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ThesisItem Open Access Early detection and management of white rust disease (Albugo candida) in rapeseed mustard(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Gairola, Kalpana; Tewari, A.K.Among various diseases reported to occur on rapeseed mustard, white rust caused by Albugo candida is considered as one of the most important disease due to its destructive nature, wide distribution and grain yield losses of 17-34 per cent. The present investigation was carried out with the objectives of: early detection of A. candida, the cause of white rust disease; evaluation of rapeseed-mustard genotypes in field and in glasshouse (at cotyledonary and true leaf stage) and evaluation of some new fungicides for the effective management of the disease. The early detection of A. candida was done by PCR-based assay and light microscopy. In PCR based assay the primers ITS1 (3’-GAGGGACTTTTGGGTAATCA-5’) and Short ITS JV34 (3’- CGCCATTTAGAGGAAGGTGA-5’) and JV37 (3’-GTCAAGCAAAACAT-5’) were used to amplify the ITS region of A. candida and Alternaria brassicae. PCR amplification of A. candida from inoculated symptomatic and asymptomatic leaves yielded PCR products of 1200 bp and 600 bp of ITS1 and Short ITS primers, respectively whereas no bands were amplified in A.brassicae. This confirmed the presence of A. candida in asymptomatic inoculated leaves at early stage i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 DAI. In light microscopy the presence of pathogen structures were observed from inoculated symptomatic and asymptomatic inoculated leaves. This presence of pathogen structure viz. mycelium and sporangia was observed in asymptomatic leaves at early stage at 6,7,8 and 9 days after inoculation and from symptomatic leaves at 10 and 11 days after inoculation where as no fungal structure in healthy mustard leaves after staining with 1 percent cotton blue in lacto phenol and 0.4% trypan blue. A large number of rapeseed-mustard materials collected from different sources evaluated in field and in glasshouse (at cotyledonary and true leaf stage) revealed that for the confirmation of resistant sources against white rust disease it is very essential to evaluate Brassica materials first in field and then in glasshouse at both the stages i.e. at cotyledonary and true leaf stage under high disease pressure because some Brassica materials escaped from the disease in field but found susceptible in glasshouse at both the stages (EC-399299) or only at true leaf stage ( Katili local, E. sativus, Basanti and Banarasi rai, PWR-14-8, PWR-14-9, PWR-14-10, PWR-14-11, RMT-1-10-1, IC 597942 and IC265495). Among various fungicides Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% (Ridomil MZ @ 0.25%) and a biological origin Azoxystrobin (Amistar 25 EC @ 0.1%) were found highly effective in inhibiting sporangial germination in-vitro and were found highly effective in controlling white rust disease (no occurrence of disease) in glasshouse and field in increasing grain yield and test weight followed by Propiconazole, Tebuconazole+Trifloxystrobin, Trifloxystrobin, Kresosim methyl (each at 0.1%). Garlic bulb extracts (2%) was also found effective in managing the disease even better than some old recommended fungicidesThesisItem Open Access Rhizoctonia aerial blight of soybean: Recent techniques of management(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-06) Bisht, Ritu; Dubey, K.S.Soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) is one of the most important crop in the world today by the virtue of its richness in balanced protein and oil content. Diseases caused by various pathogens are indeed a worldwide important problem in soybean production . Among biotic diseases, Aerial Blight/ web Blight of soybean caused by a fungus i.e. Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (Teleomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank)(donk) is a serious problem in soybean and considered to be menacing and causes heavy losses in yield particularly in warm and humid part of the country. The pathogen is seed-borne,soil-borne as well as wind-borne in nature and it has very wide host range as well as lack of resistance in soybean germplasm to aerial blight has further aggravated the problem, therefore, its management is always challenging.The present investigations were done to study the recent techniques to be used for managing Rhizoctonia aerial blight of soybean. Five strains of Trichoderma harzianum and three strains of Pseudomonas sp. were screened for their antagonistic effect against R.solani.Among fungal antagonists 89-N and LTh-14 showed strongest antagonistic effect against the test fungus,while Th-69 was least effective in parasitizing the test fungus.In case of bacterial antagonists PS F11 was found most effective and potential bio-agent strain in dual culture technique. Among ten organic matter amended soil extracts screened, Pressmud amended soil was found very effective in inhibiting the growth of the test fungus. Out of ten organic matter amended soils and inoculated with R.solani,pressmud increased the seed germination and decreased the seed rot, seedling rot and disease severity.Orange peel showed highest vigour index while maximum nodulation was obtained in green pea manure.The effect of wheat straw was similar to the check. Among the thirteen herbal extracts evaluated against R.solani,bel was found most effective at both the concentrations i.e. 10 % and 20 % while, morpankhi and ginger were found least effective in inhibiting the growth of R.solani.Among seven animal by-products tested cow-urine (old) was found most effective in inhibiting growth of the test fungus while, cow-milk was found least effective. Out of ten essential oils screened, lemon grass,lemon tulsi and peppermint showed 100 % inhibition of mycelial growth of R.solani while, khus and patchouli oil were found least effective. All the essentials oils were also tested at higher concentrations i.e. 500 ppm , 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm , 2000 ppm and 2500 ppm and showed 100 % growth inhibition of the test fungus except khus and patchouli oil. Among the five mineral oils evaluated against the test pathogen ,petrol exhibited maximum growth inhibition of R.solani. Liquid paraffin was found least effective against the test fungus. Tebuconazole and Thiophanate-methyl showed 100 % mycelial growth inhibition at all the concentration i.e. 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm and were most effective against R.solani . Thiram was found least effective against the test fungus.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the responses of exotic and indigenous germplasm of Indian-Mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.) against major diseases and yield potential(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-06) Joshi, Pooja; Awasthi, R.P.The Oilseed Brassica is the second largest oilseed crop after groundnut in terms of area and production in India. These crops have been known to be attacked by a variety of pathogens culminating in huge losses in seed yield. Peronospora parasitica (Pers.ex.Fr.) Fr. (new name Hyaloperonospora parasitica), Albugo candida (Pers. Ex. Lev.) Kuntze and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) causing downy mildew, white rust and Sclerotinia rot, along with Alternaria brassicae (Berk) Sacc. Causing Alternaria Blight, respectively are the major pathogens which can cause major yield losses. A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2011-12 and 2012-13 at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) in augmented block design to study the evaluation of 480 B. juncea accessions for resistance/tolerance against major diseases to search resistant/tolerant sources or improved materials as such which have high yielding potential, taking 240 germplasms each year and was found that accession no. 491572 with 13 other accessions were highly resistant against downy mildew during 2011-12 crop season. Accession no. 491546 gave moderately resistant reaction against white rust (44.78%). None of the accession showed resistant reaction towards Alternaria blight on leaves during 2011-12 and 2012-13 crop seasons. Accession no. 491314 showed highly resistant reaction with minimum disease index on pod (12.45%) during 2011-12 crop season. Maximum plant height was attained by 113099 (170.03 cm) while maximum number of primary and secondary branches were produced by 399854 (9.42) and 426398 (17.70) respectively for 2012-13 crop season. Accession no. 426372 showed resistant reaction to Alternaria blight at pod and give high seed yield per plant with significantly higher test weight (4.90 g). During 2012-13, accession no 385673 was found to be highly resistant while 41 accessions were found to be resistant for downy mildew. Accession no. 491471 and 491326 were moderately resistant to white rust and downy mildew both during 2011-12 crop season. Accession no. 491604 was found highly resistant and moderately susceptible to downy mildew and Alternaria blight respectively as well as give higher yield and test weight during 2011-12 which could be used as donor for multiple disease resistance for the development of varieties.ThesisItem Open Access Selection of growth promoting Trichoderma strains for crop improvement under sustainable agriculture(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-07) Dwivedi, Meenakshi; Tewari, A.K.Biocontrol is an important approach for plant disease management under changing food habits a and Trichoderma is an important component of these strategies and Trichoderma spp. can be found in locations that stretch the entire globe in a variety of soils and habitats. They are well recognized as biocontrol agents for soil borne plant pathogens and potential plant growth stimulators. In the present investigation Trichoderma were isolated from the soil samples collected from rhizosphere (RS) and rhizoplane (RP) of wheat (W), rice (R) and chickpea (C) from diseased fields. Based on visual differences in cultural characteristics different Trichoderma isolates isolated from their native crops were selected for further studies. Among 27 isolates (RS-18; RP-9) from wheat, 19 (RS-11; RP-8) were selected, 27 isolates (RS-17; RP-10) from rice, 16 (RS-9; RP-7) were selected and 24 isolates (RS-15; RP-9) from chickpea, 16 (RS-9; RP-7) were selected to study their efficacy on growth promoting effects in their native crops. Based on the performance on growth promoting effects in-vitro and in-vivo in their native crops i.e. wheat, rice and chickpea, 07, 06 and 06 promising Trichoderma isolates, , respectively were selected and further evaluated for their growth promoting effects in their native crops in-vitro and in-vivo. The results showed that 02 Trichoderma isolates from each crop viz. TRP-W8 & TRSW4 (wheat) , TRS-R8 & TRS-R4 (rice) and TRP-C4 & TRP-C3 (chickpea) were found significantly better than other isolates, standard check (Th-14) and check in promoting growth of their native crops. The selected Trichoderma isolates (02 no. from each crop) were further tested for their growth promoting potential on their native crops and vice-versa. In-vitro and in-vivo studies revealed that Trichoderma isolates from their native crops were found significantly superior in germination, plumule/shoot length & weight, radical/root length & weight and seedling/plant vigour index in their native crops as compared to other crops. Among these Trichoderma isolates TRP-W8 (wheat), TRS-R8 (rice) and TRP-C4 (chickpea) were found significantly best in germination and plant vigour index (3865.0 & 9919.68; 4115.0 & 6204.12 and 5303.0 & 5215.68) as compared to check (2807.0 & 7359.0; 3072.0 & 5200.0 and 3190.0 & 4060.3) in vitro and in vivo in their native crop viz. wheat, rice and chickpea, respectively. All the selected Trichoderma isolates (06 no.) were identified as Trichoderma viride (T. asperellum) with the help of Bio-Log system. In dual culture studies, all the 06 Trichoderma isolates (TRP-W8, TRS-W4, TRS-R8, TRSR4, TRP-C4 and TRP-C3) were found very effective in parasitizing (100%) the test pathogens viz. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (chickpea), Rhizoctonia solani (chickpea and rice) and Bipolaris sorokiniana (wheat) within 7 days after contact. The present investigations revealed that crop native Trichoderma isolates are more efficient in increasing seed germination and plant vigour in their native crops as compared to other crops. Therefore, these crop native Trichoderma isolates could be better exploited in their native crops after testing their antagonistic potential against the plant pathogens for overall crop health and productivity under IDM /organic cultivation for sustainable agriculture.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on mango diseases under tarai region of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-07) Mamta; Singh, K.P.India is the largest producer of mango (Mangifera indica L.) both in terms of area and production. In India, Uttarakhand cover about 2.87 % of area under mango cultivation. Mango suffers from several diseases at all stages of its life. These diseases reduce the fruit quality and cause severe losses. Orchard surveys were made on the status of major diseases in the mango growing districts of Udham Singh Nagar. Powdery mildew, malformation, anthracnose and bacterial black spot are important diseases and widely distributed in most of the mango growing areas of Udham Singh Nagar. All the diseases which inflict heavy losses in the orchards (8- 75%). Accurate measurements of mango diseases are important in our study relating disease severity to disease losses and subsequent management tactics. This thesis provides 5 keys for the assessment of important mango diseases. All of which have been prepared from the disease (symptom) appearance to development on different part of the mango trees. Twenty mango cultivars were investigated during 2013 and 2014 for their susceptibility level to PM, MM, BBS, MA in HRC, Pattarchatta of Udham Singh Nagar. These diseases are being managed through fungicides, but the efficiency of control measures depends upon the interaction between pathogen and host, which is influenced by environmental factors. Development of powdery mildew is favoured by Tmax range of 17-310C, Tmin of 11-140C, RH >60% and dry weather especially during February- March. For Anthracnose of Tmax upto 300C and Tmin of 16-200C and RH>70% with intermittent rains proved most effective for disease development. Rasgulla and Redtotapari were resulted in minimum logarithmic infection rate (0.038 and 0.048 per unit per day) and AUDPC (37.41 and 35.05) and also screened out to be resistant against Anthracnose of mango. Similarly, for floral malformation, a T range of 18-260C with high RH was considered optimal for its progress. Bacterial black spot is favoured by a T range of 24-300C with high RH. A reduced period of sunshine with rainfall upto120 mm during fruit development favours the bacterial black spot. Minimum r and AUDPC was found in only one cultivar ‘Chausa’ against floral malformation (0.026 per unit per day and 39.39) and bacterial black spot (0.032 per unit per day and 34.92) in the both respective years. The coefficient of multiple determinations R2 value of twenty cultivars showed that variation of disease incidence in the development of disease explained upto 94% (maximum) in powdery mildew, 98% (max) in Anthracnose, 99% (max) in floral malformation as well as 95% (maximum) in bacterial black spot with combined effect of the weather variables. A regression equation of twenty cultivars were also derived which will be useful in the prediction of above four important disease of mango in Uttarakhand. Our results indicates that data needs to be generated for a longer period and the model be tested at multilocations.ThesisItem Open Access Estimation of yield losses due to major diseases in improved varieties of rapeseed-mustard(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-06) Ladhu Ram; Awasthi, R.P.The Oilseed Brassica crops are the most important rabi crops of the country. The production of oilseed brassicas, is gravely hampered by the fungal diseases. Downy mildew (Hyaloperonospora parasitica), Alternaria blight (Alternaria brassicae (Berk) Sacc.), White rust (Albugo candida (Pers. Ex. Lev.) Kuntze) are the major diseases which can cause major yield losses in Rapeseed-Mustard. The present investigations were therefore carried out with the objectives to estimate of yield losses due to major diseases in improved varieties of Rapeseed Mustard and to search for the most economical and effective way to reduce the losses in seed yield of improved varieties. Field experiment regarding above objective was conducted for consecutive two crop season during 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 at the NEB Crop Research Centre, G.B Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar situated in Tarai region of Uttarakhand. The experiment was conducted in RBD in split plot arrangement with three replications. Nine different improved varieties each of Toria (Brassica rapa var. toria), Yellow sarson (Brassica rapa var. yellowsarson) and Rai (Brassica juncea) were used as main plots, while protected and unprotected treatments were considered in sub-plots seperately. All the varieties of Toria, Yellow sarson and Rai were found susceptible to Downy mildew at cotyledon stage. DM index was found maximum in variety PTE-2008-6 (12.97 %), PYS-2008-5 (12.70 %) and NDRE-4 (12.01 %) of Toria, Yellow sarso and Rai respectively. All the varieties of Toria and Yellow sarso were found resistant to White rust disease. In case of Rai, varieties PR-2006-14 and NDRE-4 found susceptible to white rust while varieties PRB-2008-5, PRE-2009-12, and PRB-2004-3-4 found slightly tolerant to White rust disease. All the varieties of Toria, Yellow sarso and Rai found susceptible to Alternaria blight disease except Divya which was found slightly tolerant to the disease Maximum yield (qha-1) was found in variety PT 2006-02, PPS-1, and Divya of Toria, Yellow sarso and Rai respectively during 2011-12 and 2012-13. Yield loss (%) ranges from 9.62 % to 32 % in Toria, 9.94 to 23.37 % in Yellow sarso and 3.16 to 31.87 % in Mustard.In Toria, yield loss was found maximum in variety Uttara (14.38%) followed by PTE-2008-2 (13.47%) and PT-2006-2 (13.26%) during 2011-12. During 2012-13 maximum yield loss was found in variety PTE-2008-2 (30.64%) followed by PT-2006-4 (26.54%). In Yellow sarso, yield loss was found maximum in variety FTPYS-Local (23.37%) and (21.43%) during 2011-12 and 2012-13 respectively. In Rai, yield loss was found maximum in variety PRB-2004-3-4 (25.10%) and (25.83%) during 2011-12 and 2012-13 respectively. On the basis of present investigation it can be concluded that seed treatment with Apron SD @ 6g/Kg and 5-6 alternate sprays of Ridomil MZ and Mancozeb is found most economical and highly effective for the management of White rust, Downy mildew and Alternaria blight diseases to the extent of 30 % which ultimately reduces the yield loss at greater extent in all the varieties of Toria, Yellow Sarso and Rai.ThesisItem Open Access Drechslera blight of soybean: Symptomatology, etiology and management(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-06) Gairola, Kalpana; Dubey, K.S.Drechslera blight of soybean caused by Drechslera glycini is widely distributed in warm and humid areas, especially in the tropics and it causes heavy losses (quantitatively and qualitatively). Under artificial inoculated conditions brownish spots were observed on leaves near the leaf margin with light brown centre and dark brown margin. and brownish discoloration were observed on hypocotyls and cotyledons. Seven media were tested for the growth of the Fungus, wherein, Oat meal agar was best for growth as well as sporulation of the test fungus. The pathogen grew best at pH 7 and 350C temperature. In-vitro antagonistic potential of six fungal and three bacterial bioagents wherein T. harzianum showed as potential strong potent bioagent against D. glycini. Among eight organic matters amended soil extracts tested, Press mud was found most effective against test fungus. Out of eight organic matter amended soils, inoculated with the test pathogen, Press mud was found most effective and gave highest seed germination. Tea waste was found best for nodulation and Press mud showed least disease severity as well as minimum preemergence mortality. while the post emergence mortality was found least in Bannana peel amended soil. Among eight Botanical extracts tested for their antifungal property, Ginger was found most effective. Out of Nine fungicides tested in which Tabuconazole gave maximum control of the test pathogen and Tridemefon, Thiophanatemethyle and Companian were found less effective.ThesisItem Open Access Screening of wheat germplasm against stripe and leaf rust and confirmation of resistant genes with molecular markers(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-06) Premabati Devi, E.; DeepshikhaIn India, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a staple food. Rusts caused by Puccinia striiformis West. (Stripe rust) and Puccinia triticina Eriks. (Leaf rust) are the most important and destructive diseases of wheat in India and elsewhere that affects its yield potential. Although the chemical control of these diseases is known but it is not economic and environmental friendly to be used on a large scale. Due to the frequent breakdown of major seedling resistance genes Yr9, Yr27, Lr9, Lr18 and Lr28 in recent years and difficulties in quick replacement of susceptible wheat varieties led to the investigations of others forms of disease resistance like adult plant resistance and slow rusting which are considered as more durable. The present studies were carried out with the following objectives: i) Screening of wheat germplasms against stripe and leaf rust in the field under epiphytotic condition, ii) Study of seedling resistance test with different pathotypes of stripe and leaf rust, iii) Study of severity of stripe and leaf rust with area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), iv) Identification of germplasm possessing effective major and adult plant resistant genes with the help of molecular markers. In the study, 980 germplasm accessions were screened against stripe and leaf rusts during 2012-2013 crop season. Out of 980 germplasm accessions, 30 accessions i.e. (1) EC-692221, 2) EC-635538,3) EC-636264, 4) EC693271, 5) EC-664200, 6) EC-693252, 7) EC-692231, 8) EC-693322, 9) EC-663926, 10) EC-635590, 11) EC-635861, 12) EC-635683, 13) EC-664208, 14) EC-635721, 15) EC-635614, 16) EC-635627, 17) EC-664244, 18) EC-635881, 19) EC-597991, 20) EC-620046, 21) EC-664315, 22) EC-597999, 23) EC-635741, 24) EC-635711, 25) EC-635609, 26) EC-635612, 27) EC-693289, 28) EC-635705, 29) EC-635602 and 30) EC-664299) showing resistance response towards both the diseases were randomly selected for Seedling Resistance Test (SRT) in green house and adult plant response in the field during 2013-2014 crop season. The germplasm accessions 4 (EC-693271), 8 (EC-693322), 13 (EC-664208), 16 (EC-635627), 17 (EC-634244), 18 (EC-635881), 20 (EC-692246) and 26 (EC-635612) were found to be resistant towards stripe rust at seedling stage as well as adult plant stage. It was confirmed deploying SSR marker Xgwm273 that these 8 accessions possesses Yr15 gene, which is a major gene. The 9 accessions i.e. 1 (EC-692221), 8 (EC-693322), 14 (EC-635721), 16 (EC-635627), 17 (EC-634244), 23 (EC635741), 24 (EC-635711), 26(EC-635612) and 28 (EC-635705) showed leaf rust resistance at adult plant. With the use of STS marker csLV34 the presence of Lr34/Yr18 gene (an adult plant resistant gene) in these 9 accessions were also confirmed. The relationship between the plot yield and A-value for both the diseases was observed as negatively correlated which signify that plot yield decreases when A- value increases. These accessions 15 (EC-635614) and 30 (EC-664299) were found to be susceptible at both the stages to leaf and stripe rusts respectively. Remaining accessions which do not possess Yr15 and Lr34/Yr18 genes, however showing phenotypically adult plant resistance to both the rusts, this might be due to the presence of some other effective Yr and Lr genesThesisItem Open Access Compatibility of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai strain PBAT PBAT-21 with pesticides(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-01) Sharma, Divya; Singh, R.P.Trichoderma harzianum is an important biocontrol agent which is being used for the management of many plant diseases. Under integrated management it is being used in combination or alternation with synthetic and non-synthetic chemicals. In present study an effort was made to check the compatibility of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai strain PBAT-21 with fungicides, insecticides and weedicides at the recommended and half of the recommended doses. On the basis of mycelial growth and spore germination zineb, mancozeb, sulphur, kresoximmethyl, azoxystrobin, metalaxyl, cymoxanil+mancozeb, mandipropamid, triademefon, myclobutanil, dimethomorph, mandipropamid+mancozeb, metalaxyl+mancozeb, cymoxanil+ mancozeb, carboxin+thiram, streptocyclin, chitosan at both recommended dose and half of the recommended dose and boric acid and, flutriafol myclobutanil at half of the recommended doses were found to be compatible whereas thiram, dinocap, pyraclostrobin, propiconazole, penflufen, azoxystrobin+flutriafol, pyraclostrobin+metiram and boric acid , flutriafol, myclobutanil at recommended doses were found to be incompatible. On the basis of sporulation azoxystrobin+flutriafol, mandipropamid+mancozeb, carboxin+thiram and streptocyclin at both recommended dose and half of the recommended dose and metalaxyl+mancozeb, chitosan, boric acid, mancozeb, thiram, zineb, kresoxim-methyl, mandipropamid, penflufen, cymoxanil+mancozeb at half of the recommended dose were found to be compatible whereas sulphur, dinocap, flutriafol, pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, metalaxyl, myclobutanil, dimethomorph, triademefon, propiconazole, azoxystrobin+flutriafol, pyraclostrobin+metiram at both recommended dose and half of the recommended dose and thiram, zineb, mandipropamid, penflufen, kresoxim-methyl, metalaxyl+mancozeb and cymoxanil+mancozeb at recommended dose were found to be incompatible with T. harzianum Rifai strain PBAT-21. On the basis of mycelial growth and spore germination insecticides like thiamethoxam, imidachlorprid, carbofuran, cartap hydrochloride, chlorantraniliprole was found to be compatible whereas fipronil and chlorpyrifos were found to be incompatible. On the basis of sporulation fipronil at both recommended dose and half of the recommended dose cartap , imidachlorprid and chlorpyrifos at half of the recommended dose and carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, thiamethoxam, cartap hydrochloride, chlorantraniliprole, imidachlorprid at recommended doses were found to be incompatible with T. harzianum Rifai strain PBAT-21. Weedicides like sulfosulfuron, chlorimuron+metsulfuron methyl and imazethapyr was found to be compatible whereas pendimethalin, oxyfluorfen, cladinofop, bisbyribac sodium at both recommended dose and half of the recommended dose were found to be incompatible. On the basis of spore germination sulfosulfuron, chlorimuron+metsulfuron, imazethapyr, ethoxysulfuron, pendimethalin and oxyfluorfen was found to be compatible whereas bisbyribac sodium was found to be incompatible. Sulfosulfuron, imazethapyr and bisbyribac sodium at lower dose were found to be compatible whereas chlorimuron+metsulfuron, ethoxysulfuron, pendimethalin, bisbyribac sodium at recommended dose and oxyfluorfen was found to be incompatible with T. harzianum Rifai strain PBAT-21. Survival was better in sterilized soil than unsterilized soil. The population of Trichoderma harzianum increased in both sterilized and unsterilized soil on treatment with weedicides like bisbyribac sodium, insecticide like thiamethoxam and fungicides like carbendazim, meatlaxyl+mancozeb and pyraclostrobin.