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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on therapeutic efficacy of various immunomodulators on endometritis in repeat breeding crossbred cows(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-12) Singh, Bhoopendra; Gupta, H.P.ThesisItem Open Access Incidence, etiology, treatment and recovery of dystocia in bovines(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Rana, Devendra Singh; Gupta, H.P.The present study was designed to study the incidence of dystocia in various reproductive disorders present in bovines in Tarai region of Udham Singh Nagar and Nainital districts of Uttarakhand. , which indicated 14.62 % incidence of the dystocia in the study area. Also to study the physiological, hematological and biochemical changes occurred in dystocia cases of cows and buffaloes immediately before and after the correction through various methods like caesarean operation, traction, fetotomy, rolling plus traction, rolling plus hormonal and hormonal. In cattle, the maximum of incidence of dystocia was recorded in winter season followed by summer and rainy season. However, in buffaloes, the maximum incidence of dystocia was recorded during rainy season followed by summer and winter season. In present study, total 37 cases of dystocia were recorded. Out of these, 7 cases were corrected through caesarean section, 5 cases corrected through fetotomy, 5 cases corrected through traction, 10 cases corrected through rolling plus traction, 5 cases corrected through rolling plus hormonal and 5 cases corrected through hormonal method. By applying these techniques in dystocia affected animals, 25(67.57%) males and 12 females (32.43%) calves were delivered. Out of which, 13(35.13%) live and 24 (64.86%) dead calves were found. In dystocia, physiological, hematological and biochemical parameters variations were recorded before and after the correction of dystocia in animals. The physiological status of the animal assessed through rectal temperature, heart rate, pulse rate and respiration rate. The hematological and biochemical parameters analyzed in our study were TEC, TLC, Hemoglobin, PCV, lymphocyte, neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil total protein, calcium, phosphorus, glucose, cholesterol, cortisol, BUN, ALT, AST, and creatinine. The cortisol was significantly higher during before and after the correction in all the groups. Glucose was significantly higher during before and after the correction of dystocia with rolling plus traction, rolling plus hormonal and hormonal methods. ALT and AST was significantly higher in traction and rolling plus hormonal methods of correction. The value of creatinine significantly lower before the correction of dystocia.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on improving conception following embryo transfer in cattle(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Maithani, Mayank; Shiv PrasadThe present study was designed to study the effect of tolfenamic acid on hormonal (Progesterone, PGFM), biochemical profile and conception rate in crossbred embryo recipient following embryo transfer from Sahiwal cows. Crossbred cows were selected and divided into three groups, control, T1 (tolfenamic acid @4mg/kg b.wt, I.M 1 hr before transfer) and T2 (tolfenamic acid @4mg/kg b.wt, I.M 1 hr before transfer and during 15, 16 days of estrous cycle). Blood samples were collected on 7,15,16,17 and 32nd days of estrous cycle. The serum was separated and stored at -20 degree celcius in refrigerator till analysis of hormones and biochemical parameters. The superovulatory response was better as number of C.L, Total embryo (TE), Blastocyst (Bl), Morula (M) and 8-16 cell and degenerated embryo per superovulatory treatment (ST) were 15.11±0.96, 4.25±0.98, 4±0.94, 1, 1 and 1 respectively. However the embryo recovery rate was 25%. The mean values of serum protein, glucose and cholesterol did not differ significantly between different groups .However, the mean value of serum urea and creatinine increases significantly in T2 compared with T1 and control. The mean value of serum PGFM decreased significantly in T2 group during all days of sample collection and progesterone concentration increased in T2 group.In present study total 3 pregnancy were achieved ,one in each group with overall conception rate of 16.6%. On the basis of our results, it can be concluded that tolfenamic acid is effective in reducing PGFM and increasing progesterone concentration during luteal phase of estrous cycle, thus it may be beneficial in improving conception rate following embryo transfer as evident by PGFM and progesterone. However, no significant alterations could be recorded in biochemical parameters following tolfenamic acid administration. More numbers of conceptions are required to finally validate the findings and to recommend for future application.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of bubaline epididymal spermatozoa stored at 5°c in-situ and their storage resistance in modified citrate dilutors(2017-08) Rana, Ramkrishan; Gupta, H.P.The present study was undertaken to determine the testicular biometry of slaughtered buffalo bull testis and its correlation with sperm production, to find out the improvement in keeping quality of epididymal spermatozoa in egg yolk citrate diluter modified with alanine, cysteine and glutamine and to evaluate the effect of amino acid on structural aspect and storage resistance of spermatozoa through initial motility, live count, percent abnormality and HOS reacted spermatozoa. The 48 testicles from slaughtered buffalo bulls were collected from slaughter house, and divided into 4 groups each containing 12 testicles; G1 (semen collection at 0 hours of testicle storage), G2 (semen collection at 24 hours of testicle storage), G3 (semen collection at 48 hours of testicle storage) and G4 (semen collection at 72 hours of testicle storage). The testicles were processed on the same day and evaluated for morphological traits and seminal characteristics. The epididymal semen was collected from refrigeration storage (5ºC) of testicles at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours and further percent initial motility, livability, abnormality and HOS positive spermatozoa was evaluated . The biometric testicular parameters (testicular length with epididymis and without epididymis, circumference, diameter, weight, volume, caput length, width and weight, corpus length, width and weight, cauda length, width and weight) were measured and significant (P<0.05) difference between left and right testis was observed The significant (P<0.05) variation in seminal attribute was observed among testicles as well as among the groups. The post thaw semen quality was assessed 24, 48 and 72 hour after refrigeration of epididymal semen. A significant improvement in post thaw seminal characteristics and HOS reactive sperm was observed among the treatments. Incorporation of glutamine @ dose of 25 mM and cysteine @ 5 mM in diluter resulted in maximum increase in post thaw % motility, live sperm, post thaw HOS positive sperm as compared to alanine and control group. Glutamine and cysteine, promising semen additive which can be used further to improve the quality of refrigerated thawed semen. The data was processed using statistical analysis programme.ThesisItem Open Access Study on flunixin meglumine to improve conception following embryo transfer in cattle(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Malik, Ankit; Shiv PrasadThe present study was designed to study the effect of flunixin meglumine during embryo transfer and at the time of MRP on PGFM, progestrone and biochemical profile in embryo recipient cows. Crossbred donor cow (n=5) treated with 240 mg of FolltropinV/animal, as a total dose and given at 12 hours interval in 8 divided doses in decreasing order i.e. 45:45, 35:35, 25:25, 15:15 mg, morning and evening, by IM route , each cow was superovulated twice. Further, crossbred cows (n=18) were selected and divided into three groups; control, Control (n=6) : NSS was given, T-I (n=6) : flunixin meglumine @ dose rate of 1.1 mg/kg was given half hour before transfer, T-II (n=6) : flunixin meglumine @ dose rate of 1.1 mg/kg was given half hour before transfer and on 16th and 17th day of standing estrus. Blood sample collection was done; Before transfer i.e. on 7½ day of estrus without any treatment then half hour after treatment. After transfer, at 15 minute, 50 minute and 150 minute blood collection was done. On 16th, 17th and 18th day of estrus blood was collected after every 6 hour interval and then on 32th day of standing estrus for protein, glucose, cholesterol, creatinine and urea. For PGFM on day of transfer blood sample collection was same as above but on day 16,17and 18 of estrus cycle blood sampling was done after every 12 hour and for progestrone estimation blood samples were taken before treatment/transfer, 150 min after transfer/treatment then on 16th , 17th , 18th , and 32nd day of estrus. The overall superovulatory response, mean ovulation, total embryo/ova recovered and average transferable embryos recovered were 90%, 9.6±1.84, 6.3±1.84 and 60.41% respectively. There was no significance difference (p>0.05) in protein, glucose, cholesterol and creatinine serum level but there was slight decrease in protein level while creatinine level increased in treated group. Serum urea concentration differ significantly (p<0.05) between the groups after treatment. The PGFM level and progesterone level also differ non significantly (p>0.05) between the groups but after treatment there was marked decrease in PGFM level and simultaneously progestrone concentration increased. One animal aborted at 76 days and two became pregnant. On the basis of above findings, it may be concluded that administration of flunixin meglumine during luteal of estrous cycle may be beneficial in improving conception following embryo transfer in crossbred cattle as evident by decreased level of PGFM and increased level of progestrone during critical days of maternal recognition of pregnancy.ThesisItem Open Access X-sperm enrichment of bovine semen by percoll density gradient method and its effect on fertility of semen, sex ratio and conception rate(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Bhat, Mohd Yaqoob; Sharma, MridulaThe present research work was conducted to investigate the effect of percoll density gradient method of X-sperm semen enrichment on fertility of semen, conception rate and sex ratio. Semen samples collected by artificial vagina method from two cross-bred bovine bulls with mass motility of ˃ +3 and progressive motility ˃ 70% were considered for the study. Fresh semen was centrifuged twice in percoll density gradient medium composed of 90%, 70% and 50% percoll gradients with dense layer at bottom and lighter layer at top at 500xg for 15 minutes at 22-24ºC. X-spermatozoa enriched semen pellet after 2nd centrifugation was diluted in EYC dilutor and used for AI within 48 hours of semen collection. The effect of percoll density gradient on semen quality (fertility) was revealed by evaluating various seminal parameters like volume, pH, motility, viability, concentration, metabolic activity (MBRT), membrane integrity (HOST) and acrosomal integrity at three stages; before centrifugation (stage I), after 1st centrifugation (stage II) and after 2nd centrifugation (stage III) respectively. The pregnancy rate was detected at 45-60 days post AI. The sex of fetus was detected at 60-80 days post AI by locating the position of genital tubercle with the help of ultrasonography. There was non-significant (P ˃ 0.05) change observed in pH and mass motility of semen at all three stages. The volume, progressive motility, concentration and HOST reactive sperms significantly decreased at stage ІІ and stage І ІІ compared to stage І with no significant difference between stage ІІ and stage ІІ І . The percent live sperms were significantly (P<0.05) higher at stage І compared to stage ІІ and stage І ІІ . There was also significant decrease (P<0.05) in percent live sperms at stage ІІІ compared to stage ІІ . The time taken to reduce methylene blue at stage ІІ І and stage ІІ was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to stage І . There was non-significant effect on percent of spermatozoa with intact acrosomal membrane and fully damaged acrosomal membrane at all three stages however, partially damaged acrosomal membrane sperms were significantly (P<0.05) decreased at Stage ІІ and Stage ІІІ compared to Stage І with non-significant difference found between stage І І and stage І І І . The conception rate significantly (P<0.05) decreased with X-enriched semen compared to non-sexed liquid semen. However, it was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to the conception rate with sexed semen from flow cytometry. The female sex ratio of calves significantly (P<0.05) increased to 66.66% with X- sperm enriched semen compared to the male percentage of 33.33% with sexed semen and female percentage of 46.15% with non-sexed semen. In conclusion, centrifugation of fresh bovine semen twice in percoll density gradient medium did not affect the sperm quality much but, resulted in decrease in conception rate as compared to nonsexed semen and deviation of 66.66% sex ratio towards female calves.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on clinico-pathological and therapeutic management of indigestion in buffaloes(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-07) Tyagi, Arpit; Rajora, V.S.ThesisItem Open Access Follicular development, superovulation and embryo recovery following insulin and insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I) treatment during mid Luteal phase of Estrous cycle in embryo donor and hormonal profile in recipient cattle(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-02) Sheetal, Shailendra Kishore; Prasad, ShivThe present study was designed to study the effect of insulin and insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I) administration during mid luteal phase of estrous cylce on follicular development, superovulation, embryo recovery and alteration in hormonal and biochemical profiles in embryo donor cows. Sahiwal cows (n=18) were selected and divided into 3 groups; control, T-I (Insulin @ 0.25 IU/kg b. wt. S/C on 5, 6, 7 and 8 days of estous cycle ) and T-II (IGF-I @ 10 μg total dose per day S/C on 5, 6, 7 and 8 days of estous cycle). Blood samples were collected on day 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19 and 21st or day of embryo recovery (DER). Further, crossbred embryo recipient cows (n=30) were selected and divided into 3 groups; control, T-I (Insulin @ 0.25 IU/kg b. wt. S/C on 0, 1, 2 and 3 days of EC) and T-II (Insulin (@ 0.25 IU/kg b. wt. S/C on 4, 5, 6 and 7 days of EC). Blood samples were collected on 5, 7, 14, 21st days of estrous cycle. The serum was separated and stored at -20°c in refrigerator till analysis of hormonal and biochemical profiles. The mean diameters (mm) of largest follicles and second largest follicles in control, T-I and T-II groups differed non-significantly (P>0.05) between groups on 9, 11 and 13th day of superovulatory treatments, respectively. The ovulation rate, total number of embryos/ova recovered, transferable embryos, degenerated embryos, unfertilized ova did not differ significantly (P>0.05) between the groups. However, the higher embryo recovery rate of 38.46% was recorded in T-I group, than in T-II (35.71%) and lowest in control (31.76%) group. The overall embryo recovery rate of all groups was 35.38%. The mean concentration of progesterone on day 7, 11, insulin on day 7, 9, IGF-I on day 5, 7, 9, 11, 15 and creatinine on day 5, 7, 9, were significantly higher in T-I group as compared to untreated control. However, glucose, cholesterol, total protein and urea did not differ. In recipients, the progesterone level increased significantly (P<0.05) on days 7 and 14 in T-II group, while glucose and urea decreased. The serum insulin, IGF-I, total protein, cholesterol and creatinine differed non-significantly. On the basis of above findings, it may be concluded that administration of insulin during mid luteal phase of estrous cycle may yield better follicular development, superovulatory response, and embryonic development and might be helpful for conception in embryo recipients as compared to untreated control.
