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ThesisItem Open Access A Study on Knowledge and Adoption of Cardamom Cultivation Practices by the Farmers of Chikmagalur District(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Chethan M.G.; Syed SadaqathThe study was carried out in Chikmagalur district of Karnataka during the year 2010-11. Following the simple random sampling 150 farmer respondents were selected from 15 villages of three taluks of the district. The data was elicited through personal interview method. Cardamom is the Queen of Spices. Cardamom Elettaria cardamom (L.) Maton, which belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. It is one of the most exotic and highly prized spices. Indian cardamom has a history as old as human civilization. Southern India and Sri Lanka are regarded as origin of this spice. . Cardamom is grown commercially in plantations under the shade of tall shadow forest trees. It is very labourıintensive crop to produce. The fruits are pluck individually by hand before they are fully ripe, over a period of few weeks. The important findings of the study were; considerable per cent of the respondents possessed medium knowledge (44.00%) and adoption (48.66%) about recommended cultural practices of cardamom. Cent percent of the respondents cultivated recommended varieties Most of the respondents had medium psychological attributes like innovative proneness and risk orientation (52.00%) and (44.00%), respectively.. A considerable percentage of respondents educated upto graduated (32.00%). Very high percentage of the respondents (94.66%) possessed television sets. A positive significant relationship was observed between level of knowledge, adoption and personal, psychological and social characteristics like age, education, risk orientation, innovative proneness, extension contact, and mass media participation. Majority of the respondents expressed the problem of animal damage (86.66%), erratic rainfall (80.66%), pests and diseases damage (75.33%) high labour cost (91.33%) and lack of organized market (84.66%) were the constraints expressed by cardamom growers. Majority of the respondents (69.33%) marketed their produce in farm itself. Considerable percentage of respondents (80.00%) collected the information on market price from others who visited the market.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of Farmers Filed School (FFS) on Cotton Crop Management Practices in Dharwad District(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Shabnam M. Adhoni; S.S. DolliThe research study was conducted on impact of Farmer’s Field School (FFS) on cotton crop management practices in Dharwad district of Karnataka during the year 2010-11. The FFS conducted in Dharwad district during 2008-09 by Department of Agriculture were considered for the study. Three taluks viz., Kalghatagi, Dharwad and Hubli were selected for the study. Four villages from each taluk, 10 FFS farmers and 5 non FFS farmers from each village were selected by simple random procedure. Thus constituting a sample of 120 FFS farmers and 60 non-FFS farmers. Study revealed that, 65.00 per cent of FFS participants and 25.00 per cent of non FFS participants had ‘high knowledge’ about Integrated Crop Management (ICM) practices of cotton. Regarding adoption of overall ICM practices, over thirty per cent of FFS farmers belonged to ‘high’ and ‘medium’ adoption category. Whereas, higher percentage of non FFS farmers belonged to ‘low adoption category’ (43.33%). FFS had an impact on participant’s knowledge regarding germination test, application of ZnSO4, use of botanical preparation and beneficial insects. These practices were adopted by them. It was observed that, FFS farmers obtained higher mean yield (7.85 q/acre) of cotton than the non FFS farmers (6.25 q/acre). Study identified that six important factors viz., participants selection method (sign and symptom), representativeness of plot, accessibility of plot, insect zoo, short studies and special topics positively influenced on improving the knowledge level as well adoption level of participant farmers about ICM practices in cotton. However, no associationship exist between nature of collaborator, nature of facilitators and long term experiments with respect to knowledge as well as adoption level of participants. Over twenty per cent of FFS farmers expressed the problem of ‘fixed day of conducting sessions (other than Monday)’ and the same proportion of farmers suggested that FFS sessions should be conducted on ‘monday only’.ThesisItem Open Access A Profilistic Study on Awardee Farmers in North Karnataka(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Shilpashree B.S.; K.V. NatikarThe present study was conducted in the year 2010-11 in North Karnataka with a sample size of 80 farmers, constituting 40 farmers awarded by KSDA and 40 nonawardee (other) farmers were randomly selected for comparison. The data was collected with the help of structured interview schedule. The profile analysis of respondents revealed that, majority of awardee farmers belonged to middle age category, educated upto PUC, medium land holding, high income category, high farming experience, high mass media utilization, high extension contact, high risk orientation, high achievement motivation, high economic motivation, high innovativeness and high management orientation category. Whereas, majority of non-awardee farmers were also middle aged, had education upto middle school, belonged to semi medium income category, low mass media utilization, medium extension contact, low economic motivation, low economic motivation and low management orientation category. The results indicated that, the productivity level of awardee farmers in respect of sugarcane (220t/ha), paddy (98.68 qt/ha), maize (91.96 qt/ha), kharif jowar (47.01 qt/ha) and with respect to various crops in general was higher than the non-awardee farmers. The findings also revealed that, majority of awardee farmers adopted the crop enterprises like; agriculture-horticulture-forestry-forage crops-dairy-poultrysheep/ goat rearing-vermicompost. Further the awardee farmers adopted the mixed cropping patterns like redgram+blackgram, maize+bengalgram and greengram+jowar. The major constraints faced by awardee farmers were the problem of price fluctuation, lack of guidance in time by extension staff, non availability of labour. Whereas, cent per cent of non-awardee farmers facing the problems of nonavailability and high cost of labour, high cost of inputs like seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, price fluctuation and transportation and marketing.ThesisItem Open Access Behaviour of Silk Cocoon Prices in Karnataka An Econometric Analysis(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Ramesh K.B.; Basavaraja BanakarSilk is the queen of textiles, have endearing qualities such as natural sheen, light weight with high durability. India is the second largest producer of silk cocoon next to China. Analysis of price and market arrivals over time is important for formulating a sound price policy. Fluctuation in arrivals largely contributes to price instability. Such an analysis is also use full to farmers in order to rear silkworm and produce cocoon in the months in which they obtain best price advantages. Therefore the study under taken to assess the dynamics of market arrivals and prices. The monthly prices and arrivals of bivoltine and multivoltine silk cocoon in three major Government silk cocoon markets (i.e Ramanagara, Shidlagatta and Chintamani) were collected for period of 13 years (April 1998 to September 2010). An decreasing trend in arrivals and increasing trend in prices was observed in the selected markets, but the quantum of decrease in arrivals and increase in prices varied from one market to another. The higher seasonal indices of prices were observed during May, during which the arrivals were found to be low. In the case of Multivoltine and Bivoltine silk cocoon arrivals and prices, the average duration of cycle was found to be once in 2.33 to 4.00 years and 3.00 to 3.33 years respectively. Response of silk cocoon arrivals on prices in all the markets showed positive relationship, which implied that, as a arrivals of silk cocoon increased the prices also to a small extent. ARIMA analysis was employed to quantify the variation in prices and also forecast the prices for the next 24 months. The forecasted prices in all the markets showed an increasing value. Analysis of zero order correlation showed that there is an existence of a strong integration among all the selected markets. Finally it was forecasted prices which serve as input in taking the marketing and production decisions.ThesisItem Open Access Participation and Decision Making of Rural Youth in Agriculture(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Savita B. Nashi; K.A. JahagirdarYouth are the most potent segment of the population of the country. The youth of today are the hopes of tomorrow. They are the backbone of the country. The Socioeconomic development and prosperity of rural areas depends to a considerable extent, on the type of youth living in rural areas, because the rural youth have abilities to orient themselves to go along the main stream of the development process. Hence, the study was conducted in Belgaum district during 2010-11. Three taluks were selected namely Belgaum, Gokak and Raibag. From which twelve villages were selected by random sampling method. From each village, five male and five female respondents were selected. Thus, total sample size was 120. Majority (80%) of the rural male youth participated in ploughing, cent per cent of rural female youth were self participated in all activities. Majority (68.33%) of the youth were needed training in ‘identification of pests and diseases’. Majority (65%) of the rural youth expressed lack of awareness as their major problem (latest technology, varieties etc.). One third (34.17%) of the rural youth had education upto middle school. Majority (56.67% &58.33%) of the rural male and female youth belonged to nuclear family. Both rural male (53.33%) and female (43.33%) youth had family size of 5 to 8 members. Majority (65%) of the respondents belonged to forward caste, medium experience in farming (70%), nearly half of the respondents had high annual income (49.17%) and medium farm families (48.33%). Majority (94.17%) of the families of rural youth possessed television. Among them 75.22 per cent viewed commercial programmes daily, 35 per cent of the respondents had medium innovativeness, 34.17 per cent of the respondents had high level of aspiration. The rural male youths are having higher innovativeness and more aspiration level than rural female youths.ThesisItem Open Access Knowledge and Adoption Pattern of Biofertilizers by the Farmers of Tungabhadra Command Area(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Siddalingayya Hiremath; Ravindra B. BelliThe present study was conducted in Raichur, Bellary and Koppal districts of Karnataka state during 2010-11 to measure the knowledge level and adoption pattern of bio-fertilizers by the farmers, ascertain the factors influencing the use of biofertilizers and identify the constraints by the farmers in adoption of bio-fertilizers. One hundred and twenty farmers were selected as the sample for study. The data was collected by personal interview with the help of structured schedule which was developed keeping in view the objectives and variables of the study. Nearly 45.00 per cent of the respondents had medium level of knowledge, while 63.00 per cent and 12.00 per cent of the respondents had low and high level of knowledge, respectively. More than half (52.50%) of the respondents belonged to low adoption category followed by medium (37.50%) and high (10.00%). High yield (81.66%) and regular supply (78.33%) were the major factors which influences use of biofertilizers by the farmers. Lack of reinforcement efforts from the Department (85.00%) and inability to understand the details of biofertilizers (77.50%) were the major constraints encountered by the farmers in adoption of bio-fertilizers. About 45.00 per cent of the respondents belonged to semi-medium land holding followed by almost equal percentage of marginal (11.66%), small (19.16%), medium (14.16%) and big farmers (10.00%). In case of cosmopoliteness, 39.00 per cent of farmers belonged to high cosmopoliteness followed by low (35.00%) and medium (25.83%). Among total number of respondents 42.00 per cent fall under medium social participation followed by low and high. More than 40.00 per cent of farmers belonged to medium extension contact followed by low (33.33%) and high (25.00%). Majority (74.16%) of farmers belonged to medium economic motivation followed by high (13.33%) and low (12.50%). In mass media utilization, (51.00%) of farmers fell under medium category followed by low and high.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of Grain Storage Methods Adopted by Farmers(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Shaila S. Hosakoti; S.S. DolliA study on evaluation of grain storage methods adopted by farmers was carried out during the year 2010-2011. Sixty farmers adopting improved method and sixty farmers adopting traditional method of grain storage formed the sample for the study. The data was elicited through the personal interview method using pre-tested schedule. The study revealed that cereals were threshed by machines, while pulses manually. Grain loss was maximum when grains were transported by tractor (0.73%) than the bullock cart (0.63%). Over 50 per cent of maize (67.44%), bengalgram (58.33%) and greengram (52.00%) growers used gunny bags for storage. Higher per cent (44.17%) of jowar growers used Pucca koti for storage of grains. Highest loss (20.90%) was observed in case of underground storage of jowar crop, while in case of gunny bags and Pucca koti, the loss was about 6.63 and 6.07 per cent, respectively. Minimum loss of grains was observed in gunny bags lined with polythene sheet (3.24%). About 50 per cent of crop harvest of wheat and jowar was retained for domestic use, while over 90 per cent of maize was used for commercial sale by farmers. In case of groundnut and pulses, almost one - third of the produce was retained for domestic use. Farmers reported that pre-storage loss during drying and cleaning was higher (1.01%) than the loss during the storage (0.72%). The average storage cost per quintal per year was highest (Rs. 30.00) in gunny bags lined with polythene sheet and lowest (Rs. 1.16) in case of underground storage. Pucca koti was most preferred method by farmers adopting improved method with first rank. In case of farmers adopting traditional method, gunny bag was their first choiceThesisItem Open Access A Study on Entrepreneurial Qualities and Adoption Behaviour of Banana Growers(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Ashokkumar Bennur; N. ManjulaThe study was conducted in Gulbarga district of North Karnataka during the year 2010-11. Gulbarga district was purposively selected because it has higher area under banana cultivation. From each of the four selected taluks of Gulbarga district, five villages and six farmers from each village were selected for the study. By following proportionate random sampling procedure 120 farmers were selected and data was collected by personal interview method. The study revealed that Majority (60.83%) of banana growing farmers belonged to middle age group. About 40.83 per cent of farmers were educated up to high school. More than half (56.67%) of farmers had more than 21 years of farming experience. About 45.00 per cent of banana growers belonged to medium category of scientific orientation. More number (62.50%) of banana growers belonged to high risk orientation category. About 40.00 per cent of banana growers had regular contact with Horticulture Department. In entrepreneurial qualities, 45.00 per cent of banana growers belonged to medium category of innovativeness and 47.50 per cent belonged to high category of decision making ability. Higher proportion (72.50%) of the respondents belonged to medium category of economic motivation and 55.00 per cent belonged to medium category of leadership ability. Considerable percentage (45.83%) of banana growers belonged to medium category of adoption. As high as 97.50 per cent of banana growers were aware of varieties and 79.17 per cent had knowledge regarding number of suckers per acre. Majority (93.33%) of banana growers were aware of spacing, while 94.17 and 92.50 per cent had knowledge regarding diseases and irrigation respectively. Cent per cent of the farmers adopted desuckering practice, whereas 94.17, 91.67 and 82.50 per cent of banana growers adopted varieties, spacing and sucker type practices, respectively. Labour problem (94.17%), electricity problem (90.83%) and storage facility problem were the major constraints expressed by the banana growers. An equal proportion (52.50%) of the banana growers expressed training needs regarding disease control and marketing as most needed.ThesisItem Open Access Perspectives of Farmers on Effect of Climate Change on Agriculture and Livestock(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Gajendra T.H.; Nagaratna BiradarThe study was conducted in Dharwad and Bijapur districts of Karnataka state during 2011. Ex-post-Facto research design was followed for the conduct of the study. The total sample for the present study was 150. The study was conducted with the objectives of documenting farmers views on climate change, to find out the reasons for climate change and to study the effect of climate change on agriculture and livestock as felt by farmers. Frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were the statistical tools employed for the present study. High majority (81.33%) of the respondents belonged to medium economic motivation. All the respondents observed changes in quantity of rainfall and 98.67 per cent noticed changes in the distribution pattern of the rains over the past 20 years. Large majority (84.67%, 92.67%, and 94.00%) of the respondents expressed that the distribution is unpredictable to the extent of variation of 67.66, 73.39 and 79.84 per cent in kharif, rabi and summer seasons, respectively. High majority (90.00%) of the respondents expressed negative impact with percent variation on hours of grazing (42.00%) and hours of stall feeding (22.32%), respectively. High majority (90.00%) of the farmers replaced traditional varieties like white sorghum, javari redgram and jaidhar cotton varieties with high yielding verities having characteristics of short duration and resistance to pests and diseases. Nearly two third (65.33%) of the farmers changed their cropping pattern from mono cropping to diversified cropping pattern. High majority (86.00) of the farmers following practices like more hours of grazing, growing green fodder during kharif and protecting straw by covering polythene to avoid shortcoming of dry fodder. Nearly half of the farmers reduced number of livestock and reared high milk yielding and drought resistant breeds. Thirty per cent of the farmers replaced large ruminants (buffaloes and cows) with the small ruminants (sheep and goat).