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ThesisItem Restricted COMPARISON OF RADIOGRAPHY AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN DOGS WITH SPINAL INJURIES(2022) VANKUDOTHU VENKATESH; TANUVAS; VIJAYAKUMAR M; VIJAYAKUMAR M; KATHIRVEL S; BALASUNDARAM KMost spinal diseases encountered in pet animals are usually associated with some neurologic dysfunctions with clinical signs like paresis and paraplegia. Thoracolumbar spinal segment is more prone for spinal injuries. The common spinal injuries encountered in dogs are inter-vertebral disc herniation, vertebral fractures, spondylosis and luxations. Neurological deficits in dogs occurs mainly due to disorders of spinal cord and trauma. Some of the most common reasons for such trauma are automobile accidents, falls from height, animal conflicts or rarely, gunshot. In canine practice, it is quiet challenging for Athe veterinary practitioners to diagnose and treat these types of critical conditions. Survey radiography and myelography are the most routinely used methods for the diagnosis of spinal diseases in veterinary practice but with poor diagnostic efficiency. Computed Tomography (CT) is now emerging as an important diagnostic tool especially in orthopaedic cases of animals and has more advantage over conventional radiographs. The present study was conducted to compare the radiological and computed tomographical findings in twelve dogs, divided into group I (normal dogs) and group II (with spinal disorders) presented to Small Animal Surgery Unit, Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu. Twelve dogs irrespective of age, sex and body weight were selected based on orthopaedic and neurological evaluation. Plain radiographic examination and computed tomography were performed in all dogs of group I and II. Group I dogs, revealed normal spinal anatomical features whereas group II dogs spinal lesions like spondylosis, traumatic intervertebral disc extrusion, Hansen type-I-disc mineralization, compression vertebral body fracture, Slatter Harris type I fi-acture, burst fracture were diagnosed. Survey radiograph provided the anatomical land mark for major lesion with only limited, and indirect diagnostic details about the spinal injuries. Because of the 2D nature along with superimposition by unrelated structure made it too difficult to visualize minute details in the radiograph. CT endowed with contrast resolution with tomographic nature of prevented problem of superimposition, normally seen in typical radiograph. Thus, making it ideal for the characterization and localization of traumatic lesions affecting bones together with complex structure such as vertebrae, associated with position of fragments in relation to the spinal canal is extremely useful in the planning the surgery, management and in predicting prognosis of the patient. Thus, it is concluded that computed tomography was non-invasive, highly sensitive imaging technique in diagnosing spinal injuries of dogs than radiography.ThesisItem Restricted DEVELOPMENT OF LOW SODIUM FUNCTIONAL CARABEEF PATTIES BY UTILIZING BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS(2021) IRSHAD; TANUVAS; SURESHKUMAR S; CHANDIRASEKARAN V; RAMESH V; NATARAJANA study was conducted to develop low-sodium functional carabeef patties by utilizing bioactive compounds from fruit by-products viz. red banana peel (pomace) paste (RPP), apple peel paste (APP), lemon peel and seed powder extract (LPE) and plant materials viz. aloe vera gel powder (AGP), dried carrot pomace powder (CPE), drumstick (moringa) leaf powder (DPE) extract, to optimize the levels of inclusion of different sources of bioactive compounds from natural materials and assess the storage stability by performing physico-chemical, sensory and microbial analyses under three different packaging viz. aerobic, vacuum and modified atmospheric packaging, during refrigerated storage (4±1oC) conditions. A total of six experiments were conducted. The formulation and processing conditions of carabeef patties were standardized, and the levels of vegetable oil and chilled water/ice were also optimized. In the first experiment, three levels of vegetable oils (10, 12 and 14 per cent) and three levels of chilled water/ice (7, 10 and 13 per cent) were incorporated into the initial formulation by adjusting the level of lean carabeef. The mean values of ES, CY, shear force value and sensory scores of carabeef patties were significantly (P<0.01) higher and optimum at 12 per cent level of fat and 10 per cent level of chilled water/ice than other treatments. Therefore, based on physical properties, cooking yield, and sensory scores, 12 per cent level of vegetable fat and 10 per cent level of chilled water or ice were considered as optimum for the preparation of carabeef patties and incorporated into the formulation for further experiment.ThesisItem Restricted PATHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASES (LPDS) IN CHICKEN(2021) RAVIKUMAR R; TANUVAS; SELVARAJ J; THANGATHURAI R; LURTHU REETHA L; BALAKRISHNAN SA total of 155 lymphoproliferative diseases (LPDs) suspected cases from the chicken farms (n=27) were studied. Highest incidence of LPDs (20 farms out of the 27 farms) were recorded in the Namakkal region. The higher and lower incidence of LPDs was noticed in the flocks with age group between 46-55 wks and 86 to 95 wks respectively. The highest incidence of MD, LL, RE, concurrent infection of MD and LL, concurrent infection of MD and RE, and concurrent infection of MD, LL and RE was recorded in the age group between 36 to 45 wks, 46 to 55 wks, 20 wks and 26 wks, 46 to 55 wks, 20 wks and 25 wks and 26 to 35 wks respectively. Polymerase chain reaction revealed the highest incidence of MDV (63.87 per cent), followed by concurrent infection of MDV and LL (22.58 per cent), LL (7.10 per cent), concurrent infection of MDV, LL and REV (2.58 per cent), REV and concurrent infection of MDV and REV (1.29 per cent). Grossly, enlargement, mottling, greyish spots/foci with nodules in the visceral organs were noticed in LPDs affected birds. Histopathologically, MD affected organs like liver, spleen, kidney, heart, lungs, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, mesentery, pancreas, skin, comb, skeletal muscle, bone marrow, brain, sciatic nerve, eye, ovary and thymus showed PLC infiltrations with loss of architecture, replacement, displacement and atrophic changes of constituent structures with score of 1 to 5. In addition to PLC infiltrations, the liver showed mitotic figures in lymphoid cells and occasional MD cells; medial hypertrophy of artery, lymphocytolysis and mild reticulum cell hyperplasia in the spleen; glomerulitis, intertubular oedema, crystals and eosinophilic cast in the tubules of the kidney; intravascular lymphoid cells in the lung; vasculitis and mild hyperkeratosis in the comb; congestion, focal satellitosis, gliosis, axonal spheroids, perivascular cuffing, perivascular oedema and neuronal vacuolation in the brain; Perivascular PLC infiltration in the choroid, iris and ciliary body with subcortical vacuolation of lens fibres in the eye and intravascular PLC infiltration in the ovarian stroma were also noticed.ThesisItem Restricted EXPLORATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECT AND AMELIORATION STRATEGIES IN SALEM BLACK GOAT FARMING SYSTEM(2021) RAMKUMAR C; TANUVAS; NARMATHA; SIVAKUMAR K; SENTHILKUMAR S; UMA VClimate change is a global phenomenon that results in global warming, droughts, flooding and depletion of natural resources and one among the most difficult and complex problems challenging the world. Climate change impacts are more prevalent in developing nations since their agriculture is mainly natural factors. Livestock is an asset of poor and it is highly vulnerable to climatic variabilities and extreme. Goat has been projected as the ideal animal model for climate change because of the various advantages such as high thermo-tolerance, drought resistance, ability to thrive on any pastures and disease resistance under laboratory conditions. Even though it was proved at laboratory conditions, the field level studies are yet to be carried out to find the suitability and cope-up mechanism adapted by the farmers in the farming system. Farmers’ decision to adapt to and cope with climate change depends on their level of knowledge on climate change and how they perceive climate change. The study was carried out in Mettur and Omalur taluks of Salem district; Pennagaram, Palakodu and Harur taluks of Dharmapuri district where the true-to-type Salem Black goats are present. The total sample distributed among taluks were based on proportionate sampling method (Mettur - 104, Omalur - 59, Pennagaram - 45, Palakodu -66 and Harur – 66). Five villages from each taluks having more number of households owning goats were selected. The respondents those who had more than 20 years of goat farming experience were considered for this study. Totally 340 respondents were selected from 25 villages on proportionate random sampling method. Majority of the respondents were in old age group (55.30%), male (63.82%), belonged to most backward community (73.24%), had nuclear family (68.24%), had up to 5 members in their family (90.88%), illiterate (39.12%) and had medium level family education category (42.06%). More than three-fifth (62.65%) of the respondents were marginal farmers, had rain as source of irrigation (42.80%), had cultivated dual purpose crop (37.35%) had goat rearing as primary occupation (51.76%), goat rearing as secondary occupation (47.06%) and had low livestock possession (94.11%).ThesisItem Restricted EVOLVING HEALTH INDICATORS TO ASSESS WELFARE STATUS OF CAPTIVE ASIAN ELEPHANTS(TANUVAS, CHENNAI, 2021) VEERASELVAM M.; TANUVAS; SELVARAJ P.; SENTHILKUMAR T.M.A.; SENTHILKUMAR S.; SENTHILKUMAR A.Protecting and conserving the elephants had acquired the highest ever priority now, due to their dwindling populations. For improving the welfare and management of captive elephants, health and welfare indicators are needed. The study on ‘Evolving health indicators to assess welfare status of captive elephants’ was undertaken to identify and evolve welfare indicators. Indicators were evolved to assess the health and welfare of captive elephants through measurements of a range of physical (body condition score, physical parameters, foot health and disease profile), physiological (stress parameter-cortisol and cardiac biomarkers) and behavioural indicators (housing, feeding and environmental factors). The study population consisted of 46 female captive elephants, which included 24 temple elephants and 22 privately maintained elephants. As a physical indicator. Body Condition Score (BCS)of the elephants were scored in the range of 1 to 5 based on evaluation often regions of the body with various criteria for each body regions. In this 1 to 5 score index, BCS = 1-2 equated to “underweight/thin”, BCS = 3 assigned to “Ideal/normal” and BCS = 4-5 was assigned to “overweight/ obese”. Most of the animals in this study attained BCS =3, followed by BCS = 4. Health profiling included assessments of haematology, serum biochemistry, serum electrolytes, and blood gas and acid base values. Elephants were screened for their heavy metal and trace element status. No significant changes were observed in these values among the elephants. The normal range of these parameters observed in this study indicated the wellbeing and good health of these captive elephants. These values from the larger sample size of 46 elephants could well serve as regional reference range for the assessment of captive elephants.ThesisItem Restricted AN ETIOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY ON SWINE VIRAL RESPIRATORY AND REPRODUCTIVE DISEASES(TANUVAS, CHENNAI, 2021) LALRINKIMA; TANUVAS; HEMALATHA S.; NAGARAJAN K.; DHINAKAR RAJ G.; THANGAVELU A.An etiopathological study was aimed to ascertain the prevalence of swine viral respiratory and reproductive diseases in pigs in and around Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Clinical samples consisted of blood, sera, nasal and rectal swabs were collected from two University Research Farms (URF) PGRIAS, Kattupakkam and ILFC, Madhavaram and two private farms located in and around Chennai. A total of 45 necropsies were conducted on pig carcasses during the study period consisting of 3 mummified fetuses, 17 still born fetuses, 5 pre- weaners, 8 weaners, 8 finishers and 4 adults. Representative tissue samples from the lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, spleen, lymph nodes, intestine and brain were collected on ice and in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular studies. The common clinical signs recorded in the farms were abortions with mummification and still births. A few piglets showed generalized pallor, emaciation and rough skin and dermatitis was recorded in one grower piglet.ThesisItem Restricted EFFECT OF TENDERIZATION METHODS ON PHYSICO CHEMICAL, ULTRASTRUCTURE AND PROTEOME CHARACTERISTICS OF SPENT HEN MEAT(2021) VINAYANANDA CO; TANUVAS; NARENDRA BABU R; APPA RAO V; VIJAYA RANI K; RAMESH S; KALAIKANNAN AThe present research work was carried out to study the effect of three different tenderizers viz., papain, electrical stimulation and CaCl2 on various physico-chemical parameters, textural properties, structural and proteomic changes in spent hen meat. Spent hens (White leghorn) of around 72 weeks old, weighing 1.2-1.3 kg, which were fed and handled under the same management conditions were purchased from local market of Vepery, Chennai, Tamil Nadu were used in the study. Birds were withdrawn from feed for 12 hours prior to slaughter and hygienically slaughtered as per the standard procedure followed at Department of Livestock Products Technology (Meat Science) and used in the experiments. Tenderization treatments were applied within 20 minutes after exsanguination. In experiment I, Pectoralis major muscles were excised from left side of carcass muscles and injected with different concentrations of papain (100 TU (T1), 150 TU (T2) or 200 TU (T3)) at the rate of 10 per cent of the weight and corresponding right-side muscles were injected with distilled water and used as control groups. Samples were stored at 4±1 ºC and physico-chemical parameters like pH, water-holding capacity, shear force value, myofibrillar fragmentation index, cooking loss, R-value, lactic acid and glycogen were analysed at different ageing periods (0, 2, 4 and 6 hours). In experiment II, carcasses were split into two halves using electric carcass splitting saw by leaving neck at the left side and without affecting the muscle integrity. Left half of the carcasses were electrically stimulated (ES) with 90 V (T1) or 150 V (T2) (Specifications of ES-alternative current; frequency 50 Hz; period-20 milli seconds; duration of 90 seconds with 5 seconds on/off) using electrical stimulator within 20 minutes of exsanguination and right half used kept as a control without stimulation. Pectoralis major muscle were excised from all carcasses and stored at 4±1 ºC followed by analysis of physico-chemical parameters at different time intervals (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 hours). Similarly, in experiment III, left side muscles were injected with CaCl2 at different concentrations (0.1 M (T1), 0.3 M (T2) or 0.5 M (T3)) at the rate of 10 per cent and corresponding right-side muscles were injected with distilled water and used as control groups. All the injected samples were stored at 4±1 ºC and physico-chemical parameters were analysed at different time intervals (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 hours). In experiment IV, the selected optimum tenderizing concentration from experiment I, experiment III and voltage from experiment II with corresponding ageing time were employed parallelly and parameters like collagen content, collagen solubility, protein extractability, texture profile, ultrastructural morphology and proteome characteristics were analysed along with control groups. Mean value of 6 trials were used for statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed with the analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS software and mean values were obtained by Duncan’s multiple range tests.ThesisItem Restricted PATHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR STUDIES ON RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN CHICKEN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE ON INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS AND INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS(TANUVAS, CHENNAI, 2021) JYOTHI PRIYA R.; TANUVAS; GANNE VENKATA SUDHAKAR RAO; PAZHANIVEL N.; VIJAYARANI K.; LURTHU REETHA T.The present study was conducted to understand the pathotype and genotype of viral strains of Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) and Infectious bronchitis (IB) that caused high morbidity and mortality in the poultry flocks and involved in the disease outbreaks, by pathological and molecular approaches such as immunohistochemistry, genome sequencing and ultrastructural studies. Keeping in view, the paucity of data on the detection and distribution of ILT and IB viral antigens in Tamilnadu, the farms in and around Namakkal, Tiruchirapalli, Pudukkottai and Thanjavur districts of Tamil Nadu with suspected respiratory diseases were selected for this study. The data pertaining to the breed and strain of chicken, flock strength, age, method of rearing, production performance and clinical signs manifested were recorded. The overall incidence of respiratory diseases recorded in the present study was 57.67 %. The incidence of ILT at 34.72 % and IB at 22.22 % was recorded among the 720 birds examined. Concurrent infection of ILT with fowl cholera and chronic respiratory disease and concurrent infection of IB with ND, infectious coryza and colibacillosis was recorded. The incidence of ILT was recorded in all type of chicken with the highest incidence of ILT recorded in commercial layers (58.00 %).ThesisItem Restricted SEAFOOD HYGIENE AND SAFETY - STATUS AND EFFECTIVENESS OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT(2021) ANNIE SUPRIYA R; TANUVAS; SURESHKANNAN S; SAMUEL MASILAMONI RONALD; TIRUMURUGAAN KG; PORTEEN K; UMA AA polluted marine environment may end in food chain and pose risk to public health. Fish and fishery products are at the forefront of food safety and quality improvement because they are among the most traded food commodities. The present study was designed to screen the seafood samples for the levels of sanitary and safety indicators, to study the presence of bacterial sea food pathogens of zoonotic importance by conventional and molecular methods and their antibiotic resistance pattern by phenotypic methods, to estimate the level of heavy metal concentrations from the sea food samples and to assess the compliance with food hygiene requirements by comparing with the prescribed standards by ICMSF and FSSAI. Assorted sea food samples which includes fishes, prawns, crabs and squids were collected from three major landing centers of Chennai, Royapuram Pattinapakkam and Ennore. A total number of 433 samples were collected which include 138 prawns, 145 fishes, 90 crabs and 60 squids, and a total number of 190 seafood samples from Royapuram, 153 from Pattinapakkam and 90 from Ennore landing centres. The levels of sanitary indicators viz. aerobic plate count, yeast and mould count and coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus count were studied.The Aerobic plate count from the landing centres ranged from 1.0x106 to 5x107CFU per gram. The maximum range of aerobic plate count was observed in crabs (1.0 x106 to 5.0x107 CFU per gram) from Royapuram. The Yeast and mould from all the three landing centres ranged from 1.0x101 to 5x103 CFU per gram. The maximum levels reported in crabs (1.0 x 101 to 5.0 x103 CFU per gram) from Royapuram. The number of coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus ranged between 1x101 to 1x102 CFU per gram. Highest count (1x102 CFU per gram) observed in fishes from Royapuram. The sanitary indicators observed in all the three landing centres were in the prescribed limits of FSSAI and ICMSF, except for crabs and squids. A very high Significance observed for the interaction between sanitary indicators and seafoods (P<0.001). Significant difference (<0.05) observed for the interaction between sampling site and seafood.
