Loading...
![Thumbnail Image](assets/images/Collection.png)
Theses
Browse
14 results
Search Results
ThesisItem Open Access Disposition kinetics and tissue residue study of enrofloxacin in broiler poultry(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-08) Swatilika; Ahmad, A.H.The present investigation was conducted to study the pharmacokinetics and tissue residue levels of enrofloxacin following administration of enrofloxacin by oral route in broilers as single dose (10 mg.kg-1 b.w.) and as multiple doses (10 mg.kg-1 b.w.) for five consecutive days and to calculate the correct dosage regimen to utilize optimal therapeutic limits in preventing and curing the disease. For the present study commercial enrofloxacin (10% w/v) preparation was administered at a dose rate of 10 mg.kg-1 b.w. orally as a single dose to nine birds and as a multiple dose to nine birds for five days. The plasma and tissue samples were collected at regular intervals and subjected to analysis by HPLC after appropriate processing. From the study it was revealed that the broiler birds showed the distribution half-life of 0.582±0.015h, a volume of distribution (Vp) of 8.53±0.194L.kg-1, an elimination half-life of 13.183±0.623h, a Cmax level of 1.535± 0.007 μg.mL-1 for enrofloxacin after single dose administration. Whereas, a Cmax level of 1.680± 0.010 μg.mL-1, distribution half-life of 0.717±0.102h, a volume of distribution (Vp) of 7.820±0.249L.kg-1, an elimination half-life of 11.888±1.021h was observed for enrofloxacin after first dose following multiple dose administration. A Cmax level of 1.704±0.002 μg.mL-1, distribution half-life of 0.717± 0.102h, a volume of distribution (Vp) of 9.029±0.006L.kg-1, an elimination half-life of 14.011±0.084h was observed for enrofloxacin after last dose following multiple dose administration. According to the results obtained in the pharmacokinetic study an individualized dosage regimen containing a priming dose of 22.262 mg.kg-1 b.w. and a maintenance dose of 16.660 b.w. mg.kg-1 over a period of 12 h was suggested for the enrofloxacin in broiler birds following single dose administration. Following single dose oral administration the highest residue concentration of enrofloxacin was observed in liver (0.427±0.055μg.g-1) followed by kidney (0.312±0.008 μg.g-1) at 24 hrs post administration of enrofloxacin. Minimum residue concentrations of enrofloxacin were detected in heart and lungs. In case of multiple dose oral administration the highest concentration of enrofloxacin was found in liver (0.579±0.071 μg.g-1) at 24 hrs which decreased to 0.078±0.0014 μg.g-1 at 72 hrs. After 72 hrs post administration, no residue of enrofloxacin could be detected in lungs following multiple dose oral administration. Ciprofloxacin could not be detected in the tissues following single dose study while ciprofloxacin residues were observed in tissues following multiple dose study.ThesisItem Open Access Pharmacokinetic study of Florfenicol following single and multiple dose oral administration in broiler poultry(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-08) Padaliya, Manisha; Ahmad, A.H.The current investigation was carried out to estimate the pharmacokinetics and tissue residue study of florfenicol following single and multiple (five) dose at 24 h interval through oral administration @ 30 mg.kg-1 body weight in broiler poultry (n=18). The concentration of florfenicol in plasma and tissue of these birds was analysed by HPLC. The peak plasma concentration of 3.314, 3.339 and 3.213 μg.ml-1 were detected in poultry following single dose, first day and fifth day of multiple dose , respectively at 1h. The Cmax., Tmax., mean area under the curve (AUC), distribution half-life (t1/2α) and elimination half-life (t1/2β), volume of distribution (V/F) and clearance from central compartment (CL/F) were calculated as 3.130 μg.mL-1, 0.963 h, 13.352 μg.mL-1.h, 0.625 h, 6.421 h, 7.934 L.kg-1 and 4.358 L.kg-1.h-1, respectively following single dose . In multiple dose study after first and fifth dose, the Cmax., Tmax., AUC, t1/2α, t1/2β, V/F and CL/F were estimated as 2.973 and 2.872 μg.mL-1; 1.032 and 1.013 h; 13.83 and 13.970 μg.mL-1.h; 0.728 and 0.640 h; 7.305 and 6.071 h; 8.722 and 8.794 L.kg-1; 4.155 and 4.503 L.kg-1.h-1 , respectively. Following single dose oral administration the highest tissue concentration was observed in liver (1.55 μg.g-1) and lowest in fat (0.180 μg.g-1) at 24 h. At 72 h post administration no residue could be detected in any tissue following single dose. In case of multiple (five) dose via oral administration the highest concentration was found in intestine (1.902 μg.g-1) at 48 h which decreases to 0.180 μg.g-1 at 72h . At 96 h post administration no residue of Florfenicol could be detected in any tissue following multiple (5) dose oral administration. The therapeutic concentration (0.5μg.ml-1) of florfenicol was maintained upto 8h following single and multiple (5) dose (30mg/kg) oral administration, so recommended priming dose and maintenance dose is 6.494 mg/kg and 3.864 mg/kg, respectively. Tissue residue could not be detected at 72 h and 96 h following single and multiple dose oral administration, respectively so, a withdrawal period of 3 days and 4 days is recommended in broiler poultry birds following single and multiple dose.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of protective efficacy of Amaranthus hypochondriacus seed powder in arsenic intoxicated wlh cockerels(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-10) Aswal, Renuka; Singh, S.P.The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective and antioxidant potential of seed powder of Amaranthus hypochondriacus(SPAH) following oral administration @ 8000ppm in simultaneously fed arsenic(AR) @110ppm in feed for 60 days in WLH cockerels. Methanol extract of the seed powder of Amaranthus hypochondriacus was also prepared for phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant analysis. The phytochemical analysis of methanol seed extract of Amaranthus hypochondriacus revealed 3.72% yield and the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, sugars, glycosides, proteins and saponins. Thirty WLH cockerels were equally and randomly divided into 5 groups with 6 birds in each group. Group I served as control and group II arsenic@110ppm, group III SPAH@8000ppm, group IV AR@110ppm plus silymarin@100ppm and group V AR@110ppm plus SPAH@8000ppm served as treatment groups for 60 days of feeding trial study. Arsenic causes no noticeable clinical signs in the appearance and behavior of WLH cockerels. Arsenic caused significant (P<0.5) reduction in Hb, PCV, TEC and TLC as compared to control group I. Amaranth alone group III was at par with control group I and has potentiating effect on haematological parameters. A significant (P<0.05) decline in total serum protein, albumin and globulin were observed in group II as compared to control group I. SPAH treated groups V showed significant (P<0.05) amelioration in the level of total serum proteins as compared to group II and at par with silymarin and control groups I ,respectively.A significant (P<0.05) increase in values of triglycerides, cholesterol, creatinine, BUN, AST, ALT, bilirubin was observed in arsenic treated group II, which were restored by SPAH group V towards normal. Group III revealed values of most of the biochemical parameters was at par with control group I and showed potentiating effect of SPAH when given alone .A significant (P<0.05) decline in tissue GSH, SOD and catalase activity and increase in LPO activity was observed in arsenic treated group II and a significant amelioration in antioxidant parameters were observed in arsenic plus SPAH treated group V as par with control group I indicating potent antioxidant effect of SPAH following oral administration for 60 days in birds. Antioxidant activity of methanolic seed extract was also observed in vitro DPPH and ABST free radical scavenging activity in this study. Thus, it is concluded from the present study that arsenic @110ppm produced hemotoxic, hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effect after 60 days treatment in WLH cockerels. Seed powder of A. hypochondrioacus (SPAH)@8000ppm in feed for 60 days in showed hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and antioxidant potential in WLH cockerels.ThesisItem Open Access A study on ameliorative potential of leaves of Vitex negundo for antidiabetic activity in rats(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-10) Sharma, Sonam; Ahmad, A.H.Diabetes mellitus is a collection of heterogenous metabolic disorders associated with hyperglycemia as a result of insufficient or no pancreatic insulin secretion or insulin resistance or both. The aim of this study was to assess the antidiabetic potential of hydroethanolic extract of leaves of Vitex negundo (HEVN) following oral administration @ 100mg/kg and 200 mg/kg b.wt. for 28 days in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The phytochemical analysis of HEVN revealed 19.28% yield and presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, glycosides, phenols and fixed oils and fats. For in-vivo study, forty two rats of 2-2.5 months of age weighing 150-180g were divided randomly in to seven groups of six rats each. Group I served as normal control group. Group II, III, VI and VII, received single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin @ 45mg/kg b.wt. to induce diabetes. Rats showing blood glucose level greater than 200mg/dl on 7th day were considered hyperglycemic and chosen for the experiment. Group II represented as diabetic control. Group III (diabetic) was treated with glibenclamide @1mg/kg b.wt. orally for 28days. Group IV and V (non-diabetic) were given HEVN orally @100mg/kg b.wt. and 200mg/kg b.wt., respectively, for 28days. Group VI and VII (diabetic) were given HEVN @100mg/kg b.wt. and 200mg/kg b.wt., respectively, for 28 days. The diabetic rats showed noticeable decrease in body weight which significantly (P<0.05) improved in group VI and VII in a dose dependent manner. Streptozotocin caused significant (P<0.05) elevation in serum ALT, AST, ALP, triglycerides, total cholesterol, BUN and creatinine which were restored back towards normal in HEVN treated groups in a dose dependent manner. A significant (P<0.05) reduction in total protein and albumin was noticed in group II. HEVN administration showed significant (P<0.05) amelioration in the level of total proteins and albumin after 28days in a dose dependent manner. Similarly, HEVN treated rats showed Hb, PCV, TEC and TLC values near to normal control whereas group II showed significant (P<0.05) changes in these parameters as compared to normal control group. On histopathological examination, group II showed histopathological disintegrity in pancreas, liver and kidney which were restored towards normal in HEVN treated rats @200mg/kg b.wt. Thus it is concluded from the present study that hydroethanolic extract of leaves of Vitex negundo (HEVN) @ 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg has ameliorative potential against streptozotocin (@45mg/kg) induced diabetes in rats in a dose dependent manner.ThesisItem Open Access Screening of leaves of Pongamia pinnata for anti arthritic activity in rats(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-10) Arya, Nidhi; Ahmad, A.H.The objective of this study was to screen the hydroethanolic extract of Pongamia pinnata leaves (PPHE) for its antiarthritic activity in Wistar rats. The phytochemical analysis of plant extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, carbohydrates, saponins, phenolic compounds, glycosides, and fixed oil & fats. Forty two rats of uniform age were randomly divided into seven groups comprising six rats in each group and treated as follows: Rheumatic arthritis was induced in rats of group II, III, VI, and VII by sub-planter injection of Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA) (0.1ml, 10% concentration single dose) in left hind paw. Treatment protocols were initiated from day 0 post confirmation of arthritis (after 72 hrs) and continue up to 28 days. Group I served as a control throughout the experimental period. Group II served as rheumatoid arthritis control. Group III was administered diclofenac sodium @ 4mg/kg b.wt three days after administration of FCA. Group IV and group V were administered hydroethanolic leaf extract of Pongamia pinnata (PPHE- 1) @ 100mg/kg b. wt and (PPHE-2) @ 200mg/kg b.wt respectively. Group VI and group VII were administered hydroethanolic leaf extract of Pongamia pinnata (PPHE-1) @ 100mg/kg b. wt and (PPHE-2) @ 200mg/kg b.wt respectively, pre-treated with FCA. Body weight, paw thickness, arthritic score, mobility score, antioxidant, sero-biochemical, hematological, radiographical, and histopathological parameters were studied. The results showed that no clinical sign and mortality were observed throughout the study. The PPHE at the dose of 200mg/kg showed significant (P<0.05) reduction in paw thickness, decrease in arthritic score and increase in mobility score, remarkably ameliorated hematological changes like Hb, PCV, TEC, MCV, MCH, MCHC, ESR & TLC and sero-biochemical changes like AST, ALT, ALP, triglycerides, total protein, albumin, creatinine & BUN. The antioxidant status (SOD, catalase, GSH, and LPO) of PPHE at the dose of 200mg/kg was also found to be better than PPHE @ 100mg/kg. Furthermore, also showed significant effect in radiographic and histopathological analysis. Thus, it can be concluded from the present study that the higher dose of hydroethanolic extracts of Pongamia pinnata @ 200mg/kg has prominent antiarthritic activity.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of protective efficacy of Cichorium intybus leaf powder in Imidacloprid intoxicated WLH cockerels(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-09) Maletha, Deeksha; Singh, S.P.This study was designed to evaluate the protective efficacy of Cichorium intybus leaf powder (CILP) following its administration @ 5000 ppm in feed alone and simultaneously with imidacloprid (IM) @ 100 ppm in feed for 8 weeks in WLH cockerels by determining hematological, biochemical and antioxidant parameters. Hydroethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extract of the leaves of Cichorium intybus was prepared for phytochemical analysis and in vitro evaluation of antioxidant potential. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, reducing sugar, glycosides, proteins, fixed oils and fats, respectively. In vitro antioxidant evaluation by DPPH and ABTS assay showed that the hydroethanolic extract caused maximum inhibition of DPPH and ABTS and exhibited minimum IC50 in comparison to other extracts. For evaluation of protective efficacy of Cichorium intybus leaf powder (CILP) in imidacloprid (IM) intoxicated WLH cockerels, thirty male white leghorn chicks weighing 300-350 gm of 6-8 weeks of age were divided equally and randomly into five groups viz. I, II, III, IV and V. Group I served as control. Other groups were fed medicated ration containing CILP @ 5000 ppm in group II, IM @ 100 ppm in group III, IM @ 100 ppm plus SM @ 100 ppm in group IV and IM @ 100 ppm plus CILP @ 5000 ppm in group V, respectively, for 8 weeks in WLH cockerels. Hematobiochemical parameters were recorded at 4 and 8 weeks intervals and antioxidant parameters after 8 weeks, respectively. A significant (P<0.05) decline in body weight was recorded in imidacloprid treated cockerels in group III as compared to control group I, whereas CILP treatment alone and in combination with imidacloprid in groups II and V showed a significant(P<0.05) increase in body weight. A significant (P<0.05) reduction in Hb, TEC, TLC was observed in imidacloprid treated group III in comparison to control group I and the simultaneous administration of CILP in imidacloprid intoxicated cockerels in group V significantly improved the Hb, TEC and TLC levels. A significant (P<0.05) increase in ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, LDH, CK-MB, total bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, BUN, creatinine, triglycerides, cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and a significant (P<0.05) decline in HDL-cholesterol were observed in cockerels of imidacloprid treated group III. A significant (P<0.05) decline in value of these parameters was observed in simultaneously fed CILP groups V. A significant (P<0.05) reduction in CK-MB, BUN, triglycerides levels and a significant (P<0.05) increase in HDL-cholesterol level were observed in CILP group II as compared to control group I. A significant (P<0.05) decline in total serum protein, albumin, and globulin was seen in imidacloprid treated cockerels of group III as compared to control group I, whereas the simultaneous administration of CILP in imidacloprid intoxicated cockerels in group V showed a significant (P<0.05) improvement in values of these parameters and the values were at par with that of group IV and group I. Moreover, no significant difference was observed in group II as compared to control. A significant (P<0.05) decline in catalase, GSH and SOD and an increase in LPO in RBCs was observed in group III which, however, returned to normalcy following simultaneous administration of CILP in group V after 8 weeks, whereas the administration of CILP alone in group II significantly elevated the catalase, GSH and SOD activity as compared to control group I. A significant increase (P<0.05) in LPO, whereas a significant (P<0.05) decline in catalase and SOD levels in liver, kidney, testes, brain, spleen and heart were observed in group III intoxicated with imidacloprid whereas no significant difference was observed in group I and II, however, the simultaneous administration of CILP in group V modulated these parameters and restored them towards normalcy after 8 weeks in experimental WLH cockerels. It is concluded from this study that the extract of CILP exhibited the antioxidant property. Administration of imidacloprid @ 100 ppm in feed for 8 weeks produced haemotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic effects and oxidative stress, which were ameliorated following simultaneous administration of Cichorium intybus leaf powder (CILP) @ 5000 ppm for 8 weeks in white leghorn cockerels. CILP alone also improved general health following 8 weeks feeding trial in WLH cockerels.ThesisItem Open Access Hemato-biochemical profile and pharmacokinetic study of enrofloxacin in Badri cattle(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-10) Ramanarayanan, Sivaraman; Singh, S.P.The present investigation was carried out to study the hematological and serum biochemical profile of the Badri cow and juxtapose it with that of Sahiwal breed. The comparative hematobiochemical study was followed by an attempt to understand unique characteristics of the Badri cattle relating to drug metabolism through a pharmacokinetic study of enrofloxacin. Six healthy, adult, non-pregnant and non-lactating animals of both Badri and Sahiwal breeds were procured for the hemato-biochemical study. Whereas, the pharmacokinetic study was carried out on the six Badri cattle. The animals were acclimatized to the experimental condition one month prior to the start of study. Ad-libitum access to feed and fresh drinking water was provided to the animals. For the comparative hemato-biochemical study 2ml blood samples from both breeds was collected from the jugular vein. The analysis of hematological parameters was carried out manually whereas for biochemical parameters the method suggested in the diagnostic kits was used for estimation. The results of the study revealed that the Badri cattle showed numerically higher values for hematological parameters such as TEC, TLC, Hb and PCV. Furthermore, Badri cattle also differed from the Sahiwal breed with respect to biochemical parameters such as AST, ALP, GGT, serum protein, lipid and mineral profiles. In serum enzymes, the Badri cattle showed significantly (P<0.05) lower values of AST and higher levels of ALP and GGT compared to Sahiwal cattle. In protein profile Badri cattle showed a mean serum globulin level of 3.71 g.dL-1 which was less than that of Sahiwal. The mean total serum cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride values of Badri cattle were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the Sahiwal breed. The Badri cattle also showed serum calcium and phosphorus values of 8.85 and 6.76 mg.dL-1, respectively which was also significantly (P<0.05) higher than the values reported in Sahiwal cattle. For the pharmacokinetic study commercial enrofloxacin (10 % w/v) preparation was administered at a dose rate of 7.5 mg/kg intravenously as a single dose. The plasma samples were collected at regular intervals and subjected to analysis by HPLC after appropriate processing. The results obtained were analysed using a software tool, “PK Solver” to obtain the pharmacokinetic parameters. From the study it was revealed that the Badri cattle showed distribution half-life of 0.11 h, a volume of distribution of 7.63 L.kg-1, an elimination half-life of 4.27 h and a MRT of 5.93 h for enrofloxacin. Whereas, a C max level of 0.12 μg.ml-1 was observed for ciprofloxacin in the current study. According to the results obtained in the pharmacokinetic study an individualized dosage regimen containing a priming dose of 5 mg/kg and a maintenance dose of 4.5 mg/kg over a period of 24 h was suggested for the enrofloxacin in Badri cattle. The results of our current study when compared with the previously available literature on other cattle breeds suggested that the Badri cattle differed with respect to hemato-biochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. So, the calculated dosage regimen for enrofloxacin is recommended for use in this breed.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of haemato-biochemical profile and anti-osteoporotic potential of Moringa oleifera in rats(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-03) Rawat, Parul; Ahmed, A.H.The present study was carried out to evaluate haemato-biochemical profile and antiosteoporotic potential of Moringa oleifera in combination with prednisolone induced osteopororsis in rats. Osteopororsis was induced in rats by administration of prednisolone @ 1mg/ kg, bwt, I.P, daily for 28 days under aseptic conditions. Rats were divided in 6 groups of six animals each. Group I served as control, group II and group III were administered aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera (MOAE) @ 200mg/kg b. wt and 500mg/kg b.wt repectively. In group IV and V aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera (MOAE) @ 200mg/kg b. wt and 500mg/kg b.wt with prednisolone @ 1mg/kg b wt and in group VI prednisolone was administered @ 1mg/kg b wt. daily for 28 days. The antiosteoporotic potential was measured by determining bone histomorphometry by X-ray radiography of femur of rats. Osteoporotic biomarkers were recorded by determining alkaline phosphatase and serum calcium. Osteoporotic biomarkers such as ALP and calcium were reduced after treatment with prednisolone. Effect on hepatorenal function was assessed by determining effect on AST, creatinine and BUN level in serum. Treatment with MOAE-1 and MOAE-2 with prednisolone treated rats restored the blood urea nitrogen level and creatinine level. There was signinficant (P<0.05) alteration in body weight, femur weight and radiographic examination which indicated the induction of osteoporosis after 28 days in rats.. In groups treated with MOAE-1 and MOAE-2 with prednisolone showed improvement in level of calcium as compared to control after 14th and 28th day of treatment. In prednisolone treated group dislocation of femur head from pelvic girdle and fracture in mid shaft of femur were observed , which conforms osteoporosis in prednisolone treated group. osteoporosis very often manifests as a bone fracture. Femoral fractures are the most feared complication of osteoporosis. Prednisolone altered hematological parameters like Hb, PCV, TLC, TEC and DLC , effect was ameliorated by treatment with aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera @ 200 and 500 mg/kg b.wt for 28 days. Histopathological changes in liver, kidney and spleen were observed in prednisolone treated groups , and groups including prednisolone with MOAE-1 and MOAE-2. Thus, it can be concluded from present study that the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera has antiosteoporortic potential against prednisolone induced osteoporosisThesisItem Open Access Immunopharmacological evaluation of Rhododendron arboreum in rats(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Singh, Vaibhav; Singh, S.P.The present study was carried out to investigate the phytoconstituents, antioxidant and antiinflammatory potential and evaluate immunopharmacological potential of hydroethanolic extract of leaves of Rhododendron arboreum (RAHE) following oral administration @ 100 mg/kg b wt, in against cyclophosphamide @ 100 mg/kg b wt, po at 7th and 14th day, induced toxic effects in 30 days study in rats. The phytochemical analysis of plant extract revealed 9.5 % yield and presence of flavonoids, anthraquinones, tannins, sterols, reducing sugars, resins, and proteins. In vitro study revealed antioxidant potential determined by DPPH, ABTS and nitric oxide synthetase activity. and in vivo antiinflammatory study revealed antiinflammatory potential measured by in vitro inhibition of albumin denaturation, antiproteinase activity and in vivo reduction in paw edema induced by Freund’s adjuvant and formalin in rats. To evaluate immunopharmacological properties, twenty-four 6 months Sprague Dawley rats weighing 150-160 gm, were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each. Group 1 served as control. Group 2 served as therapeutic treatment group and was administered cyclophosphamide @ 100 mg/kg b wt. on 7th and 14th day and RAHE @ 100 mg/kg b wt. from 16th-30th day. Group 3 with cyclophosphamide @ 100 mg/kg b wt. on 7th and 14th day and levamisole @ 50 mg/kg b to 30th b wt, SC. Group 4 served as prophylactic group with cyclophosphamide @ 100 mg/kg b wt. on 7th and 14th day and RAHE @ 100 mg/kg b wt, po, from 1st to 30th days in rats. No abnormal clinical signs and mortality were observed in all the groups throughout the study. Cyclophosphamide caused significant (P<0.05) decrease in Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC, DLC, MCV, MCH and MCHC levels which were ameliorated by RAHE treatment. There was a significant (P<0.05) reduction in the level of total protein, albumin, globulin and A:G ratio in cyclophosphamide treated groups 2 which were ameliorated by oral administration of RAHE in group 4. Significant (P<0.05) increase in the levels of ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, creatinine, triglycerides, cholesterol and bilirubin indicated hepatotoxic effects and BUN and creatinine levels indicated cyclophosphamide induced nephrotoxic effects in group 2 which were ameliorated by treatment with RAHE after 30 days in rats of group 4. A significant (P<0.05) decrease in levels of RBC and tissue GSH, catalase and SOD levels and a significant (P<0.05) increase in LPO levels in cyclophosphamide treated rats of group 2 indicated oxidative stress which was reversed towards normalcy by treatment with RAHE for 30 days in group 4. Cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppression as evident by reduction in HA titre, phagocytic index, neutrophil adhesion test, DTH response and total immunoglobulins in group 2, however, RAHE treated group 4 revealed significant (P<0.05) improvement in these parameters after 30 days indicating immunomodulatory properties of RAHE. On pathological examination, there were no apparent changes in the shape and size and any type of lesions on the visceral organs such as liver, spleen, heart, kidney, lungs and intestine. On histopathological examination, central vein congestion, dilatation of sinusoidal space, degeneration and necrosis of hepatocyte in liver, hemosiderosis and hyperplasia of the white pulp in spleen, intertubular hemorrhage, mononuclear cell infiltration and necrosis of the tubular epithelium in kidneys, emphysema and thickening of the interstitium with congestion in lungs were evident in group 2, however, these changes were either of mild degree or were absent in RAHE treated rats of group 4. It is concluded from the study that RAHE @ 100 mg/kg b wt, orally for 30 days revealed ameliorative effect against cyclophosphamide @ 100 mg/kg b wt, po at 7th and 14th day induced haemotoxic, hepatpotoxic, nephrotoxic, oxidative stress and immunosuppressive effects in 30 day study in rats. Ameliorative effects of RAHE was more potent by prophylactic than therapeutic treatment.