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Open Access
Incidence, etiology, treatment and recovery of dystocia in bovines
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Rana, Devendra Singh; Gupta, H.P.
The present study was designed to study the incidence of dystocia in various reproductive disorders present in bovines in Tarai region of Udham Singh Nagar and Nainital districts of Uttarakhand. , which indicated 14.62 % incidence of the dystocia in the study area. Also to study the physiological, hematological and biochemical changes occurred in dystocia cases of cows and buffaloes immediately before and after the correction through various methods like caesarean operation, traction, fetotomy, rolling plus traction, rolling plus hormonal and hormonal. In cattle, the maximum of incidence of dystocia was recorded in winter season followed by summer and rainy season. However, in buffaloes, the maximum incidence of dystocia was recorded during rainy season followed by summer and winter season. In present study, total 37 cases of dystocia were recorded. Out of these, 7 cases were corrected through caesarean section, 5 cases corrected through fetotomy, 5 cases corrected through traction, 10 cases corrected through rolling plus traction, 5 cases corrected through rolling plus hormonal and 5 cases corrected through hormonal method. By applying these techniques in dystocia affected animals, 25(67.57%) males and 12 females (32.43%) calves were delivered. Out of which, 13(35.13%) live and 24 (64.86%) dead calves were found. In dystocia, physiological, hematological and biochemical parameters variations were recorded before and after the correction of dystocia in animals. The physiological status of the animal assessed through rectal temperature, heart rate, pulse rate and respiration rate. The hematological and biochemical parameters analyzed in our study were TEC, TLC, Hemoglobin, PCV, lymphocyte, neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil total protein, calcium, phosphorus, glucose, cholesterol, cortisol, BUN, ALT, AST, and creatinine. The cortisol was significantly higher during before and after the correction in all the groups. Glucose was significantly higher during before and after the correction of dystocia with rolling plus traction, rolling plus hormonal and hormonal methods. ALT and AST was significantly higher in traction and rolling plus hormonal methods of correction. The value of creatinine significantly lower before the correction of dystocia.
Open Access
Effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seed and turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizome powder as feed additive on performance of commercial broiler chickens
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-06) Bhadruriya, Mohit Kumar Singh; Ashoka Kumar
A feeding trial was conducted to discern the effect of dietary incorporation of ground fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum-graecum) seeds and turmeric (Curcuma longa)rhizome powder on growth performance, nutrient utilization, haemato-biochemical parameters, carcass traits and sensory evaluation in commercial broilers. A total of 100, day-old broiler chicks were divided randomly into 5 treatment groups with 2 replicates each i.e. 10 broiler chicks per replicate. Chicks of treatment T1 (control) were fed basal diet without any supplementation, whereas in treatment group T2, T3, T4 and T5,basal diet was supplemented with 1.0% fenugreek seed, 0.5% turmeric rhizome, 1.0% fenugreek plus 0.5% turmeric and 0.5% fenugreek plus 0.25% turmeric,respectively. The feeding trial lasted for 42 days viz., 0-21 days (starter phase) and 2242 days (finisher phase). Feed intake and body weight changes in broiler chicks were recorded at weekly intervals and a metabolism trial of 3 days collection period was conducted during the 6th week of feeding trial. Blood samples were collected on 42nd day of feeding trial to study haemato-biochemical parameters. Results of trail indicate that during the starter phase (0-21 days), the body weight gain of broiler chicks of treatment group T4 (673.70 g) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than other treatment groups T1 (626.40g), T2 (647.30g)and T3 (646.10g). There was no significant difference in body weight gain between T4and T5. During 22- 42 days (finisher phase), the body weight gain of broiler chicks of treatment group T4 (1300.30g) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than other treatment groups T1 (1089.80g), T2 (1170.90g) and T3 (1213.00g). There was no significant difference in body weight gain between T4 and T5.FCR and performance index were improved in broiler chicks of treatment groups T4and T5. During whole experimental period (0-42 days),supplementation of fenugreek seed plus turmeric rhizome powder improved broiler performance in terms of feed intake, body weight gain, FCR and performance index. The average cumulative body weight was 1759.00, 1861.14, 1902.00, 2052.20 and 2006.80g in broiler chicks of treatment groups T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively and differed significantly (P<0.05) among different groups. Nutrient utilization in terms of dry matter, crude protein andcrude fatwas significantly (P<0.05) improved in broilers fed diet supplemented with fenugreek seed and turmeric rhizome powderas compared to control. There was significant (P<0.05) improvement in protein content and reduction in fat content of breast and thigh muscles. Significant (P<0.05) difference were observed in haemoglobinand packed cell volume in broilers of supplemented groups. Significant (P<0.05) reduction in serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride and glucose level were recorded in broilers of treatment groups. Whereas, there was non-significant difference in serum total protein, albumin, globulin level.Serum enzymes activity viz., ALP, SGPT and SGOT showed non-significant difference among the broilers of treatmentgroups. It is concluded that incorporation of 0.5% fenugreek plus 0.25% turmeric rhizome powder in basal diet of broilers improved growth performance, nutrient utilization, increase haemoglobin,packed cell volumeand reduced serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, serum glucose level,along with increased amount of protein and decreased fat content in thigh muscle. which in turn is beneficial in producing the designer meat in broiler chickens.
Open Access
Studies on evaluation of some phytoacaricides against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Vijay Kumar; Vatsya, Stuti
A study was under taken with objective of detecting synthetic pyrethroid resistance (deltamethrin concentrations- 0.0003125%, 0.000625%, 0.00125%, 0.0025%, 0.005%, 0.01% and 0.02%-each tested in triplicate) in R. microplus using two in vitro laboratory bioassays namely Adult Immersion Test (AIT) and Larval Packet Test (LPT) collected from different parts of Uttarakhand state {Nainital (Bindu Khatta, Patwadangar, Halduchor), Udham Singh Nagar (Saanp Katani Khatta, Pantnagar Dairy, Nehru Colony, Sitarganj), Pithoragarh (Bin) and Uttarkashi} to generate a baseline data and Azadirachta and Eucalyptus plants were screened for acaricidal activity. The susceptible tick population collected from Bindu Khatta, Nainital displayed an LC50 of 0.00075% Active Ingredient (A.I.) [Confidence Interval (C.I.) 95% 0.0006-0.0009] and LC99 of 0.00533% (C.I. 95% 0.0034-0.0112) in AIT bioassay. The R. microplus population from Nehru colony exhibited the highest LC50 of 0.03192%, (CI 95% 0.0188-0.1026%) followed by Pithoragarh (0.00526%, CI 95% 0.0036-0.0083%), Pantnagar dairy (0.00514%, CI 95% 0.0036-0.0080%), Sitarganj (0.00376%, CI 95% 0.0025-0.0061%), Halduchor (0.00337% CI 95% 0.0025-0.0047%), Saanp Katani Khatta (0.00189% CI 95% 0.0013-0.0026%), Nainital (Patwadangar) (0.00177% CI 95% 0.0012-0.0025%) and Uttarkashi (0.00088%, CI 95% 0.0007-0.0011). The R2 values of 0.994, 0.991, 0.978, 0.974, 0.973, 0.964, 0.962, 0.952 and 0.877 were detected in Bindu Khatta, Uttarkashi, Pithoragarh, Pantnagar Dairy, Nehru colony, Nainital, Halduchor, Sitarganj, and Saanp Katani Khatta populations, respectively. The Nehru colony population of ticks had the highest resistance factor (RF) of 42.55, whereas the Pithoragarh and Pantnagar dairy populations had RF values of 7.01 and 6.85, respectively; Sitarganj, Halduchor, Saanp Katani Khatta and Nainital tick populations were 5.01, 4.49, 2.52, and 2.36 times resistant, respectively. Level IV resistance was found in Nehru colony tick population; level II in Pithoragarh, Pantnagar Dairy, Sitarganj and level I in Halduchor, Saanp Katani Khatta and Nainital R. microplus populations. The population of ticks collected from Uttarkashi and Bindu Khatta were found susceptible to deltamethrin. In LPT bioassay, an LC50 of 0.00074% A. I. (C.I. 95% 0.0005-0.0010) was observed for the Susceptible R. microplus population. The LC50 values were observed to be (0.03524%, CI 95% 0.0248- 0.0607%), (0.00508%, CI 95% 0.0037-0.0073%), (0.00439%, CI 95% 0.0030-0.0067), (0.00393%, CI 95% 0.0021-0.0089%), (0.00365%, CI 95% 0.0025- 0.0054%), (0.00196%, CI 95% 0.0013-0.0029%), (0.00165% CI 95% 0.0012-0.0022%) and (0.00097% CI 95% 0.0006-0.0015) for Nehru colony, Pantnagar Dairy, Sitarganj, Pithoragarh, Halduchor, Saanp Katani Khatta, Nainital and Uttarkashi, respectively. Azadirachta indica and Eucalyptus citriodora were selected to know their acaricidal potential against R. microplus ticks. The % yield obtained with, aqueous, methanolic and aqueous-methanolic extract was, 16, 7.48 and 17.56 for A. indica and 13.28, 18.96 and 19.28 for Eucalyptus. The results of AIT using the aqueous, methanolic and aqueous-methanolic extract of both plants revealed a dose dependent decrease in reproductive index (RI) and percent inhibition of oviposition (IO%) generally from concentration 2.5 to 20%. A decrease in egg production was significant (p<0.05) for 2.5, 5, 10 and 20% concentration of the extract. Tick mortality percent of 40 and 70% was observed at 10 and 20 % concentration of methanolic extract solution of A. indica. The results of AIT with E. citriodora revealed that RI and IO% decreased from concentration 1.25 to 20%. The results of AIT using the Neem oil showed that there was dose dependent decrease in RI and IO% in concentrations ranging from 1.25 to 20%. A decrease of 5, 30, 40, 50 and 60% hatching of eggs was observed at 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20% concentration of oil, respectively. With Eucalyptus oil, also a dose dependent decrease in RI and IO% for 1.25% concentration was noted. A decrease of 50% hatching of eggs was also observed at 1.25% concentration of oil. Ticks failed to oviposit at 2.5% to 20% concentration. 100% mortality was observed at 2.5% to 20% concentration of oil. In LPT bioassay, an LC50 of 9.333% A. I. (C.I. 95% 6.132-16.983) was observed for the Azadirachta aqueous extract solution against resistant R. microplus population. With E. citriodora aqueous methanolic solution, LC50 of 9.620% A. I. (C.I. 95% 4.491-17.148), methanolic LC50 of 14.492% A. I. (C.I. 95% 13.210-16.060) and aqueous LC50 of 17.556% A. I. (C.I. 95% 2.916.210-18.817)}. E. citriodora oil exhibited LC50 of 11.634% and neem oil an LC50 of 22.818% against larvae of R. microplus population. In LIT, no mortality of R. microplus larvae was recorded at any concentration of A. indica and E. citriodora extracts except at 20% concentration of neem aqueous solution (85%). Several phytoconstituents were revealed on phytochemical analysis of A. indica [alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, sterols, tannins and triterpenes] and E. citriodora [alkaloids, flavonoids, reducing sugar, saponins, tannins and triterpenes]. Based on results of laboratory bioassays, it is possible to conclude that the oils of A. indica and E. citriodora caused a negative effect on reproduction and hatchability against deltamethrin resistant R. microplus while Eucalyptus oil even resulted in mortality of ticks. The use of these oils shows great potential for the future as an alternative biocontrol method for R. microplus. These can be incorporated as part of an integrated control programme for ticks.
Open Access
Gross and microscopic studies on the heart of Uttara fowl
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Jaiswal, Suyash; Singh, Ishwar
Open Access
Studies on improving conception following embryo transfer in cattle
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Maithani, Mayank; Shiv Prasad
The present study was designed to study the effect of tolfenamic acid on hormonal (Progesterone, PGFM), biochemical profile and conception rate in crossbred embryo recipient following embryo transfer from Sahiwal cows. Crossbred cows were selected and divided into three groups, control, T1 (tolfenamic acid @4mg/kg b.wt, I.M 1 hr before transfer) and T2 (tolfenamic acid @4mg/kg b.wt, I.M 1 hr before transfer and during 15, 16 days of estrous cycle). Blood samples were collected on 7,15,16,17 and 32nd days of estrous cycle. The serum was separated and stored at -20 degree celcius in refrigerator till analysis of hormones and biochemical parameters. The superovulatory response was better as number of C.L, Total embryo (TE), Blastocyst (Bl), Morula (M) and 8-16 cell and degenerated embryo per superovulatory treatment (ST) were 15.11±0.96, 4.25±0.98, 4±0.94, 1, 1 and 1 respectively. However the embryo recovery rate was 25%. The mean values of serum protein, glucose and cholesterol did not differ significantly between different groups .However, the mean value of serum urea and creatinine increases significantly in T2 compared with T1 and control. The mean value of serum PGFM decreased significantly in T2 group during all days of sample collection and progesterone concentration increased in T2 group.In present study total 3 pregnancy were achieved ,one in each group with overall conception rate of 16.6%. On the basis of our results, it can be concluded that tolfenamic acid is effective in reducing PGFM and increasing progesterone concentration during luteal phase of estrous cycle, thus it may be beneficial in improving conception rate following embryo transfer as evident by PGFM and progesterone. However, no significant alterations could be recorded in biochemical parameters following tolfenamic acid administration. More numbers of conceptions are required to finally validate the findings and to recommend for future application.
Open Access
Effect of processed chicken skin and its protein concentrate on quality attributes of chicken patties
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Singh, Chirag; Prabhakaran, P.
Open Access
Characterization of bubaline epididymal spermatozoa stored at 5°c in-situ and their storage resistance in modified citrate dilutors
(2017-08) Rana, Ramkrishan; Gupta, H.P.
The present study was undertaken to determine the testicular biometry of slaughtered buffalo bull testis and its correlation with sperm production, to find out the improvement in keeping quality of epididymal spermatozoa in egg yolk citrate diluter modified with alanine, cysteine and glutamine and to evaluate the effect of amino acid on structural aspect and storage resistance of spermatozoa through initial motility, live count, percent abnormality and HOS reacted spermatozoa. The 48 testicles from slaughtered buffalo bulls were collected from slaughter house, and divided into 4 groups each containing 12 testicles; G1 (semen collection at 0 hours of testicle storage), G2 (semen collection at 24 hours of testicle storage), G3 (semen collection at 48 hours of testicle storage) and G4 (semen collection at 72 hours of testicle storage). The testicles were processed on the same day and evaluated for morphological traits and seminal characteristics. The epididymal semen was collected from refrigeration storage (5ºC) of testicles at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours and further percent initial motility, livability, abnormality and HOS positive spermatozoa was evaluated . The biometric testicular parameters (testicular length with epididymis and without epididymis, circumference, diameter, weight, volume, caput length, width and weight, corpus length, width and weight, cauda length, width and weight) were measured and significant (P<0.05) difference between left and right testis was observed The significant (P<0.05) variation in seminal attribute was observed among testicles as well as among the groups. The post thaw semen quality was assessed 24, 48 and 72 hour after refrigeration of epididymal semen. A significant improvement in post thaw seminal characteristics and HOS reactive sperm was observed among the treatments. Incorporation of glutamine @ dose of 25 mM and cysteine @ 5 mM in diluter resulted in maximum increase in post thaw % motility, live sperm, post thaw HOS positive sperm as compared to alanine and control group. Glutamine and cysteine, promising semen additive which can be used further to improve the quality of refrigerated thawed semen. The data was processed using statistical analysis programme.
Open Access
Study on flunixin meglumine to improve conception following embryo transfer in cattle
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Malik, Ankit; Shiv Prasad
The present study was designed to study the effect of flunixin meglumine during embryo transfer and at the time of MRP on PGFM, progestrone and biochemical profile in embryo recipient cows. Crossbred donor cow (n=5) treated with 240 mg of FolltropinV/animal, as a total dose and given at 12 hours interval in 8 divided doses in decreasing order i.e. 45:45, 35:35, 25:25, 15:15 mg, morning and evening, by IM route , each cow was superovulated twice. Further, crossbred cows (n=18) were selected and divided into three groups; control, Control (n=6) : NSS was given, T-I (n=6) : flunixin meglumine @ dose rate of 1.1 mg/kg was given half hour before transfer, T-II (n=6) : flunixin meglumine @ dose rate of 1.1 mg/kg was given half hour before transfer and on 16th and 17th day of standing estrus. Blood sample collection was done; Before transfer i.e. on 7½ day of estrus without any treatment then half hour after treatment. After transfer, at 15 minute, 50 minute and 150 minute blood collection was done. On 16th, 17th and 18th day of estrus blood was collected after every 6 hour interval and then on 32th day of standing estrus for protein, glucose, cholesterol, creatinine and urea. For PGFM on day of transfer blood sample collection was same as above but on day 16,17and 18 of estrus cycle blood sampling was done after every 12 hour and for progestrone estimation blood samples were taken before treatment/transfer, 150 min after transfer/treatment then on 16th , 17th , 18th , and 32nd day of estrus. The overall superovulatory response, mean ovulation, total embryo/ova recovered and average transferable embryos recovered were 90%, 9.6±1.84, 6.3±1.84 and 60.41% respectively. There was no significance difference (p>0.05) in protein, glucose, cholesterol and creatinine serum level but there was slight decrease in protein level while creatinine level increased in treated group. Serum urea concentration differ significantly (p<0.05) between the groups after treatment. The PGFM level and progesterone level also differ non significantly (p>0.05) between the groups but after treatment there was marked decrease in PGFM level and simultaneously progestrone concentration increased. One animal aborted at 76 days and two became pregnant. On the basis of above findings, it may be concluded that administration of flunixin meglumine during luteal of estrous cycle may be beneficial in improving conception following embryo transfer in crossbred cattle as evident by decreased level of PGFM and increased level of progestrone during critical days of maternal recognition of pregnancy.
Open Access
Effect of dietary supplementation of Mannan-oligosaccharides and citric acid on nutrient utilization and growth performance in broiler chickens
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Salame, Aarti
A feeding trial was conducted to discern the effect of dietary supplementation of mannan-oligosaccharides and citric acid on growth performance, nutrient utilization, carcass traits and haemato-biochemical parameters in commercial broiler chickens. A total of 100, dayold broiler chickens were divided randomly into 5 treatment groups with 2 replication each i.e. 10 broiler chickens per replicate. Chickens of treatment T1 (control) were fed basal diet (starter and finisher diet), whereas in treatment groups T2, T3, T4 and T5, basal diet was incorporated with 0.1% mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), 0.2% citric acid, 0.05% MOS with 0.1% citric acid, and 0.1% MOS with 0.2% citric acid, respectively, as feed additive. The feeding trial lasted for 42 days viz., 0-21 days (starter phase) and 21-42 days (finisher phase). A metabolism trial was conducted during the 6th week of feeding trial. Blood samples were collected on 42nd day of feeding trial to study haemato-biochemical parameters. During the starter phase (0-21 days), the weight gain was improved significantly in broiler chickens of treatment groups T5 (469.85 g) fed diet is supplemented with 0.1 % MOS in combination with 0.2% citric acid followed by T4 (452.75 g) fed diet supplemented with 0.05% MOS and 0.1% citric acid, T3 (443.40 g) fed diet supplemented with 0.2% citric acid as compared with T2 (425.85 g) fed diet supplemented with 0.1% MOS and T1 (390.75 g) fed diet supplemented with control diet. During 21- 42 days (finisher phase), the average body weight gain was 1025.3, 1062.8, 1118.0, 1235.6 and 1251.4 g in broiler chickens of treatment groups T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively and differed significantly among different groups. Feed intake was not differed significantly in broiler chickens of various treatment groups. Feed conversion ratio, performance index broiler chickens differed significantly among treatment groups. During entire feeding trial period (0-42 days), supplementation of MOS and citric acid in the basal diets improved growth performance in terms of body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, performance index. The average cumulative body weight gain was 1416.1, 1488.6, 1561.4, 1688.4 and 1721.3 g in broiler chicks of treatment groups T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively and differed significantly (P<0.05) among different groups. There was no significant difference in feed intake. The nutrient utilization improved significantly among different treatment groups of broiler chickens. The various carcass traits in broiler chickens were not affected but the breast and thigh part differed significantly due to feeding of MOS and citric acid. There was no significant differences in protein and ether extract content of breast and thigh muscles. No significant difference was observed in haematological parameters in broiler chickens of different treatment groups. There was significant (P<0.05) reduction in serum cholesterol in broiler chickens of treatment groups T5 (132.05 mg/dl) followed by T4 (133.02 mg/dl) and T2 (140.78 mg/dl) as compared with T3 and T1. Serum triglycerides content significantly reduced in all the treatment groups compared with control. There was no significant difference in serum total protein, albumin, globulin and glucose concentrations and serum ALP, ALT and AST activities among the different treatment groups. The dietary supplementation of MOS in combination with citric acid at both levels showed similar performance in broiler chickens. It can be concluded that inclusion of 0.05% mannan-oligosaccharides and 0.1% citric acid in the diet of broiler chickens improved growth performance, nutrient utilization and reduced serum cholesterol and triglycerides which in turn is beneficial in broiler chickens.

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