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ThesisItem Open Access SEROEPIDEMEOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS IN BUFFALOES OF NORTH-EASTERN REGION OF KARNATAKA(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2015-06-01) SHARANAGOUDA.B.M; N.A. PATILTotally 370 serum samples from the four districts of North-Eastern region of Karnataka were screened for IBR seroprevalence viz., Vijaypura, Bidar, Kalaburgi and Yadgir districts using ELISA kit .Overall prevalence of IBR in this region irrespective of farming system was found to be 36.49%.In buffaloes less than five years of age overall prevalence was found to be 8.92% and it was 27.57% in buffaloes more than five years age. Among the buffaloes having the history of abortion overall prevalence was found to be 9.19%. District-wise seroprevalence was highest in Bidar district (51.09%) followed by Kalaburgi (43.48%),Vijaypura (35.87%) and lowest in Yadgir district (15.96%). Among the different farming sector higher prevalence was found in organized farming sector. Between the districts the prevalence of IBR was highest in Bidar district organized sector compared to other districts. Among the unorganized sector highest seroprevalence was in Kalaburgi district. No significant difference of seroprevalence of IBR was seen among less than five years age buffaloes in different districts but lowest seroprevalence was in Yadgir district. Seroprevalence of IBR in more than five years age was more compared to less than five years age group. Highest prevalence of IBR in more than five years age group was seen in Bidar district. Prevalence of IBR in buffaloes with history of abortion was highest in Bidar district and no significant difference was seen in seroprevalence of IBR between districts. The higher prevalence of IBR in organized farming sector may be attributed to poor managemental practices observed in this region during the study.ThesisItem Open Access STANDARDIZATION OF A FIELD TEST FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF ANTHRAX IN LIVESTOCK(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2018-11) DEVARAJA, K.; Dr. P.T. RAMESHThe present study reports the isolation and characterization of Bacillus anthracis and standardization of a field test for the diagnosis of anthrax in livestock. Thirteen isolates were recovered from seventeen carcasses, suspected of anthrax. Colony morphology showed typical ‘curled hair’ or ‘medusa head’ appearance. Gram’s staining revealed GThesisItem Open Access OTOSCOPIC STUDIES IN OTITIS, ITS DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES IN DOGS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2016-07) ADAM KHAN, H.; M. C. ANIL KUMARThe present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of otitis in dogs with respect to age, breed, gender, ear conformation and ear type. The cases with history and clinical signs of otitis were further evaluated for cultural examination, in vitro antibiotic susceptibility, video otoscopy and to determine the in-vivo efficacy of drug therapy for treatment of infection. Out of the 15766 dogs presented during the period of 6 months of investigation, 840 dogs were diagnosed to be affected with otitis giving a overall prevalence rate of 5.32 % and higher occurrence of otitis was recorded in dogs in the age group of 1-4 years (42.85 %) , German shepherds was the most affected (28.57%), occurrence of otitis was higher in male dogs (64 %) as compared to female dogs (36%), Dogs with erect ears (50%) were highly prone for otitis and majority of the dogs had unilateral otitis infection (67.85 %) as compared to bilateral infection (32.15 %). Video otoscopic examination revealed that in all the dogs with otitis ulceration of the ear canal was observed. Bacterial isolation from ear samples collected from clinical cases of otitis revealed presence of gram positive, negative bacterial and fungal isolates. In vitro Antibiotic sensitivity testing revealed that all the isolates showed maximum sensitivity to cefadroxil followed by Ofloxacin, Cefalexin and Enrofloxacin. On therapeutic trial, cefadroxil, Chlorhexidine gluconate and Ofloxacin combination had maximum recovery so it can be concluded that, these combination therapy is effective in otitis therapy.ThesisItem Open Access CERTAIN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF ANTHRAX IN LIVESTOCK(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2018-07) SERIN SARA PHILIP; Dr. P T RAMESHPresent study aimed at studying the outbreak epidemiology of anthrax in livestock in Karnataka. It also aimed in isolating and characterizing Bacillus anthracis from outbreak areas. A retrospective study over a period of 17 years was done based on the outbreak data available from ICAR-NIVEDI. It could be noticed that dry region of Karnataka were more affected than hilly zones and transition zones and number of outbreaks in coastal areas were nil. It was observed that highest number of outbreaks happened during September (13.13%) followed by August and October which are post monsoon and monsoon seasons of Karnataka. Least number of out breaks occurred during April and May which are dry season. Statistical analysis revealed that the environmental factors soil pH (6.98 ± 0.01), soil moisture (24.77 ± 2.52) %, available soil calcium (921 ± 75.97) mg/kg, soil potassium (128.39 ± 64.17) ppm and wind velocity (2.96 ± 0.68) km / hrs have positive impact on presence of anthrax. Risk prediction map revealed that north eastern taluks and south eastern parts of Karnataka are the risky zones in further outbreaks. In outbreak investigation study, it was possible to find that sheep were the species and 1 to 3 years were the age group primarily affected. Unscientific housing, unscientific disinfection, carcass management and absence of proper vaccination were the important management practices noticed to be the cause of initiation of disease and creation of incubator areas. Upon isolation and characterization, 13 out of 17 clinical samples collected from different areas of Karnataka were found to be positive for Bacillus anthracis and confirmed through PCR. Five out of 15 soil samples were positive for anthrax. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all field isolates collected during the study grouped in same clad.ThesisItem Open Access STANDARDIZATION OF A FIELD TEST FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF ANTHRAX IN LIVESTOCK(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2018-11) DEVARAJA, K.; Dr. P.T. RAMESHThe present study reports the isolation and characterization of Bacillus anthracis and standardization of a field test for the diagnosis of anthrax in livestock. Thirteen isolates were recovered from seventeen carcasses, suspected of anthrax. Colony morphology showed typical ‘curled hair’ or ‘medusa head’ appearance. Gram’s staining revealed Gram- positive rods which appeared in pairs or short chains, giving a ‘box car’ or ‘jointed bamboo-rod’ appearance. All the isolates were positive to Voges- Proskauer and nitrate reduction tests, non haemolytic on blood agar, did not grow on Mac Conkey agar and were sensitive to penicillin. All thirteen isolates yielded amplified products of 596 bp specific for pag gene and 846 bp amplicon specific for cap gene using PCR. Latex agglutination test was standardized using polyclonal antibodies. The LAT was positive B. anthracis field isolates (+++). The diagnostic sensitivity revealed that a minimum of 2.15×104 CFU/ml of B. anthracis bacilli was adequate to elicit a definite agglutination. Further the diagnostic specificity of LAT was so efficient that, it did not produce any false positive reactions with eleven other bacterial species tested even at 1000 times more bacterial cells than the B. anthracis. So the standardization of LAT for the rapid, sensitive and specific identification of B. anthracis is an invaluable tool for the field diagnosis of anthrax.ThesisItem Open Access CERTAIN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUES IN CATTLE MILK AT SELECTED DISTRICTS OF KARNATAKA(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2017-06) VINU DAVID, P.; (Dr. P. T. RAMESHA total of 120 milch cows reared in organized and unorganized sectors were screened for antibiotic residues in milk at Bangalore Rural, Kolar and Chickballapur districts by non-probability sampling. Epidemiological data with respect to various parameters were collected and recorded. Forty milk samples each from three districts were subjected to different screening tests namely MDRT, microbiological method and Beta-lactam ELISA. Out of the 120 samples screened, MDRT revealed 32 positive samples (26.7%) and among these 27 (22.5%) had antibiotic equal to or more than MRL and five (4.2%) had antibiotic less than MRL. By microbiological method 29 samples (24.1%) showed positive results in the disc assay based on measuring the zone of inhibition produced by Bacillus stearothermophilus. By ELISA 26 samples (21.7%) were found to be positive for Beta-lactams with more than 4 ng/ml. Kolar district had the maximum number of positive cases in all the above tests. A total of 35 (29.2%) samples were tested positive for antibiotic residues either by one test or a combination of tests. Among the positive milk samples nine were from Chickballapur district, 10 from Bangalore Rural district and 16 from Kolar district. Among the total animals screened, the number of cattle positive for all the three tests was 25 (20.8%), number of cattle positive for any two test combinations was 26 (21.7%) and the number of cattle positive for one test was found to be 32 by MDRT (26.7%), 29 by Microbiological method (24.1%) and 26 by ELISA (21.7%). Statistical analysis of different tests in each district was carried out by Chi square test and it was observed that no significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) was present between the three tests in all the districts.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON RESPIRATORY INFECTION IN SHEEP WITH EMPHASIS ON MYCOPLASMA(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2017-11) M. SHIVAKUMAR; Dr. P.T. RAMESHThis study was conducted to record the clinical signs suggestive of mycoplasmoses, changes in haematological parameters, isolation, and identification and to screen the sheep for mycoplasma antibodies. The clinical signs in the flocks which have been studied were mostly of upper respiratory tract infection like nasal discharge (74), followed by conjunctivitis (17), abortion (15), mastitis (08), arthritis (08) and corneal opacity (03) in different flocks 2with the percentage of 41.11, 9.44, 8.33, 4.44, 4.44 and 1.66, respectively. There was stastically significant elevation in the TLC in the mycoplsma suspected sheep when compared to healthy animals. Filamentous and whirl pool like structure when agitated were noticed in most of the liquid media. Three types of colonies were noticed in the present study which consisted of central nipple and granular periphery identified as Mycoplasma agalactiae, vacuolated and very big size colonies were identified as Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and typical fried egg (nipple shaped) colonies were identified as other mycoplasma. A total of 43 isolates were tentatively identified as mycoplasma based on cultural methods and biochemical tests which comprised of 23.88%. The different species of mycoplasma as identified by biochemical tests and confirmed by PCR were M. ovipneumoniae (32), M. arginini (06), M. agalactiae (03) and M. capricolum (02) which comprised of 74.41, 13.95, 6.97 and 4.65 per cent, respectively. A total of 360 sheep were screened using Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae particulate antigen and highest seropositive animals were noticed in the lambs less than six months old (92.22%) followed by the sheep aged more than three years 65.58%. The other middle age group sheep ie, 6 month-1 year and 1-3 year had seropositivity of 28.88% and 47.77%, respectively. A significant difference was noticed in the number of ELISA positive cases in different age groups.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF FRUCTOSAMINE AS A BIOMARKER IN DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES MELLITUS IN CANINES(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2017-12) ANUPAMA, K.; P.T. RAMESH)The present study was undertaken to determine the levels of fructosamine, comparative analysis of fructosamine and glycated haemoglobin and also for estimation of associated parameters in diabetic dogs. Also a group of healthy, chronically ill and pregnant dogs consisting of six animals were included in the study to establish the normal concentration of fructosamine in each group. The chronically ill group was further divided into three and the dogs suffering from chronic renal, cardiac and hepatic related illness were included with two animals in each group. In the present study the nondescript dog was found to be affected in greater number. Highest incidence of diabetes was recorded in the age group of six to twelve years. Female dogs were found to be more prone in the present study and more particularly intact female dogs. Hematological profile of the diabetic dogs revealed mild leukocytosis. Total protein and albumin values were within normal range and serum biochemistry revealed no significant difference in diabetic dogs with that of healthy dogs. The fructosamine concentration was least affected in chronically ill dogs. Fructosamine, glycated haemoglobin and blood glucose levels were significantly elevated with the mean values of 638.3 µmol/L, 9.27 per cent and 416.5 mg/dl, respectively in diabetic dogs and showed positive correlation which endorse the acceptance that fructosamine is useful as one of the valuable biomarkers for diagnosis and management of diabetes in dogs.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS TYPE A NECROTIC ENTERITIS IN BROILERS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2016-07) NITEESH KUMAR; Dr. P.T. RAMESHThe present study was undertaken to determine the diagnosis of Clostridium perfringens type A in necrotic enteritis outbreaks in broilers. Necrotic enteritis in broilers was diagnosed based on clinical signs, necropsy lesions, culture examination and polymerase chain reaction. A total of 8 flocks with necrotic enteritis were selected and per flock 6 samples from diseased birds and 6 samples from healthy birds were taken. The intestinal contents or faecal sample was subjected for isolation and identification of the bacteria using cooked meat medium and perfringens agar. Fifty Clostridium perfringens isolates were obtained from 96 samples from diseased and healthy broiler birds. Out of 48 isolates, 37 (75 %) isolates were from diseased broiler chicken and from 48 isolates, 13 (25%) isolates were from healthy broiler chicken. These isolates of Clostridium perfringens were subjected to PCR and all the isolates produced the amplification for alpha toxin gene and typed as Clostridium perfringens type A. The morbidity and mortality rates varied between flocks, average morbidity rate was 25.9 per cent and mortality rate was 6.9 per cent. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was carried out using disc diffusion method on all isolates. Doxycycline showed maximum sensitivity followed by ceftriaxone, lincomycin and virginiamycin. It is concluded that, isolation of Clostridium perfringens was more in diseased birds than healthy birds and toxinotyping of isolates by PCR technique is sensitive and rapid.
