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ThesisItem Open Access G×E Interaction and Genetic Diversity Studies for Seed Yield and Attributing Traits in Advance Lines of Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss.(2023-05-01) Sahu, Sabyasachi; Tewari, S. K.The present investigation was carried out in rabi season of 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2021- 2022 with objectives to to study G x E interaction and varietal stability by using AMMI model, nature and extent of Genetic Variability and Heritability, Genetic Divergence ,nature and magnitude of association and direct and indirect effects of various seed yield and attributing traits in Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss. at N.E.B.C.R.C. and oilseed lab of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding at G.B.P.U.A. &T., Pantnagar. The experimental material comprised of fourty four advance lines including checks, sown in Randomised Block Design with 3 replications. For this investigation eleven traits namely days to maturity, plant height, length of main raceme, siliquae on main raceme , number of primary branch, number of secondary branch, siliqua length , number of seeds/siliqua,1000 seed weight, oil content and seed yield were observed for five randomly selected competitive plants. The resulting data were subjected to statistical analysis. The result of analysis of variance revealed that difference among mustard lines was highly significant for all the characters. The G x E interaction and varietal stability of mustard lines were estimated by using AMMI model and it was observed that the main effect as well as G x E interaction effect was significant for all the traits under study. AMMI model having two principle components axis (IPCA I and IPCA II) is genotype PRE-2020-1 for seed yield were considered as most stable genotypes in all the environments. Highest GCV and PCV estimates were exhibited by number of secondary branches, number of primary branches, 1000 seed weight, seed yield. High heritability and high genetic advance as percentage of mean reported in the character number of secondary branch, 1000 seed weight. High positive significant correlation for seed yield reported by plant height, length of main raceme, siliquae on main raceme, number of primary branches. Path coefficient analysis showed that the characters length of main raceme, number of primary branch and 1000 seed weight exhibited positive direct effects on seed yield per plot and these traits also recorded positive correlation with yield. The D2 analysis was carried out for eleven characters, which partitioned the fourty four genotypes into twelve highy divergent clusters. On the basis of the study conducted, it was concluded that there was a wide range of variance between the genotypes which was considered as scope for improving the mustard lines through selection. On the basis of the mean performance of the genotypes, the advance lines found to be most promising are PRE-2020-12, PAB-2017-3, PRE-2019-5, PRE-2019-5, PAB-2014-4, PRL-2020-5, PRE-2018-1, PR-2020-16, PRE-2019-5 and PR-2020-9 for seed yield and its attributing traits which can be used for hybridization programme.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic analysis for yield, quality and nutritional traits in basmati rice oryza sativa l.(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2023-01) Reddy, Basu Sudhakar; Baskheti, D.C.The present investigation was carried out with the objective to assess genetic variability, genetic divergence and character association among 37 basmati and aromatic germplasm lines and to stimate combining ability and heterosis with respect to yield, its attribute, quality and nutritional traits. To study the nature of gene action for yield, its attributes and nutritional traits. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among 37 basmati and aromatic lines for all the traits studied. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were high for grain yield per plant, alkali spreading value and number of tillers per plant. High heritability coupled with moderate genetic advance was observed for traits like alkali spreading value, number of tillers per plant, length/breadth ratio, iron content, grain yield per plant and zinc content. Grain yield per plant was found to be positively and highly significant correlated with plant height, panicle length, 1000 grain weight, grain breadth, hulling % and milling %. Path coefficient analysis showed that the plant height, iron content, 1000 grain weight, grain length, and grain breadth contribute highly to grain yield per plant through direct effect. Thirty seven lines were grouped into seven clusters based on the D2 values. Maximum inter-cluster distance was between cluster IV (Ranbir Basmati, Tilak Chandhan, Basmati 564, Basmati 867) and VI (Hansraj, Pant Sugandh Dhan 17, Taraori Basmati) indicating that genotypes from these clusters were highly divergent meriting their consideration in selection of parents for hybridization. Ten lines and three testers were used to develop 45 F1’s crossed in Line × Tester fashion during kharif 2022. These F1’s were subjected to evaluation along with their parents including 1 check (Improved Pusa Basmati 1). Estimates of variance due to GCA and SCA and their ratio showed a predominance of non-additive gene effects in the expression of all the characters studied. Among the lines viz., asmati 386, Pant Sugandh Dhan 27, Taraori Basmati and among the testers Pant Basmati 2 was identified as good general combiner as they showed good general combining ability with most of the characters studied. The F1 Basmati 370 × Pusa 1509 was identified as the best specific combiner for grain yield per plant. The most promising heterotic crosses for grain yield per plant were Basmati 386 × Pusa 1121, Basmati 370 × Pusa 1509 and Basmati 386 × Pusa 1509 over the better parent and could be utilized commercially for exploitation of heterosis. Testing of Zromising hybrids across the location in diverse environment is suggested to establish their real potential. Generation mean analysis revealed that additive, dominance, additive × additive and dominance × dominance interaction effects were present along with duplicate dominant epistasis for grain yield and nutritional traits. Hence, selection may be delayed to later segregating enerations when the dominance and epistasis disappear and resorting to intermating of segregants followed by recurrent selection.ThesisItem Open Access Investigation on QTL mapping for BLSB resistance and protein content using wild relatives and introgression lines of maize(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-12) Varalakshmi S.; Singh, N. K.The main objectives of the investigation were to identify the genomic regions for BLSB resistance and other traits, to determine protein content and its association with SSR markers in teosinte-derived lines, maize and its wild relatives. The various experiments were conducted from 2019-20 to 2021-22for generation and field evaluation, and laboratory analysis of experimental materials. The characterization of teosinte derived 181 BC1F2 lines showed significant variation for all morphological traits and BLSB disease incidence. Of the 181 plants, 23, 53, 65 and 40 plants were grouped under resistance, moderately resistance, moderately susceptible and susceptible categories based on PDI score. The plants TM-1, TM-11, TM-12, TM-21, TM-28, TM-29, TM-54, TM-55, TM- 67, TM-77, TM-78, TM-85, TM-88, TM-94, TM-96, TM-101, TM-103, TM-113, TM-144, TM-152, TM-159, TM-161, and TM-167 were categorized under resistance group with PDI score of ≤ 33.33.The BC1F2 plants showed significant variability for days to anthesis, days to silking, anthesis - silking interval, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, flag leaf angle, plant height, node bearing primary cob and number of ears per plant. A total of 41QTLs were identified for BLSB resistance and 8 morphological traits based on single marker analysis. Two QTLs for BLSB resistance were mapped on chromosome 3 and 10 associated with markers umc2255 and bnlg1518 and having phenotypic variation of 3.79 and 2.22 per cent, respectively. Of the remaining 39 QTLs, 3 QTLs were for days to anthesis, 2 for days to silking, 5 for anthesis -silking interval, 4 for flag leaf length, 6 for flag leaf width, 4 for plant height, 6 for node bearing primary ear and 9 QTLs were for number of ears per plant. Using inclusive composite interval mapping method, a total of 12 QTLs were identified for BLSB resistance and 7 morphological traits and no QTL identified for node bearing primary ear trait. The QTLs qtlBLSB4.1 and qtlBLSB9.1 were detected on 4 and 9 chromosomes for BLSB resistance determining phenotypic variation of 2.08 and 4.63 per cent, respectively. The QTLs qtlDTA 8.1, qtlDTS7.1, qtlASI4.1, qtlFLL4.1, qtlFLL 4.2, qtlFLW8.1, qtlFLW10.1, qtlFLW10.2, qtlPH 4.1 and QtlEPP3.1 were mapped for various morphological traits across 3, 4, 7, 8 and 10 chromosomes. Highly significant differences for protein content were observed among 126 BC1F2:3 lines which varied from 9.53 to 16.49 per cent for MP51 and MP6 lines, respectively. Four lines (MP6, MP20, MP36, and MP97) had protein content in the range of 16.07- 16.49 per cent. All the BC1F2:3 lines possessed protein content higher than the maize parent CML-451 but lower than the teosinte. Analysis of protein content in 28 accessions of maize, its wild relatives indicates significant variations. Teosinte accessions possessed 2-3 times higher protein than maize lines, Z. mays subsp. mexicana, occupied top position with (26.29 per cent protein) of the 28 accessions. Five markers umc1294, umc1171, phi091, umc2182 and bnlg292 showed significant association with protein content. The investigation indicates great significance of teosinte for the diversification as well as improvement of maize for resistance to BLSB and kernel protein content. Teosinte may also be prospected for improvement of other traits in maize.ThesisItem Open Access Estimation of gene effects for seed yield, its component traits and inheritance study in Brassica rapa var. yellow sarson(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-08) Bisht, Charu; Birendra PrasadRapeseed-mustard is the second most important edible oilseed crop in India. Yellow Sarson (Brassica rapavar. Yellow Sarson) have best oil quality among the three sub- species of B. rapai.e. Yellow Sarson, Brown Sarson and Toria. The present investigation was thus conducted to find out the inheritance pattern and estimates of gene action for some important characters in Brassica rapa var. Yellow Sarson. The four different crosses namely YSH-0401x Pant Sweta, Pant Sweta x Apetalous, PYS-2017-6 x PPS-1 and NDYS107 x B9 were attempted to study inheritance of flower colour, flower petalous condition, siliqua position and ovary locules respectively. The six generation (P1, P2, F1, F2, and BC1, BC2,) of 4 different crosses viz., was grown during the rabi season of year 2021-2022 at NEBCRC, Pantnagar to generate data for inheritance study. The data of different generation were subjected to chi-square analysis to test the goodness of fit for the appropriate genetic ratios in crosses. The results of study revealed that all four characters were under monogenic control. In case of petal colour the yellow petal colour is dominant over the white petal colour, petalous flower condition is dominant over apetalous condition, upright siliqua orientation was domianat over inverted siliqua orientation, multilocular ovary was dominant overbilocular ovary. For estimation of nature and magnitude of gene action for seed related traits an experiment was carried out at laboratory of Breeder Seed production Centre, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. The six generation (P1, P2, F1, F2, and BC1, BC2,) of 4 crosses used in experiment first was grown in CRD design in laboratory to generate data for generation mean analysis. Observations were recorded for characters namely germination percent, seedling length (cm), root length (cm), fresh weight (g), dry weight (g), seed vigour index I and II. The results of scaling tests indicated the presence of epistasis in all four crosses. In general duplicate epistasis was found to be more prominent as compared to complementary epistasis for all the studied traits. The presence of duplicate gene interaction indicated that selection should be delayed for later generations till fixation and accumulation of favourable genes. The six generation (P1, P2, F1, F2, and BC1, BC2,) of 4 different crosses used in experiment I and II was grown during the rabi season of year 2020-2021 to generate data for generation mean analysis for seed yield its components and quality traits.Observations were recorded for different traits viz., days to maturity, number of primary branches per plant, height of raceme (cm), number of siliqua per plant, length of siliqua (cm), number of seeds per siliqua, thousand seed weight (g), seed yield per plant (g), protein content (%), oil content (%), erucic acid (%) and glucosinolet content (μmole/g). The results of scaling tests revealed that epstatis was present in all crosses for all characters. Although both additive and non-additive gene action were present in all studied characters but in general the magnitude of dominance was found to be more as compared to additive gene action which indicated the possibility of exploitation of heterosis in these crosses.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative study of parametric and non-parametric methods for stability and simultaneous selection for grain yield in finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.](G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-07) Rohit; Jeena, A. S.The present investigation entitled “Comparative study of parametric and non-parametric methods for stability and simultaneous selection for grain yield in finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.]” was conducted with fifty-three germplasm accessions, that were collected from various districts of Uttarakhand, along with seven standard checks viz., VL-347, VL-149, VL-324, VL-325, VL-352, VL-315 and PRM-1. The experiment was laid in four environments, consisting of two locations, Pantnagar and Majhera over the period of two years, 2019 and 2020 during kharif season. In each trial the experiment was laid in Randomized Complete Block Design, with three replications. The data were recorded for fourteen quantitative traits. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for each of the four environments, revealed highly significant differences among genotypes for all the fourteen quantitative traits. Likewise, at each location (Pantnagar and Majhera), the pooled analysis of variance over 2019 and 2020 seasons, also exhibited significant differences among finger millet genotypes for all the 14 traits. At Pantnagar, high heritability coupled with high GAM, exhibited in six traits viz., days to 50 % flowering, thousand grain weight, grain yield per plot, biological yield per plot, finger length and ear head length. Likewise, at Majhera, five traits viz., ear head length, finger length, grain yield per plot, finger width, biological yield per plot revealed high heritability plus high GAM, indicating prominence of additive gene effects with good predictive gains after selection for these traits. The correlation between fourteen quantitative traits evaluated in two different locations revealed that five trait pairs viz., number of fingers on main ear with grain yield per plot, number of fingers on main ear with 1000 grain weight, finger width with finger length, flag leaf blade width with plant height and days to maturity with plant height exhibited shift in inter-relationships between locations. Therefore, the inter-relationships of these traits are less reliable for selection or improvement program of finger miller at hill and plain zones. On the basis of mean performance GP2016-14 was identified as common superior genotype at Majhera and Pantnagar for grain yield per plot and biological yield per plot. Huehn’s non-parametric measures, S1, S2, S3 and S6 revealed that GP2018- 1615, GP2019-1704, GP2019-2067 and VL-352 were stable genotypes, among top fifteen ranked genotypes in each of the four parameters for grain yield per plot. Similarly, as per Thennarasu’s non-parametric stability methods i.e., N1, N2, N3 and N4, GP2018-1615, GP2019-1800, GP2019-1704, GP2019-1683 and GP2019-1912 were the common genotypes over all the four of these that placed in among the top 15 rank list for grain yield per plot. The rank-correlation values of Ecovalence (W2) and Shukla’s variance (σ2), was perfect (1.00), for all the traits, hence these showed complete congruence. Genotypes, GP2018-1649, GP2018-1619, GP2016-14, GP2019-1908 and GP2018-1613, were found stable genotypes as per superiority index, (Pi) over all the four-yield related positive traits. Rank correlation for grain yield per plot revealed significant positive association between ranks of pooled mean, superiority index, S6 and S3. Genotypes, VL- 352, GP2019-2068 and GP2019-2067 were found best for high mean and stability over all stability parameters for grain yield per plot. Based on Eberhart and Russel stability analysis over all the four traits revealed that only three genotypes namely GP2019-1912, GP2019-1918 and GP2019-1921 were found stable across all environments for all the four traits studied. Among all the parametric and non-parametric stability methods, superiority index (Pi) was found the most suitable for selection of dynamic stable genotypes of finger millet. Next to it Huehn’s non-parametric stability estimate, S6 can also be used for the same. One of any, Thennarasu’s non-parametric stability measures, N2, N3, or N4 can be used to choose only stable genotypes that retain their yield across all environments. Eberhart and Russel model, provides the maximum information for stable and responsive genotypes with respect to the environmentsThesisItem Open Access Climate resilience response of soybean and wheat varieties with genetic fidelity testing under agroforestry system(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-04) Bhatt, Pallavi; Tewari, Salil K.The present investigation was carried out with the objective to evaluate the varieties of soybean and wheat with respect to descriptors for genetic and biochemical parameter studies under Agroforestry system along with molecular marker analysis using RAPD and ISSR primers. For the field experiment, eight varieties each of soybean and wheat, known to produce high yields under the climatic conditions of Pantnagar were evaluated for three treatments viz. shading intensity, varieties and plant population densities under the poplar based Agroforestry system. The experiment was laid out in split split plot design during two successive seasons (2017 & 2018) at Agroforestry Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar. Pooled analysis of variance of soybean for both years (2017 and 2018) revealed highly significant interactions between all three treatments for no. of pods per plant, leaf area, 100 seed weight and seed yield per plant. Pooled analysis of variance of wheat for both years (2017 and 2018) revealed highly significant interactions for all traits except the number of productive tillers, flag leaf area and biological yield. The significant interactions suggest that the magnitude of differences between the levels of one treatment depends on the other two treatments. The mean performance of soybean varieties revealed PS 1241 to outperform the rest of the varieties in both full sun and partially shaded conditions. The mean performance of wheat varieties revealed UP 2628 to be the best yielder among all the wheat varieties while, PBW 660, UP 2785 along with UP 2628 were the best performers in partially shaded conditions. The predominance of additive gene action for trait selection under the Agroforestry system was revealed by leaf area in soybean while, grain weight per spike, grain yield and harvest index registered high estimates of genetic parameters in wheat. Estimates of correlations and path coefficients for direct and indirect effects of various traits on seed yield in soybean revealed that harvest index, 100 seed weight, plant height and biological yield were important traits for direct selection while, the number of seeds per pod, number of nodes per plant and number of pods per plant were important traits for indirect selection. In wheat, 1000 grain weight, flag leaf area, number of grains per spike and harvest index were important traits for direct selection while, grain weight per spike, biological yield and number of productive tillers per plant play an important role in indirect selection. Analysis of variance for biochemical parameters reflected significant main plot differences for chlorophyll b and total glomalin content in soybean whereas, main plot differences were observed to be significant for only total glomalin content in wheat. Highly significant varietal differences were observed for all the biochemical parameters in soybean whereas varietal differences were found to be significant for only total glomalin content in wheat. The interactions were found to be significant in only soybean for chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll and total glomalin content. The significant interactions suggested that the magnitude of differences between the varieties depended on the main plots, and vice-versa. For biochemical traits, the treatment interactions of PS 24 in partially shaded environments registered higher observation for chlorophyll a, PS 1241 for total chlorophyll and PS 1042 for total glomalin content. In wheat, UP 2526 and UP 2785 registered significantly higher glomalin content. The molecular marker analysis to evaluate the genetic fidelity/stability of soybean plants under allelopathic stress of poplar tree litter revealed the average percentage of polymorphism as 83.38% with the PIC values of ISSR primers ranging from 0.10 (UBC-812) to 0.46 (UBC-828) and that of RAPD primers ranging from 0.13 (OPA-18) to 0.34 (OPA-16).ThesisItem Open Access Climate resilience vis-a-vis G× E interaction studies in Brassica under different microclimatic systems(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-02) Chauhan, Anjana; Tewari, S.K.Climate change is a serious concern in current times. The impact of it can be clearly seen in risingearth’s surface temperature, melting of glaciers, floods, draughts, and more importantly deposition of greenhouse gases in the troposphere. Thus a climate smart approach is required to counter the impacts of changing climate. Agroforestry is a land use strategy that offers the only way to achieve both climate change adaptation and mitigation goals at the same time. In India, the principal oilseed crops are Brassica spp., Rapeseed-mustard, which provides edible oils, vegetables, animal feed, sauces, and industrial lubricants. Indian mustard was discovered to be vulnerable to change in carbon dioxide (CO2) and temperature.The present investigation was taken up during 2018-2021 in the Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding at GBPUAT, Pantnagar with the objectives to assess carbon sequestration potential, G×E interaction studies and pollen tube abnormalities in interspecific crosses of Brassica and verification of interspecific hybrid using chromosome specific markers. Ten mustard varieties were planted in completely randomized block design with three replications under three types of land use system i.e., open field, poplar based agroforestry system and eucalyptus based agroforestry system.The experiment was conducted for two Rabi season 2018-2019 and 2019-2020.To assess G×E interactions and phenotypic stability in Indian mustard varieties AMMI model was deployed.The observations recorded were days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, Length of main raceme, Number of siliques in main raceme, No. of primary branches/plant, number of secondary branches/plant, Length of a silique, Number of seeds per silique, biological yield/plant, 1000-seed weight, harvest index, seed yield/plant and oil content.For estimating the carbon sequestration potential of different land use system soil organic carbon,tree carbon and crop plant carbon were calculated. For prefertilisation and pollen tube abnormalities interspecific crosses were made among six cultivated species of Brassica, during the Rabi season of 2018-2019. Significant differences for biomass accumulation were observed in all the agroforestry systems. For both the cropping seasons, biomass accumulation was recorded significantly high in eucalyptus based agroforestry system than in poplar based agroforestry system. Total CO2 reduction (tree + crop) followed the same trend as biomass accumulation and was accounted significantly highest by eucalyptus based agroforestry system than poplar based agroforestry system. Among mustard varieties CS 56, followed by RGN 73 had outperformed all other varieties in terms of biomass accumulation and CO2 mitigation across all the three land use system. Soil carbon stocks after two cropping season was recorded significantly higher under eucalyptus based agroforestry system than polar based agroforestry system. Pooled analysis of variances by AMMI model revealed significant differences among the genotypes and also among environments for fourteen agronomic and quality traits studied. G×E interactions were reported to be significant for all the traits studied.Based on AMMI I, AMMI II and ASV estimates, RGN 73 was registered stable across all studied environments with high mean performance for maximum number of traits like days to maturity, plant height, biological yield/plant, harvest index, seed yield/plant and oil content. Favourable environment for maximum number of traits were open field during crop season 2018-2019 and 2019-2020.Poplar based agroforestry system was favourable environment for late flowering, late maturity and biological yield/plant.Eucalyptus based agroforestry system for both crop seasons recognized as most unfavourable environments for maximum traits. RGN 73 was identified as a stable genotype for seed yield and yield related traits along with significantly higher biomass accumulation and CO2 reduction potential. Prefertilisation studies on interspecific crosses revealed several types of pollen tube abnormality like swelling of tip of pollen tube, coiling of pollen tube, bursting of pollen-tube, more than one tube growing from the single pollen, bending of pollen tube and pollen tubes growing in opposite direction. Molecular validation and characterization of two interspecific hybrids using chromosome specific SSR primers has caused amplification of genome specific band in two interspecific hybrids.The banding pattern for primers in interspecific hybrids was intermediate of banding pattern shown by their parental species. This has suggested that in interspecific hybrids C1 (B.napus × B. juncea) and C2 (B.juncea× B.rapa) certain portion of genome of both the parental species has been transferred.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of genetic diversity, carbon sequestration potential and DNA- barcoding of different bamboo species in tarai and sub-Himalayan regions of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-04) Negi, Harshita; Tewari, S.K.The present investigation entitled “Assessment of Genetic Diversity, Carbon Sequestration Potential and DNA- Barcoding of different Bamboo species in Tarai and Sub- Himalayan Regions of Uttarakhand” was undertaken at agroforestry Research Centre GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, during 2019-20 and 2020-21. The research materials consisted of 12 species of bamboo for quantitative parameter studies and 15 species for molecular diversity analysis based on ISSR markers. The experiment was laid out in RBD with three replications. The data recorded on 18 quantitative characters were statistically analyzed through appropriate statistical procedures for means, genetic parameters and character association. Genetic divergence was estimated based on quantitative parameters as well as ISSR markers. For developing DNA document of 15 bamboo species 13 universal DNA barcode markers were used. Carbon sequestration potential of major bamboo species of Uttarakhand’s tarai region was evaluated based on 30 biomass and soil parameters. Wide range of variation was observed for characters like leaf area, internodal length (middle), no. of nodes/culm, internodal length (top), internodal length (base) and culm fresh weight. The culm and culm sheath parameters varied immensely among the species and hence constitute important diagnostic feature for taxonomic characterization. High values of economic traits showed the commercial utility of these species for special requirement like thick culms (D. giganteus) and total culm length (B. nutans). For characters like culm height, leaf width, wall thickness and culm sheath breadth at the base had low difference between PCV and GCV indicating that environment had a slight effect on the expression of these characters. High estimate of heritability with high genetic advance were recorded for all the 18 characters studied which indicated that these characters are controlled by additive gene action and will respond effectively on phenotypic selection. The genotypic and phenotypic correlations were in same direction. The genotypic correlations were higher than phenotypic correlations for most of the character combinations which ensures the effectiveness of selection for these characters in order to maximize yield. D2-analysis showed maximum divergence between the species of cluster II and cluster III indicating these to be genetically different. Character leaf area followed by culm sheath length contributed maximum towards divergence. Clustering of fifteen species on the basis of ISSR markers created seven major clusters. Identified markers were highly informative and helpful in distinguishing the polymorphism rate at a specific locus in bamboo. DNA barcoding results revealed that primer combination rpoC1 2 and rpoC1 3, and primer combination rpoB1 and 3 yielded sharp, single, unambiguous and monomorphic band of 500 bp and 400 bp respectively in all the 15 species of bamboo. In the dendrogram generated from rpoC1 2 and rpoC1 3 primer pair, 15 number of species were divided into seven divisions with same genera and species clustered together shown their common ancestry. DNA document of species was developed for further identification of unknown bamboo species. The Carbon sequestration analysis revealed that the highest culm biomass fraction among genotype was shared by B. balcoa followed by B. nutans and D. hemiltoni. While the highest C stock was accumulated by B. nutans followed by B. balcoa and D. hemiltoni. Similarly, highest value for CO2 equivalent (t/ha) was found for B. nutans followed by B. balcoa and D. hemiltoni. These findings indicated that B. nutans, B. balcoa and D. hemiltoni are the three major species which can sequester more carbon as compare to other species of tarai region of Uttarakhand.ThesisItem Open Access Estimation of combining ability and heterosis for seed yield, its component traits and quality parameters in indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss](G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2022-07) Palakurthy, Sanjay; Pant, UshaAnalysis of variance for combining ability showed that significant differences were present amid treatments for all the characters. The GCA effects estimated revealed that genotype PR-2016-8 was found as best donor parent for dwarf plant height, increased length of main raceme, number of siliquae on main raceme, number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant and glucosinolate content; PR-2016-4 was a good combiner for length main raceme, number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant and glucosinolate content. PR-2015-5 for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant and silique length; PR-2017-8 for number of siliquae on main raceme, number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, silique density and glucosinolate content. PR-2019-9 for days to 50% flowering, number of siliqua on main raceme, seeds per siliqua, silique density, test weight and glucosinolate content. PR-2019-2 for silique length, seeds per siliqua, test weight, oil content and seed per yield. PR-2017-11 for siliqua length and test weight. PR-2017-7 for days to 50%, length of main raceme, siliquae on main raceme and number of secondary branches per plant. RGN-73 for siliqua density. PD-14-13 for siliquae on main raceme, test weight and protein content were best parents for respective characters.Based on SCA effects superior cross identified were RGN-73 × PR-20 for days to 50% flowering; RGN-73 × Giriraj for days to maturity; PR-2016-8 × Giriraj for plant height; PR-2016-4 × PR-20 for length of main raceme; RGN-73 × Albeli for number of siliquae on main raceme; PR-2017-8 × RB-101 for number of primary branches per plant; PR-2019-2 × PR-20 for number of secondary branches per plant; PR-2017-11 × PR-20 for length of siliqua; PR-2019-9 × PR-20 for number of seeds per siliqua; PR-2016-4 × RB-101 for siliqua density; PR-2015-5 × PR-20 for test weight; PR-2019-9 × Albeli for protein content; PR-2016-4 × PR-20 for glucosinolate content; PR-2019-9 × RB-101 for oil content and PR-2019-2 × Albeli for seed yield per plant showed highest significant SCA in desirable direction. The current investigation also revealed PR-2017-7 × PR-20 reported maximum mid and better parent heterosis for seed yield per plant. Whereas, economic heterosis for seed yield plant is exhibited by PR-2019-2 × Albeli. A single cross PR-2019-9 × RB-101 showed all types of heterosis for oil content. In case of PR-2016-4 × PR-20 showed highest relative and heterobeltiosis for glucosinolate content. But, standard heterosis for glucosinolate content was showed by PR-2019-2 × Giriraj. Cross PR-2015-5 × Albeli reported maximum mid and better parent heterosis for protein content whereas cross RGN-73 × RB-101 registered for economic heterosis for protein content. On conducting molecular characterization of 14 genotypes in Brassica juncea using 36 SSR markers, 20 were producing clear, distinguishable, unambiguous and polymorphic bands. Based on the banding pattern generated by these 20 SSR markers, all the genotypes were clustered into two major cluster and they were again sub divided to 2 sub-groups each. The maximum diversity was reported in between genotypes PR-2015-5 and PR-2016-8. Least diversity was reported between PR-2019-2 and PR-2016-8. On the basis of overall findings of present research, the parents identified with good GCA can be utilized as donor in crossing programme and cross combinations which had good SCA, can be exploited in hybrid development programme. The clustering on the basis of molecular characterization help in developing diverse gene pool and parents selected from gene pool are expected to give more heterotic cross combinations.
