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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on ameliorative efficacy of Ocimum tenuiflorum and Zanthoxylum armatum in gentamicin induced acute renal toxicity rat model(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-08) Thakur, Neeraj; Shukla, S.K.Acute kidney injury is a wide-ranging term that refers to a variety of conditions. In this study, experimental rat model was used to evaluate the in vivo therapeutic efficacies of hydroethanolic extracts of Ocimum tenuiflorum and Zanthoxylum armatum. The present study was carried out for 8 days, and was divided into 6 groups viz. group I: healthy control, group II: disease control (Gentamicin (GM) @ 100 mg/Kg BW Intraperitoneally (IP)), group III: standard treatment (GM @ 100 mg/Kg BW IP + Cystone syrup @ 5 mL/Kg BW PO), group IV: O. tenuiflorum extract EC50 (GM @ 100 mg/Kg BW IP + O. tenuiflorum extract @ 400 mg/Kg BW PO), group V: Z. armatum extract EC50 (GM @ 100 mg/Kg BW IP + Z. armatum extract @ 400 mg/Kg BW PO) and group VI: vitamin D (GM @ 100 mg/Kg BW IP + vitamin D @ 0.4 μg/kg/day SC). On day 4 and 8, urine volume, urine creatinine, urine urea nitrogen and potassium levels were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in group II than healthy control, whereas in group III, IV, V and VI, these levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than group II. In group II, urine total protein, albumin and sodium levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than group I, while group III, IV, V and VI were having significantly (P < 0.05) lower levels than group II. Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and potassium levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in group II, III, IV, V and VI as compared to group I, while in group III, IV, V and VI these levels were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than group II. Lipid peroxide (LPO) levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher, and reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in group II as compared to group I. GSH, SOD and CAT levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher, and LPO levels were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in group III, IV, V and VI as compared to group II. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α) levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher, and interleukin 10 (IL 10) levels were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in group II, while in treatment groups, TNF α levels were significantly (P < 0.05) lower, and IL 10 levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher as compared to group II. Cystatin C, kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM 1) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in group II as compared to group I, whereas in group III, IV, V and VI, these levels were significantly (P < 0.05) lower as compared to group II. Gross and histopathological examination of kidney and other vital organs also revealed reduction in severity of damage in groups treated with O. tenuiflorum and Z. armatum plant extracts. Urinary cystatin C, KIM 1 and GGT as well as serum cystatin C and KIM 1 can be employed for detection of early kidney injury. The present study findings revealed the nephroprotective efficacy of O. Tenuiflorum and Z. armatum plant extracts, but further detailed studies are warranted to find the constituents responsible for such activity.ThesisItem Open Access Clinico hematobiochemical studies and comparative therapeutic evaluation of Ageratum conyzoides and Andrographis paniculata in poultry Coccidiosis with special reference to economic impact assessment(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-02) Singh, Anand Kumar; Bhatt, PrakashThe present investigation was undertaken to study the prevalence of coccidiosis in commercial broiler and layer farms of Uttarakhand, India from July 2019 to December 2020 along with the economic losses assessment due to coccidiosis. Anticoccidial activity of some herbal extracts along with the economic assessment was evaluated at commercial poultry farm where coccidiosis was observed on the basis of faecal examination and clinical signs. The identification of the coccidian parasite was confirmed by gross lesion site, oocyst morphology and sporulation time of oocyst. Clinical signs included bloody droppings, ruffled feather, anemia, intestinal hemorrhages. The efficacy of herbal drugs was compared with amprolium. The economic loss was assessed with help of various parameters viz., chemoprophylaxis cost, chemotherapeutic cost, mortality loss, reduced body weight gain, increased FCR, etc. The prevalence of disease was recorded to be 22.50% and in above 03 week age group (100%). The physiochemical and phytochemical analysis of crude Ageratum conyzoides, crude Andrographis paniulata and ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniulata revealed that these plants were rich in crude protein, crude fiber, NFE, organic matter, minerals, alkaloids, sterols, glycosides, phenols, protein, tannins, flavanoid, terpenoids, etc. The HPLC analysis of crude and ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata showed presence of several biological active compounds. In vivo anticoccidial activity of crude and ethanolic extracts of these plants was assessed either alone or in combination and compared the activity with the standard anticoccidial drugs amprolium. 100 broiler chicks were taken and randomly divided in 5 groups of 20 birds each. The efficacy of these extracts was evaluated on the basis of parasitological, haematological, and biochemical studies. It was concluded from the study that ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata, herb complex (1:1) and crude Andrographis paniculata revealed better anticoccidial activity against mixed Eimeria infection in broiler which was comparable with amprolium. Total economic losses were Rs. 1407.12, 1146.26, 992.45 and 2406.99 in herbal treated groups treated with crude extract of Ageratum conyzoides, Andrographis paniculata, combination of Ageratum conyzoides and Andrographis paniculata and ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata as compared to amprolium treated group in which the loss was Rs. 1597.44.ThesisItem Open Access Prevalence, oxidative stress and phyto-therapeutic management of subclinical mastitis with special reference to Staphylococcus aureus in buffaloes(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-12) Tyagi, Arpit; Rajora, V.S.The present study was undertaken to investigate the epidemiology and to determine level of oxidative stress in dairy buffaloes suffering from subclinical mastitis with emphasis on Staphylococcus aureus infection, followed by evaluation of herbal antimicrobial therapy and to compare it with standard antimicrobial therapy based upon antimicrobial sensitivity testing. The overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis recorded in and around Pantnagar was 19.48%. The highest occurrence of subclinical mastitis was observed in high producing 4th to 6th parity buffaloes in their early stage of lactation with more predispositions towards hind-quarters. Staphylococci followed by Streptococci were found to be a major etiological agent. The overall antibiogram of the major bacterial isolates revealed the highest sensitivity to enrofloxacin. PCR assay targeting DNA sequence encoding for 23S rRNA of Staphylococcus aureus was found highly sensitive in rapid identification of S. aureus directly from milk samples as compared to milk culture. There was significant increase in levels of LPO, SOD, CAT, LDH and ALP while significant reduction in GSH was observed in buffaloes with SCM. No significant difference was observed in BUN concentration in buffaloes with SCM which suggests that there was prolonged infection by gram positive bacteria. Micromineral estimation revealed higher serum zinc and iron levels and non-significant increase in serum copper level in buffaloes with subclinical mastitis than that of healthy control. Therapeutic trial revealed the highest efficacy of intramammary infusion of enrofloxacin, followed by Trisama extracts in management of subclinical mastitis in buffaloes which needs further validation through large scale clinical trials.ThesisItem Open Access Clinico-pathological and metabolic profile studies on Uttarakhand goats along with assessment of chemoprophylactic and immunomodulatory efficacy of ammonium chloride and Withania somnifera during peripartum period(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-06) Singh, Alok; Singh, J.L.In the present investigation a total of 967 goats had been registered for the study of prevalence rate along with dissemination pattern of common metabolic diseases among the goats of Hilly and Tarai regions of uttarakhand. The findings of this retrospective study revealed that during pre-parturient stage in hilly and Tarai goat’s maximum percentage was capped by hypoglycemic case while during post-parturient stage in hilly and Tarai goat’s maximum percentage was capped by hypocalcemic and hypoglycemic cases. Moreover study also revealed that as the age and parity of the goats increases, the chances of the dissemination of metabolic diseases also increases. In the continuation of this we had made separately 4 groups and each group contains 09 apparently healthy periparturient goats out of which group 1 goats were supplemented with ammonium chloride @ 0.2 g/kg BW/day/doe, OD group 2 goats were supplemented with Ashwagandha root powder @ 200 mg/kg BW/day/doe, OD and group 3 goats were supplemented with (ammonium chloride @ 0.2 g/kg BW/day/doe, OD + Ashwagandha root powder @200 mg/kg BW/day/doe, OD) for the entire periparturient period, however group 4 goats were assumed as healthy control group. Hemoglobin concentration clearly indicated that there was gradually decline in the concentration with advancement of gestational stage and the mean hemoglobin concentration was somewhat higher among group 2 goats. The serum calcium level was significantly higher in group 1 goats while lowest was reported among group 2 & 4 goats. Beside this the serum concentration of copper revealed increasing trend during pre and post kidding stages and the serum iron concentration exhibited lower values among the periparturient goats that were approaching towards the kidding. The concentration of the total serum protein was found elevated among group 2 goats and low serum cholesterol values were also recorded among group 2 goats in comparison to rest of the groups studied. The result of intra as well as inter group comparisons of goats revealed lower serum triglyceride concentration during terminal days of pregnancy as well as during lactogenesis phase. Quantification of antioxidative status was performed by evaluating MDA, GSH, SOD and OSF. Concentration of APPs namely Hp and SAA were increased significantly around the parturition/kidding period. Moreover the result of circulatory cytokine IFN-γ revealed high concentration in group 2 goats which in turn signified minimal snip in immune status among the said group of goats and also the level of cytokine IL-10 revealed significant low concentration in group 2 goats. The result of energy biomarkers revealed that among group 2 and 3 goats lower value of BHBA concentration was recorded, however group 4 goats revealed significantly higher concentration of NEFA value, moreover NEFA concentration exhibited increasing trend among the goats that’s were approaching towards the kidding. Thus we conclude that prepartum supplementation with immuno modulator and ammonium chloride could be one of the best strategies to suppress periparturient induced corporal alterations and production ailments in goats.ThesisItem Open Access Exploring acute pancreatitis vis-à-vis experimental L-arginine induced acute pancreatitis and its amelioration by Phyllanthus emblica and Morus alba(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-09) Radhika; Mahesh KumarThe present study was conducted to evaluate ameliorating effect of fruits of Phyllanthus emblica and leaves of Morus alba on L-arginine induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Hydromethanolic extracts of M. alba leaves and P. emblica fruits were prepared and quantitative phytochemical analysis of these extracts was done. Total phenolic, total flavonoid and total flavonol content in P. emblica extract were110.92 ± 2.55 mg GAE/g, 23.36 ± 1.11 mg QE/g and 20.61 ± 1.06 mg QE/g, respectively. However,total phenolic, total flavonoid and total flavonol contents in M. alba extract were 31.26 ± 1.68 mg GAE/g, 11.45 ± 0.76 mg QE/g and 9.45 ± 1.25 mg QE/g, respectively. High performance liquid chromatography revealed presence of gallic acid (18 μg/g), quercetin (260 μg/g), rutin (35.8 μg/g) and trans-ferulic acid (14.8 μg/g) in P. emblica extract and gallic acid (12.4 μg/g), rutin (10 μg/g) and trans-ferulic acid (6.8 μg/g) in M. alba extract. In vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity of plant extracts was done using DPPH assay and total antioxidant assay. In vitro evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of plant extracts was done by inhibition of protein denaturation and proteinase inhibitory action assays. IC50 values of extracts of P. emblica fruits and M. alba leaves were 221.21 and 361.38 μg/ml, respectively on basis of inhibition of protein denaturation assay. Whereas, IC50 values of extracts of P. emblica fruits and M. alba leaves were 292.9 and 382.77 μg/ml, respectively on basis of proteinase inhibitory action. Acute pancreatitis was induced in rats by administration of L-arginine @ 2 g/kg i.p. at 1 h interval. Prepared extracts of P. emblica and M. alba were given @ 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, respectively p.o. daily to rats in two separate groups. Haematolgy, serum biomarkers of pancreas, kidney and heart, oxidative stress in erythrocytes and pancreas, lungs, kidney and heart, histopatholgical examination were used to access therapeutic efficacy. L-arginine administrationproduced acute necrotizing pancreatitis in rats which was associated with production of inflammatory mediators (IL-6 and TNFα) and production of marked oxidative stress not only in pancreas, but also in other organs viz. lungs, kidney and heart. Histopathologic examination showed that L-arginine administration produced acute necrotizing pancreatitis in rats with early signs of congestion, haemorrhage and vacuolationupto6hr followed by necrosis prominent at 24 hours and reaching its peak at 3 days interval. Apart from pancreatitis, pronounced effects on heart (myocardititis, hydropic degeneration, cardiac fiber degeneration), kidneys (haemorrhage, congestion, inflammation and tubular degeneration) and lungs (congestion, haemorrhage and thickening of interstitial septum, increased cellular counts in BALF) were also noticed. Treatment with P. emblica and M. alba extracts elucidated a protective effect by abolition of edema and fibrosis, as well by bringing haematological, biochemical and antioxidant indices to almost normal levels. These results were almost comparable with melatonin given as standard preventive therapy in acute pancreatitis. Thus, it can be concluded from results of the present study that P. emblica and M. alba extracts are effective in ameliorating acute necrotizing pancreatitis induced by L-arginine in rats.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on experimental pancreatitis in rat model with special reference to diagnosis and alternative therapy(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-07) Singh, Jitendra Pratap; Mahesh KumarThe present experiment was conducted to evaluate the ameliorating effect of rhizome of Curcuma longa and Moringa oleifera leaves on the acute pancreatitis induced by cerulean in SD rats. Rhizome of C. longa was purchased from the VRC, Pantnagar and leaves of M. oleifera collected from surrounding local area of Pantnager, processed by standard methods to prepare hydro-methanolic extract of powder of rhizome and leaves. Rhizome of C. longa yielded 10.74% extract while leaves of M. oleifera 15.16%. The result of the quantitative phyto-chemical analysis of extract of both plants revealed presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolic compounds, tannins, glycosides, reducing sugar, proteins and sterols. In proximate analysis, there was presence of 90.38% dry mater, 9.62% moisture content, 7.18% ash, 66.37% carbohydrate, 6.64% crude protein, 4.45% fat and 5.74% crude fiber in C. longa and 91.20% dry matter, 8.80% moisture content, 8.37% ash, 45.46% carbohydrate, 22.27% crude protein, 3.76% fat and 11.34% crude fiber in M. oleifera. Mineral estimation revealed presence of high levels of Ca, Mg, K, Cu, Fe and Zn in both powder and extracts. Acute pancreatitis was induced by using cerulein intraperitonealy @ 50 μg/kg b wt at hourly interval for 7 h in SD rats. Therapeutic effect of C. longa and M. oleifera was evaluated in acute pancreatitis by using @ 500 mg/kg b wt and 400 mg/kg b wt, respectively, in two separate groups in comparison of standard treatment protocol, normal control and cerulein control. The parameters evaluated included clinical observation, faecal changes, haematological, pancreatic enzymes, liver enzymes, kidney function tests, cardiac function, oxidative stress related parameters and serum calcium levels. Pancreatic and heart tissues were collected for the histopathology and scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed that hydro-methanolic extract of C. longa and M. oleifera were found effective in treatment of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rat model by bringing the haematological, biochemical parameters to almost normal levels. The alteration at histopathological levels was also reduced markedly in treatment groups than cerulein control group. Thus, it can be concluded from the present study that hydro-methanolic extract of C. longa and M. oleifera are able to manage the cases of acute pancreatitis.ThesisItem Open Access Prevalence, clinico-pathology and therapeutic studies of Coccidiosis in broiler birds with special reference to herbal therapy(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-08) Sudhanshu Shekhar; Shukla, S.K.The present work was conducted to study the prevalence of coccidiosis in commercial broiler and layer farms located in the district Udham Singh Nagar of Uttarakhand, India from January 2015 to December 2015. Anticoccidial activity of some herbal extracts was evaluated in experimentally induced coccidiosis in broilers and their efficacy compared with amprolium. The prevalence of disease was higher in broiler farms (59.09%) of small flock strength (76.92%) in 3-6 week age group (92.30%). Prevalence was also high in monsoon season (55.0%). ITS-1 based nested PCR identified six Eimeria species, i.e. E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. mitis, E. acervulina, E. praecox and E. brunette, and overall prevalence of these species were 95, 65, 45, 45, 35 and 20%, respectively. The physiochemical and phytochemical analysis of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Musa paradisiaca, Ageratum conyzoides and Melia azedarach revealed that these plant were rich in crude protein, crude fiber, NFE, organic matter, minerals, alkaloids, sterols, glycosides, phenols, protein, tannins, flavanoid, terpenoids, etc. The total phenol and total flavanoid, antioxidant activity were higher and IC50 value was lower in methanolic extract as compared to aqueous extract residues of these plant. The GC-MS analysis of crude methanolic extract of these plants showed presence of several biological active compounds. Preliminary acute toxicity study of methanolic and aqueous extracts of these plant showed that all the extract residues were safe and did not produce any toxic effect even at higher dose (5000 mg/kg b.wt.) in broilers. In vivo anticoccidial activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts of these plants was assessed either alone or in combination and compared the activity with the standard anticoccidial drugs amprolium. For the purpose, 300 day old broiler chicks were randomly divided in 20 groups of 15 birds each. The efficacy of these extracts was evaluated on the basis of parasitological, haematological, biochemical, immunological, serum mineral level, oxidative stress and histopatholgical studies. It was concluded from the study that methanolic extract of triherb complex (1:1:1) and methanolic extract of A. conyzoides @ 1000 mg/kg b.wt. for 7 day revealed better anticoccidial activity against E. tenella infection in broiler which was comparable with amprolium.ThesisItem Open Access Clinico-biochemical organ functional diagnostic and therapeutic studies of endemic goitre in goats(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), 2001) Singh, Jawahar Lal; Sharma, M.C.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on prevalence, immunodiagnosis and herbal therapy of Bovine fasciolosis(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), 2000) Upadhyay, A.K.; Pachauri, S.P.
