of maize top silage and maize top hay on dry matter intake, nutrient intake, digestibility, milk yield, milk composition and composition yield in lactating crossbred cows. Six lactating crossbred cows (Avg. b.wt; 358 ±27kg; milk yield 9.08±0.55 kg/day) were divided into two groups of three cows each in switch over design comprising two periods and allocated one of the following treatments; T1 - maize top silage (MTS) based diet, T2 - maize top hay (MTH) based diet. The experimental cows were offered an average 2 kg of paddy straw, MTS (5kg DM from silage of total DMI), adliditum of MTH, and CFM was offered to meet the requirement of nutrients (ICAR, 2013), in respective treatment. There was a significant difference in body weight change and body condition score between the groups. The total dry matter intake in T1 and T2 were 10.43 and 11.27, kg/d respectively and the ratio of roughage and CFM of the diet was 52:48 and 57:43 in corresponding groups. There was no significant difference in DMI but significantly higher intake of MTH than MTS. There was no significant difference in the nutrients intake and digestibility of nutrients, MN supply to the intestine and also in nitrogen balance, however all the cows were in positive nitrogen balance. The corrected lactometer reading (CRL) of the milk of experimental cows were 28.90 and 28.97 and 4 % FCM yield (kg/d) was 9.86 and 9.72 in T1 and T2 groups, respectively and difference was non-significant. There was no significant difference between groups in the component of the milk and composition yield. It was concluded from this study that either maize top hay or maize top silage can be incorporated in the diet of lactating crossbred cows without affecting performance of the lactating cow. Key Words: Maize top silage, Maize top hay, Nutrient Intake, Milk Yield and its Composition.ThesisItem Open Access VIKAS D(KVAFSU,BIDAR, 2019) VIKAS DA in vitro and in vivo evaluation of areca sheath based total mixed ration initially by gas production technique followed by three month feeding, growth and metabolism trial in sheep to find voluntary feed intake, digestibility and growth performance in comparison to paddy straw. In vitro study revealed that ME and IVOMD of areca sheath and its dietary combinations were higher compare to paddy straw and its dietary combinations. ME (MJ/Kg) and IVOMD (%) of areca sheath were 7.82 and 55.81 respectively. Eighteen deccani lambs aged about 5 months (average body weight 16 kg) were randomly allotted to three total mixed ration formulated using paddy straw and areca sheath as roughage source and concentrate feed mixture. The experimental groups of lambs were receiving T1- diet comprised of paddy straw based TMR(50:50), T2 diet comprised of areca sheath and paddy straw based total mixed ration (25:25:50) andT3 diet comprised of areca sheath based TMR(50:50). The mean daily dry matter intake (g/kg W0.75) was significantly (P<0.01) higher in T1 (73.31) compare to T2(59.96) and T3(53.08).The digestibility of DM, OM, NFE, NDF, ADF was higher in T2 &T3 compare to T1 and no significant difference in the digestibility of CP,EE and CF among treatment groups. DCP (g/d) intake was significantly (P<0.01) higher in T1 (79.52) compare to T2 (56.93) and T3 (52.11). No significance difference in TDN intake among groups. ADG (g/d) were 93.33, 88.33, and 69.52 in T1, T2 and T3 respectively. It is observed that the areca sheath is comparable to paddy straw in chemical composition but having higher energy yielding potential through rumen fermentation and better digestibility of fibre. Nevertheless, areca sheath is having lower palatability as compared to paddy straw it could partially replace other regular crop residues, especially in total mixed rations, to produce cost effective balanced ruminant rations. The study opens up further scope to produce areca sheath based TMR in the form of pellets and fodder blocks to improve palatability and utilization. Key Words: Areca sheath, digestibility, in vitro, sheepThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF IMMUNOREACTIVE POLYPEPTIDES OF FILARID NEMATODES OF DOGS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCIES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2019) ARAVINDA, K.; ANANDA, K. J.A study on the molecular characterization and identification of immunoreactive polypeptides of filarid nematodes of dogs in Mangalore, Karnataka state was conducted. Different methods were used for detection of microfilariosis in dogs. A total of 250 dogs screened during the present study, 62 % harboured microfilaria. In the present study, three methods used for detection of microfilariosis in dogs. Modified knott’s method detected 94.19 % of the positive samples, direct wet smear and giemsa’s stained blood smear examination detected 61.93 and 57.42 % positive samples. Morphological studies of microfilaria were done by using giemsa’s and methylene blue phosphate staining techniques revealed microfilariae were unsheathed with blunt head and a tapering tail and cuticle appeared striated. The length and width of microfilaria when measured by giemsa’s and modified knott’s technique were 292.2 ± 1.267 μm, 334.9 ± 4.573 μm, 10.65 ± 0.068 μm and 6.862 ± 0.133 μm respectively. The histochemical staining technique revealed acid phosphatase activity at anal pore region of microfilaria by showing red azo dye indicating the microfilaria were of D. repens. Confirmatory of identification of species was done by PCR using species specific primers showing amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene with single amplicon 350 bp indicated D. repens. The protein profile of microfilarial and adult worm antigen of D. repens was evaluated using SDS-PAGE. The protein profile of microfilarial antigen showed six polypeptides ranging between 183 kDa to 29 kDa. A total of thirteen polypeptides were identified in adult worm antigen ranging from 208 kDa to 29 kDa. The immunoreactive polypeptides detected on western blot with microfilarial and adult worm antigen of D. repens using known positive serum with anti-dog IgG conjugate at 1:1000 dilution revealed 50 kDa and 29 kDa. Key words: Molecular characterization, Immunoreactive polypeptides, filarid nematodes, dog, Mangalore.ThesisItem Open Access MOHAMMED ARSHAD(KVAFSU,BIDAR, 2019) MOHAMMED ARSHADZoonotic aspects of mycobacteria transmitted through cattle, wild birds and associated environments underscores a serious public health threat. Infections caused by members of MAC depends on many factors.Infections caused by the zoonotic members of the MAC are often neglected with respect to prevalence and animal and human health risks. A cross sectional study was conducted in Shivamogga region of Karnataka by screening a total of 318 samples (cattle-100, wild birds – 100, associated environments- 118) by the use of five target multiplex PCR and nested multiplex PCR for the detection of MAC and MTBC respectively. When screened for the presence of Mycobacterium species, prevalence of 11 % and 20 % were obtained from cattle and associated environments respectively. Wild birds showed a prevalence of 6.73 % and the associated environments had a prevalence of 18.18 %. Prevalence of MAC in cattle and associated environments were found to be 7 % and 4.28 % respectively. Wild birds had a prevalence of 2.88 % and the associated environments showed a prevalence of 2.27 % for MAC. However, prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) in cattle and associated environments was same as that of MAC .None of the samples showed presence of MTBC when detected by a nested multiplex PCR. The study concluded that, mycobacteria are widespread organisms which can be detected by molecular tools like PCR. It also emphasized the need to include non tuberculous mycobacteria while designing the studies related to Mycobacterium spp as they significantly contribute to zoonotic infections. Keywords: Mycobacterium species, MAC, Cattle, wild birds, five target multiplex PCR, nested multiplex PCR.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ZOONOTIC ESCHERICHIA COLI IN BOVINES IN SOUTHERN TRANSITION ZONE OF KARNATAKA(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR- 585401, 2019) KARADI MANJULAThesisItem Open Access PRASHANTH(KVAFSU,BIDAR, 2019) PRASHANTHA study on bacteriological investigation of canine pyoderma cases was conducted at the Veterinary College, Shivamogga. Exudate/pus/lesion swabs were collected from clinical cases of canine pyoderma (n=126) and subjected to isolation of bacteria, identification of staphylococcal isolates by molecular method and other bacterial isolates by phenotypic methods. The bacteriological processing of the samples resulted in the recovery of 95 staphylococcal isolates and 18 other bacterial isolates. On culture, staphylococci were the most predominantly (n=95, 75.39%) isolated organisms. Amongst staphylococci, S. pseudintermedius (n=82, 86.31%), coagulase positive staphylococci, was the most predominantly organism detected by species-specific nuc PCR. The S. pseudintermedius isolates were further subjected to detection of siet gene by PCR and 84.14% of the isolates were positive. The isolates obtained other than staphylococcal species were E. coli, Pseudomonas species, Klebsiella species, Proteus species. Subsequently in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity testing was carried out for all the isolates. S. pseudintermedius showed highest susceptibility to clindamycin and the highest resistance to enrofloxacin, and the other bacterial agents were found sensitive to co-trimoxazole and ceftriaxone and resistant to amoxicillin/sulbactam and enrofloxacin. Three of the four isolates which were phenotypically methicillin resistant were positive for mecA gene PCR. A study on the occurrence patterns of canine pyoderma revealed higher frequency of cases in male dogs, in the age group of 1-2 years and in Labrador breed. We report the S. pseudintermedius as the most predominant pathogen associated with the canine pyoderma in the study area. The emergence of methicillin resistance in S. pseudintermedius emphasises the need for devise of strategies for its control.ThesisItem Open Access SATHISH SANGMESHWAR(KVAFSU,BIDAR, 2019) SATHISH SANGMESHWARDisorders of lymphoid organs are often common in sheep and are not detected easily until related clinical signs are observed. These are important in understanding the disease process but are generally neglected during routine post mortem examination. Thus examination of lymphoid organs at necropsy/slaughter is the only way to understand pathology behind disorders of lymphoid organs. The present study was therefore aimed at documenting various pathological conditions affecting the lymphoid organs of sheep. A total of 110 sheep carcasses were examined, lymph node lesions were recorded in all cases where splenic lesions in 76 (69.09 %) cases. Prominent clinical signs observed were related to different systems such as digestive, respiratory and urogenital. Lymph nodes pertaining to respective systems along with spleen were examined in all cases. Based on gross and histopathological changes, the lymph node lesions were classified as congestion in 56 (50.09 %) cases, oedema in 15 (13.63 %) cases, reactive hyperplasia in 27 (24.54 %) cases, lymphoid depletion in five (4.54 %), liquefaction in seven (6.36 %) cases caseation in five (4.54 %) cases, chronic lymphadenitis in nine (8.18 %) cases, discrete eosinophilic accumulation in eight (7.27 %) cases, hemosiderosis in five (4.54 %) cases, necrotic debris accumulation and anthracosis in four (3.63 %) cases. Likewise splenic lesions were classified as congestion in 32 (29.09 %) cases, oedema in 20 (18.18 %) cases, haemorrhages in 11 (10.00 %) cases, hyperplasia in eight (7.27 %) cases, hemosiderosis in seven (6.36 %) and amyloidosis in four (3.364 %) cases. Thus the findings of the present study concluded that disorders of lymphoid organs are important with respect to sheep health and proper attention is needed to mitigate the losses due to the disorders of lymphoid organs and associated mortality by taking proper managemental care.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON HEPATIC AND RENAL DISORDERS IN SHEEP(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2019) KIRAN, H. J.; JAYARAMU G. M.A total of 110 sheep mortalities were necropsied and only those organs showing abnormalities were noted, which included 105 liver, 102 kidney, 17 hepatic and 13 pre-renal lymph nodes. The most frequent lesions observed were congestion (73.33%) followed by cell swelling (23.81%), haemorrhage (21.90%), hydropic degeneration (18.09%), coagulative necrosis (18.09%), acute focal hepatitis (14.28%), fatty change (8.57%), biliary hyperplasia (6.67%), acute multifocal hepatitis (5.71%), chronic hepatitis (3.81%), thrombosis (0.95%) and hepatic abscess (0.95%) in liver in that order. Whereas, in kidneys, the most common lesions comprised congestion (67.65%), cell swelling (29.41%), coagulative necrosis (19.61%), haemorrhages (18.63%), hydropic degeneration (16.67%), focal interstitial nephritis (4.90%), multifocal interstitial nephritis (2.94%), glomerulonephritis (1.96%), hyaline degeneration (1.96%), fatty changes (0.98%), diffuse interstitial nephritis (0.98%), abscess (0.98%) and polycystic kidney (0.98%). In hepatic and pre-renal lymph nodes, incidence of pathological changes were 15.45 and 11.81 per cent. Among the affected nodes, frequent lesions were congestion followed by oedema, reactive hyperplasia, necrotic debris and discrete eosinophilic accumulations, and lymphoid depletion. Predominant lesions observed in Enterotoxaemia were congestion, followed by coagulative necrosis and acute hepatitis in liver. In kidney, congestion, necrosis and interstitial nephritis were observed. The hepatic and pre-renal lymph node lesions were congestion, lymphoid depletion and oedema. Similarly, in Mimosa diplotricha plant toxicity, haemorrhages, degenerative and necrotic changes in liver were seen, whereas in kidneys haemorrhages, hyaline degeneration and coagulative necrosis were observed. In both these cases, the associated lymph node lesions were congestion, necrotic debris accumulation and oedema in that order.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON BIOCHEMICAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND SOMATIC CELL COUNT PROFILE OF SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS IN DAIRY CATTLE WITH OR WITHOUT CO-INFECTIONS /DISORDERS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCIES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2019) MOHAMMED KHALEEL ULLA; A.M KOTRESHDetermination of biochemical changes, oxidative stress and variation in somatic cell counts(SCC) in animals with subclinical mastitis and existing coinfections/ disorders or with previous illness were analyzed in the present study. The SCC of 2 X 105 cells/ml of milk was taken as physiological threshold for the detection of subclinical mastitis in this region of study and upper limit was set at 2 X 105 cells/ml of milk and above which the animals were categorized as clinical mastitis. The incidence of subclinical mastitis in 60 lactating cows were categorized as Group M (n=60) of which further grouped as Group FM(Frequent Mastitis),TS(Teat stenosis), RA(Ruminal acidosis), ND(Nonspecific diarrhea), RTI(Respiratory tract infections), RB(Repeat breeders), PP (Plant poisoning), EF (Bovine ephemeral fever) and RD (Rare disorders) based upon the co-infections /disorders or previous illness and Control group C. The increase in concentrations of alkaline phsophotase (ALP), Aspartate amino transferase(AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and total plasma proteins(TPP) were seen in the cows where subclinical mastitis is detected. The antioxidant enzymes like catalase,super oxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) levels were significantly declined and the non enzymatic parameters reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) are significantly elevated in affected animals than in healthy animals. There is positive correlation between SCC with GSH and MDA however the results of correlation of SCC with other biochemical parameters like ALP, ALT, AST, TPP, BUN, calcium, phosphorous revealed no significant correlation between the healthy animals and the subclinical mastitis affected animals. Keywords: Subclinical mastitis, somatic cell counts, biochemical profile, oxidative stress, lactating cows.
