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ThesisItem Open Access Investigations on Planting Methods and Nutrition on Growth, Yield and Quality of Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash)(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2017-06) Raviprasad Sajjan M.; Venugopal, C.K.A field investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of planting methods and nutrition on growth, yield and quality of vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash Syn. Chrysopogan zizanioides) during July 2015- July 2016 at the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Unit, Saidapur Farm, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with three main plots (planting methods viz., P1– Ridge and furrow method, P2– Bed method and P3– Bag method) and six sub-plots (fertilizer levels viz., F1- 25:25:25 NPK, F2- 50:25:25 NPK, F3- 75:25:25 NPK, F4- 25:50:25 NPK, F5- 50:50:25 NPK and F6- 75:50:25 NPK kg/ha) comprising of eighteen treatment combinations replicated twice. Planting methods and nutrition levels had significantly influenced all the growth and yield parameters. Among the planting methods, bag method (P3) recorded significantly higher yield parameters viz., root length (50.12 cm), number of roots per plant (316.97), fresh root weight (219.15 g/plant), dry root weight (95.06 g/plant), root yield per ha (4,085.78 kg/ha) and essential oil yield (85.34 kg/ha) compared to other planting methods. Among fertilizer levels, 75:50:25 kg NPK per ha (F6) recorded significantly higher root length (45.98 cm), number of roots per plant (260.97), fresh root weight (177.28 g/plant), dry root weight (86.32 g/plant), root yield per ha (3,453.19 kg/ha) and essential oil yield (73.32 kg/ha) than all other lower levels of fertilizers at 12 months harvest. Among interactions, the combination of P3F6 (Bag method with fertilizer levels of 75:50:25 kg NPK/ha) recorded significantly higher root length (55.91 cm), number of roots per plant (350.4), fresh root weight (238.30 g/plant), dry root weight (103.29 g/plant), dry root yield (4.33 t/ha) and essential oil yield (94.25 kg/ha) compared to all other interactions. The same treatment combination also registered maximum gross returns (Rs.5,63,357/ha), net returns (Rs. 4,15,295/ha) and B:C ratio (1:3.80).ThesisItem Open Access Crop Improvement and Nutrient Management Studies in Marigold (Tagetes spp.)(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2017-06) Latha S.; Dharmatti, P.R.Marigold genotypes were evaluated at New orchard, Department of Horticulture UAS, Dharwad, during 2015-2016, to study the variability and genetic divergence and it was also aimed to generate variability through mutation studies using gamma rays and to develop production technology through Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). The results revealed that, the genotype Double Orange was appreciated for growth, flower quality and yield attributes, high heritability coupled with genetic advance over mean was observed for most of the traits. The genetic divergence studies, grouped twenty six genotypes of marigold into seven clusters. Among 26 genotypes, Double Orange and Pusa Basanti Gainda formed single genotype clusters, which made them so divergent from others. Based on this experiment the genotype Double Orange was used for mutation and INM studies. Mutation studies indicated that, germination and survivability percentage was decreased with increase in gamma rays dosage, where as lethality increased with increasing doses of gamma rays. Higher co-efficient of variation for majority of the vegetative and flower characters was at higher doses of 500 and 600 Gy gamma treated mutants population. Further, these higher doses have resulted in maximum number of chlorophyll mutants with higher frequency of 3.14 and 3.15 % (500 and 600 Gy, respectively). The treatment of higher doses also resulted in maximum number of morphological mutants. and they were evaluated further on large scale in M3 generation. In INM studies, application of plants with 50 % RDF + vermicompost equivalent to 50 % RD'N' + poultry manure equivalent to 50 % RD'N' (T4) was most superior for increasing growth, flower quality and yield (16.73 t/ha) of marigold. However, the benefit cost ratio was highest (3.75) in treatment supplied with 50 % RDF + FYM equivalent to 50 % RD'N' + Sheep manure equivalent to 50 % RD'N' (T9) which was found superior compared to other treatments.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Fertigation and Growth Regulators in Capsicum Grown Under Polyhouse(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2017-06) Dhotre, Mallikarjun; Mantur, S.M.Influence of different levels of irrigation and fertigation as well as the plant growth regulators on growth, productivity, quality and profitability of capsicum grown under a naturally ventilated polyhouse was studied at the Hi-Tech Horticulture Unit, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2014-15 and 2015-16. Hybrid Indra was studied with three drip irrigation regimes (I1: 40, I2: 60 and I3: 80 % of ETc) and three fertigation levels (F1: 50, F2: 75 and F3: 100 % of RDF) along with a control treatment consisting of drip irrigation at 100 % ETc and soil application of 100 % RDF. The best treatment combination from this experiment was selected for the next season to study the effect of growth regulators viz., NAA 50 ppm (G1), 100 ppm (G2), 150 ppm (G3), and CCC 200 ppm (G4), 400 ppm (G5), 600 ppm (G6) sprayed at three different intervals (I1: 30 and 45; I2: 30, 45 and 60 and I3: 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after planting) along with an absolute control. The results revealed that, vegetative parameters and fruit yield were significantly higher with irrigation regimes I2 and I3 as well as F2 and F3 levels of fertigation. I3 x F3 resulted in highest fruit yield (88.56 t/ha). I2 x F2 resulted in superior fruit quality parameters, higher uptake of major nutrients and dry matter accumulation as well as highest gross returns (Rs. 2,19,524/500 m2), net returns (Rs. 1,65,226/500 m2) and B:C ratio (4.05). Spraying plant growth regulators further enhanced growth parameters in capsicum. Fruit yield (106.61 t/ha) and fruit quality parameters were increased by the application of G2 x I3. Application of NAA @ 100 ppm at four intervals (G2 x I3) resulted in highest gross returns (Rs. 2,66,571/500 m2), net returns (Rs. 2,11,970/ 500 m2) and B:C ratio (4.89).ThesisItem Open Access HETEROSIS BREEDING IN GLADIOLUS (Gladiolus hybridus Hort.)(University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad, 2015-04) Akkamahadevi D. Agasimani; Dr. V.S. PatilStudies on heterosis and combining ability in gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus Hort.) were taken during 2010-2014 at ‘Floriculture Unit’ of new orchard of University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Analysis of variances revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters. Genotypes exhibited highest GCV and PCV for earliness (days for first floret to open, days for first floret to show color), days for first to last floret opening, corm weight and corm diameter. The high heritability estimates with moderate genetic advance over mean found in most of the characters viz., rachis length, spike length, floret diameter, floret length, days for first to last floret opening, corm weight, corm diameter and number of florets per spike in all genotypes. Association analysis revealed that number of florets per spike was significantly and positively associated with corm weight, corm diameter, plant height, number of leaves, spike length and inter floret length. Among the 45 hybrids developed using diallel analysis, IP x TF exhibited higher per se for number of florets per spike, vase life and rachis length with significant positive mid parent heterosis, better parent heterosis and economic heterosis. The hybrids CM x WS and WP x WS were early to spike initiation, to show color and also early for first floret to open. Among ten parents, White Siphon was found to be the best combiner for earliness where as Tiger Flame was the best combiner for number of florets, floret length and rachis length. Variance due to SCA was higher than GCA for most of the characters studied indicating involvement of dominant gene action than additive gene action.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic Variability and Improvement Studies in Gladiolus (Gladiolus Hybrids Hort.)(UAS Dharwad, 2013) Bhajantri Archana; V.S. PatilThe present investigation aimed towards flower quality improvement in two cultivars viz., Ethyl Cav Cole and White Prosperity of gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus Hort.) through induced mutagenesis using physical mutagens, gamma rays (10 Gy, 20 Gy and 30 Gy) and chemicals (EMS- 0.25%, 0.50% and 0.75%) as well as diversity analysis of thirty gladiolus hybrids was undertaken during 2009 - 2012 at Department of Horticulture, UAS, Dharwad. Mutagenic treatment with EMS 0.25% and 0.50% and gamma rays at 10 Gy and 20 Gy showed that the mean values indicated lesser reduction of vegetative and flower characters at lower doses vis a vis. Moderate to high PCV and GCV estimates were recorded for corm weight, corm diameter, number of leaves per plant, plant height, days to spike initiation at 0.50% EMS and 20 Gy treated mutant populations. Rest of the characters showed moderate to low values. High heritability estimates along with moderate genetic advance (GA) and genetic advance over mean were observed for all characters. In Ethyl Cav Cole and White Prosperity mutant populations, spike length had significant positive most of the characters at 0.5% EMS and 20 Gy gamma treated populations. The superior mutants identified for spike length were EC-20-40 (79.55cm), EC-0.50-19 (78.54 cm), WP-20-13 (93.00 cm) and WP-0.25-24 (91.50 cm) from mutant populations of both varieties. Genetic diversity study indicated that among the 17 characters studied, indicated that thirty genotypes were grouped into 8 clusters and among them, cluster I was the largest with 9 genotypes followed by cluster II (7), IV (6) and cluster III with 3 genotypes. Genetic diversity at molecular level estimated by using RAPD showed that, out of twenty primers used for the study, OPAT 06 (47.00%), OPC 09 (47.00%) and OPB 08 (46.00%) showed highest per cent polymorphism.ThesisItem Open Access Standardization of Production Technology in China Aster [Callistephus chinesis (L.) Nees] Under Transitional Tract of Northern Karnataka(UAS Dharwad, 2011) Munikrishnappa P.M.; A.A. PatilChina aster is a half hardy annual commercial and ornamental flower crop grown for its flowers. The flowers of aster are used for flower arrangement, interior decoration, garland making, worshipping etc. It can be grown in herbaceous borders, flower beds, garden decoration and also as potted plant. The present investigations were conducted during rabi season of 2006–07 and 2007-08 at Hi-tech Horticulture project, Saidapur Farm, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad with the objective to evaluate suitable varieties, standardize the spacing, fertilizer levels and to assess the effect of growth regulators on growth, flowering and quality of flower production in china aster. Among the varieties, Phule Ganesh White produced bigger sized flowers (8.75 cm) having maximum weight of flowers with stalk (14.62 g) with highest flower yield (37.91 t/ha), seed yield (772.06 kg/ha) and maximum vase life (13.44 days). Varieties viz., Violet Cushion and Shashank produced more number of double flowers but their yield was comparatively lesser compared to Phule Ganesh series. The gross and net returns were highest in Phule Ganesh White followed by Phule Ganesh Purple. Studies on effect of different spacing and fertilizer levels revealed that growth, flower yield and quality was found highest with the application of higher dose of fertilizer (210:150:90 kg NPK/ha) and wider spacing (45 cm x 30 cm). This treatment combination was superior in terms of maximum gross returns, net returns and benefitcost ratio. Among growth regulators/chemicals, foliar application of cycocel at 1500 ppm recorded the highest flower yield (13.45 t/ha) flower quality in terms of weight of flowers with stalk (10.28 g) and vase life (10.99 days), gross returns, net returns and benefit-cost ratio.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Organic Production Technology in Onion (Allium cepa L.) Cv. Bellary Red(UAS Dharwad, 2011) Raveendra S. Jawadagi; N. BasavarajaInvestigation on organic production technology in onion Cv. Bellary Red was carried out at Agricultural Research Station, Hagari (UAS, Dharwad) during rabi 2006-07 and kharif 2007-08 to study the effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients and planting geometry on production and keeping quality of onion and influence of post-harvest treatment of different botanicals and bioagents to minimize the storage loss of onion. Among the different nutrient sources, application of RDF (125:50:125 NPK kg ha-1) + FYM (30t ha-1) recorded significantly higher bulb yield (44.5t ha-1) followed by 50% FYM (12.5t ha-1) + 50% vermicompost (2t ha-1) + biofertilizers (Azospirillum and PSB @ 5kg ha-1 each) during rabi season . However, both the treatments were at par with each other in kharif. The storage study indicated that loss of bulbs were significantly minimum and marketable bulbs were maximum (58.23 and 45.41% during rabi and kharif seasons respectively) at the end of storage period (4 months) with application of 50% FYM (12.5t ha-1) + 50% vermicompost (2t ha-1)+ biofertilizers (Azospirillum and PSB @ 5kg ha-1 each). The planting geometry of 15 x 10 cm with FYM (12.5t ha-1) + vermicompost (2t ha-1)+biofertilizers recorded significantly maximum bulb yield (38.56 and 34.72t ha-1, respectively during rabi and kharif seasons) and marketable bulbs (49.28 and 43.67% during rabi and kharif season, respectively) at the end of storage period. The post-harvest application of Trichoderma harzianum -0.5% with 50% FYM (12.5t ha-1)+50% vermicompost (2t ha-1)+biofertilizers during crop growth period resulted in better accumulation of TSS (%) and dry matter content in the bulbs, maximum marketable bulbs and highest B:C ratio of 4.95 and 4.18 during rabi and kharif season, respectively with minimum spoilage of bulbs after storage period.ThesisItem Open Access Integrated Nutrient Management Studies in Papaya (Carica papaya L.)(UAS Dharwad, 2010) B.S. Shivakumar; P.R. DharmattiField experiments were conducted at Department of Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2006-08 to study the influence of organic manures and their combinations and integrated nutrient management practices mainly use of organic manures with varied levels of RDF on growth, yield and yield components, quality, post-harvest parameters, major and micro-nutrient status of the soil after crop harvest in papaya (cv. Surya). In the organic manure experiment, all the growth parameters and yield components were improved with the organic manurial treatments comprising of FYM, agrigold, vermicompost, sheep manure either alone or in combination with FYM. Application of organic manures had an additive effect on the quality attributes and with respect to post-harvest traits, organic manure treatments registered least physiological loss of weight with higher fruit firmness and longer shelf life of papaya fruits. Fruit yield was maximum in FYM @ 100% RDN followed by FYM + agrigold each with 50% RDN and agrigold @ 100% RDN (173.9, 172.9 and 170.6 t/ha, respectively). The ratio of benefit:cost was maximum (5.85) with pressmud and minimum with bhumilabh @ 100% RDN (2.25). In integrated nutrient management experiment, FYM, vermicompost, pressmud, sheep manure and agrigold applied @ 50% RDN in combination with varied levels of RDF (50, 100 and 150%) recorded higher values for growth, yield components, quality and post-harvest parameters. Significantly higher fruit yield of 197.3, 196.3 and 192.6 t/ha was recorded in FYM, agrigold and vermicompost @ 50% RDN with RDF @ 150%, respectively. While, control with RDF @ 50% recorded lower fruit yield of 120.5 t/ha. The B:C ratio was higher with pressmud @ 50% RDN + 50% RDF (6.03) and was lower in vermicompost @ 50% RDN + 150% RDF (3.37). In both the experiments, higher organic carbon content, available major nutrients and DTPA extractable micronutrients were noticed with the application of organic manures as compared to control.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Integrated Nutrient Management and Scheduling of Drip Irrigation in Onion (Allium cepa L.) cv. Telagi Red(UAS Dharwad, 2010) Annappa N. Bagali; H.B. PatilThe investigations on integrated nutrient management and scheduling of drip irrigation in onion were carried out at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Bijapur, Karnataka on medium deep black soil during 2004-05 rabi and 2005 summer. In integrated nutrient management (INM) experiment, there were 20 treatments involving three inorganic fertilizer levels and six organic manure levels with two controls (RPP and absolute control). The experiment on scheduling of drip irrigation included three irrigation intervals and three irrigation levels with flood irrigation as control. The experiments were laid out in a split-plot design with three replications each. The results of INM experiment indicated that, higher levels of inorganics i.e. 162:32:148 kg NPK ha-1 (41.55 t ha-1) and 81:16:74 kg NPK ha-1 (41.09 t ha-1) as well as higher levels of organic manures i.e. FYM at 30 t (40.56 t/ha), vermicompost at 6 t (41.65 t/ha) and poultry manure at 3 t (40.88 t/ha) per ha recorded higher bulb yield individually. The similar trend was observed in growth and yield parameters along with net returns and B:C ratio. The physiological loss in weight, sprout and rot per cent were significantly lower with no inorganics and higher levels of organics at different storage periods. In the experiment on scheduling of drip irrigation, one and two days intervals of irrigation with 100 per cent PE recorded significantly higher growth, yield parameters, bulb yield, net returns and B:C ratio over other interactions. Compared to flood irrigation, one or two days intervals with 100 per cent PE and two days interval with 80 per cent PE were significantly superior. All the irrigation intervals, levels and their combinations recorded significantly higher WUE compared to flood irrigation.
